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See also:RICHARD I . (1157-1199), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:England, nicknamed " Cceur de See also:Lion " and " Yea and See also:Nay," was the third son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. by Eleanor of See also:Aquitaine. See also:Born in See also:September 1157, he received at the See also:age of eleven the duchy of Aquitaine, and was formally installed in 1172. In his new position he was allowed, probably from regard to Aquitanian susceptibilities, to govern with an See also:independence which was studiously denied to his See also:brothers in their shares of the Angevin See also:inheritance. Yet in 1173 Richard joined with the See also:young Henry and See also:Geoffrey of See also:Brittany in their See also:rebellion; Aquitaine was twice invaded by the old king before the unruly youth would make submission. Richard was soon pardoned and reinstated in his duchy, where he distinguished himself by crushing a formidable revolt (1175) and exacting See also:homage from the See also:count of See also:Toulouse. In a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he was so powerful that his See also:elder See also:brother Henry became alarmed and demanded, as See also:heir-apparent, that Richard should do him homage for Aquitaine. Richard having scornfully rejected the demand, a fratricidal See also:war ensued; the young Henry ' invaded Aquitaine and attracted to his See also:standard manyof Richard's vassals, who were exasperated by the See also:iron See also:rule of . the See also:duke. Henry II. marched to Richard's aid; but the war terminated abruptly with the See also:death of the elder See also:prince (1183).
Richard, being now the heir to England and See also:Normandy, was invited to renounce Aquitaine in favour of Prince See also:John. The proposal led to a new See also:civil war; and, although a temposary See also:compromise was arranged, Richard soon sought the help of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus, to whom he did homage for all the See also:continental possessions in the actual presence of his See also:father (See also:Conference of Bonmoulins, 18th of See also:November 1188) In the struggle which ensued the old king was overpowered, chased ignominiously from Le Mans to See also:Angers, and forced to buy See also:peace by conceding all that was demanded of him; in particular the immediate recognition of Richard as his successor.
But the death of Henry II. (1189) at once dissolved the friend-See also:ship between Richard and Philip. Not only did Richard continue the continental policy of his father, but he also re, fused to fulfil his See also:contract with Philip's See also:sister, See also:Alais, to whom he had been betrothed at the age of three. An open See also:breach was only delayed by the See also:desire of both See also:kings to fulfil the crusading vows which they had recently taken. Richard, in particular, sacrificed all other interests to this See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, and raised the necessary funds by the most reckless methods. He put up for See also:auction the highest offices and honours; even remitting to See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Lion of See also:Scotland, for a sum of 15,000 marks, the humiliating obligations which Henry II. had imposed at the treaty of See also:Falaise. It is true that Richard indemnified himself on his return by resuming some of his most important grants and refusing to return the See also:purchase See also:money; but it is improbable that he had originally planned this repudiation of his See also:ill-considered bargains. By such expedients he raised and equipped a force which' may be estimated at 4000 men-at-arms and as many See also:foot-soldiers, with a See also:fleet of r oo transports (1191) .
Richard did not return to his dominions until 1194. But his stay in See also:Palestine was limited to sixteen months. On the outward See also:journey he wintered in See also:Sicily, where he employed himself in quarrelling with Philip and in exacting See also:satisfaction from the usurper See also:Tancred for the See also:dower of his widowed sister, See also:Queen See also:Joanna, and for his own See also:share in the inheritance of William the See also:Good. Leaving See also:Messina in See also:March 1191, he interrupted his voyage to conquer See also:Cyprus, and only joined the See also:Christian besiegers of See also:Acre in See also:June. The reduction of that stronghold was largely due to his See also:energy and skill. But his arrogance gave much offence. After the fall of Acre he inflicted a See also:gross insult upon See also:Leopold of See also:Austria; and his relations with Philip were so strained that the latter seized the first pretext for returning to See also:France, and entered into negotiations with Prince John (see JoHN, king of England) for the See also:partition of Richard's See also:realm. Richard also threw himself into the disputes respecting the See also:crown of See also:Jerusalem, and supported See also:Guy of See also:Lusignan against See also:Conrad of See also:Montferrat with so much See also:heat that he incurred See also:grave, though unfounded, suspicions of complicity when Conrad was assassinated by emissaries of the Old See also:Man of the See also:Mountain. None the less Richard, whom even the See also:French crusaders accepted as their See also:leader, upheld the failing cause of the Frankish Christians with valour and tenacity. He won a brilliant victory over the forces of See also:Saladin at See also:Arsuf (1191), and twice led the Christian See also:host within a few See also:miles of Jerusalem. But the dissensions of the native See also:Franks and the crusaders made it hopeless to continue the struggle; and Richard was alarmed by the See also:news which reached him of John's intrigues in England and Normandy. Hastily patching up a truce with Saladin, under which the Christians kept the See also:coast-towns and received See also:free See also:access to the See also:Holy See also:Sepulchre, Richard started on his return (9th See also:October 1192).
His voyage was delayed by storms, and he appears to have been perplexed as to the safest route. The natural route over-See also:land through See also:Marseilles and Toulouse was held by his enemies; that through the See also:empire from the See also:head of the Adriatic was little safer, since Leopold of Austria was on the See also:watch for him. Having adopted the second of these alternatives, he was cap-
tured at See also:Vienna in a mean disguise (See also:December 20th, 1192) and strictly confined in the duke's See also:castle of Diirenstein on the See also:Danube. His mishap was soon known to England, but the regents were for some See also:weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. This is the See also:foundation for the See also:tale of his See also:discovery by the faithful See also:minstrel See also:Blondel, which first occurs in a French romantic See also:chronicle of :the next See also:century.
See also:Early in 1193 Leopold surrendered his See also:prize, under compulsion, to the See also:emperor Henry VI., who was aggrieved both by the support which the Plantagenets had given to the See also:family of Henry the Lion and also by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily. Al-though the detention of a crusader was contrary to public See also:law, Richard was compelled to purchase his See also:release by the See also:payment of a heavy See also:ransom and by doing homage to the emperor for England. The ransom demanded was 150,000 marks; though it was never discharged in full, the resources of England were taxed to the utmost for the first instalments; and to this occasion we may trace the beginning of See also:secular See also:taxation levied on movable See also:property.
Richard reappeared in England in March 1194; but his stay lasted only a few weeks, and the See also:remainder of his reign was entirely devoted to his continental interests. He See also:left England to be governed by See also:Hubert See also:Walter (q.v.), and his See also:personal authority was seldom asserted except by demands for new subsidies. The rule of the Plantagenets was still popular in Normandy and Aquitaine; but these provinces were unable or unwilling to pay for their own See also:defence. Though Richard proved himself consistently the See also:superior of Philip in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, the difficulty of raising and paying forces to resist the French increased See also:year by year. Richard could only stand on the defensive; the keynote of his later policy is given by the See also:building of the famous See also:Chateau See also:Gaillard at See also:Les Andelys (1196) to protect the See also:lower courses of the See also:Seine against invasion from the See also:side of France. He did not live to see the futility of such bulwarks. In 1199 a claim to treasure-trove embroiled him with the See also:viscount of See also:Limoges. He harried the See also:Limousin and laid See also:siege to the castle of Chalus; while directing an See also:assault he was wounded in the See also:shoulder by a crossbow See also:bolt, and, the See also:wound mortifying from unskilful treatment or his own want of care, he died on the 6th of See also:April 1199. He was buried by his own desire at his father's feet in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of See also:Fontevrault. Here his effigy may still be seen.' Though contemporary, it does not altogether agree with the portraits on his See also:Great See also:Seal, which give the impression of greater strength and even of See also:cruelty. The Fontevrault bust is no doubt idealized.
The most accomplished and versatile representative of his gifted family, Richard was, in his lifetime and See also:long after-wards, a favourite See also:hero with troubadours and romancers. This was natural, as he belonged to their brotherhood and himself wrote lyrics of no mean quality. But his See also:history shows that he by no means embodied the current ideal of chivalrous excellence. His memory is stained by one See also:act of needless cruelty, the See also:massacre of over two thousand Saracen prisoners at Acre; and his fury, when thwarted or humbled, was ungovernable. A brave soldier, an experienced and astute See also:general, he was never happier than when engaged in war. As a ruler he was equally profuse and rapacious. Not one useful measure can be placed to his See also:credit; and it was by a fortunate See also:accident that he found, in Hubert Walter, an See also:administrator who had the skill to mitigate the consequences of a reckless fiscal policy. Richard's wife was Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI., king of See also:Navarre, whom he married in Cyprus in May 1191. She was with the king at Acre later in the same year, and during his imprisonment passed her time in Sicily, in See also:Rome and in France. See also:Husband and wife met again in 1195, and the queen long survived the king, residing chiefly at Le Mans. She died
'The remains of Richard, together with those of Henry II. and his queen Eleanor, were removed in the 17th century from their tombs to another See also:part of the church. They were rediscovered in 1910 during the restoration of the See also:abbey undertaken by the French See also:government.soon after 1230. Berengaria founded a Cistercian monastery at Espau.
(H. W. C.
End of Article: RICHARD I
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