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See also:VILLENEUVE, See also:PIERRE See also:CHARLES See also:JEAN See also:BAPTISTE See also:SILVESTRE (1763-r8o6) , See also:French See also:admiral, was See also:born at Valensoles in See also:Provence on the 31st of See also:December 1763. He entered the French royal See also:navy as a " garde du Pavillon." Although he belonged to the See also:corps of " See also:noble " See also:officers, who were the See also:object of See also:peculiar animosity to the See also:Jacobins, he escaped the See also:fate of the See also:majority of his comrades, which was to be massacred, or driven into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile. He sympathized sincerely with the See also:general aims of the Revolution, and had a full See also:share of the Provencal fluency which enabled him to make a timely and impressive display of " civic " sentiments. In the dearth of trained officers he See also:rose with what for the French navy was exceptional rapidity, though it would have caused no surprise in See also:England in the See also:case of an officer who had See also:good See also:interest. He was named See also:post-See also:captain in 1793, and See also:rear-admiral in 1796. At the See also:close of the See also:year he was appointed to take See also:part in the unsuccessful expedition to See also:Ireland which reached See also:Bantry See also:Bay, but the See also:ships which were to have come to See also:Brest from See also:Toulon with him arrived too See also:late, and were forced to take See also:refuge at L'Orient. He accompanied the expedition to See also:Egypt, with his See also:flag in the " See also:Guillaume Tell " (86). She was the third See also:ship from the rear of the French See also:line at the See also:battle of the See also:Nile, and escaped from the general destruction in See also:company with the " Genereux " (78). Villeneuve reached See also:Malta on the 23rd of See also:August. His conduct was severely blamed, and he defended himself by a specious See also:letter to his colleague Blanquet-Duchayla on the 12th of See also:November 'Soo, when he had returned to See also:Paris. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, See also:Napoleon approved of his See also:action. In a letter written to him on the 21st of August 1798, three See also:weeks after the battle, Napoleon says that the only reproach Villeneuve had to make against himself was that he had not retreated sooner, since the position taken by the French See also:commander-inchief had been forced and surrounded. When, however, the See also:emperor after his fall dictated his See also:account of the expedition to Egypt to General See also:Bertrand at St See also:Helena, he attributed the defeat at the Nile largely to the " See also:bad conduct of Admiral Villeneuve." In the See also:interval Villeneuve had failed in the See also:execution of the complicated See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for the invasion of England in r8o5. Napoleon must still have believed in the admiral's capacity and good See also:fortune, a qualification for which he had a See also:great regard, when he selected him to succeed See also:Latouche Treville upon his See also:death at Toulon in August 1804. The See also:duty of the Toulon See also:squadron was to draw See also:Nelson to the See also:West Indies, return rapidly, and in See also:combination with other French and See also:Spanish ships, to enter the Channel with an overwhelming force. It is quite obvious that Villeneuve had from the first no confidence in the success of an operation requiring for its execution an amazing combination of good See also:luck and efficiency on the part of the squadrons concerned. He knew that the French were See also:net efficient, and that their Spanish See also:allies were in a far worse See also:state than themselves. It required a very See also:tart See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order from Napoleon to drive him out of Paris in See also:October 1804. He took the
command in November. On the 17th of See also:January 1805 he See also:left Toulon for the first time, but was driven back by a See also:squall which dismasted some of his awkwardly handled ships. On the 3rd of See also:March he was out again, and this time he headed Nelson by some weeks on a cruise to the West Indies. But Villeneuve's success so far had not removed his fears. Though on taking up his command he had issued an order of the See also:day in which he spoke boldly enough of the purpose of his cruise, and his de-termination to adhere to it, he was racked by fears of what might happen to the force entrusted to his care. For the details of the See also:campaign see See also:TRAFALGAR. In so far as the See also:biography of Villeneuve is concerned, his behaviour during these trying months cannot See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape condemnation. He had undertaken to carry out a See also:plan of which he did not approve. Since he had not declined the task altogether, it was clearly his duty to execute his orders at all hazards. If he was defeated, as he almost certainly would have been, he could have left the responsibility for the disaster to See also:rest on the shoulders of Napoleon who assigned him the task. But Villeneuve could not See also:free him-self from the conviction that it was his business to See also:save his See also:fleet even if he ruined the emperor's plan of invasion. Thus after he returned to- See also:Europe and fought his confused action with See also:Sir R. See also:Calder off See also:Ferrol on the 22nd of See also:July 1805, he first hesitated, and then, in spite of vehement orders to come on, turned See also:south to See also:Cadiz. Napoleon's See also:habit of suggesting alternative courses to his lieutenants gave him a vague See also:appearance of excuse for making for that See also:port. But it was one which only a very weak See also:man would have availed himself of, for all his instructions ought to have been read subject to the See also:standing See also:injunction to come on to the Channel—and in turning south to Cadiz, he was going in the opposite direction. His decision to leave Cadiz and give battle in October r8o5, which led directly to the battle of Trafalgar, cannot be justified even on his own principles. He foresaw defeat to be inevitable, and yet he went out solely because he learnt from the See also:Minister of Marine that another officer had been sent to supersede him. In fact.he ran to meet the very destruction he had tried to avoid.
No worse fate would have befallen him in the Channel than came upon him at Trafalgar, but it might have been incurred in a manly See also:attempt to obey his orders. It was provoked in a spasm of wounded vanity. At Trafalgar he showed See also:personal courage, but the helpless incapacity of the allies to manoeuvre gave him no opportunity to See also:influence the course of the battle. He was taken as a prisoner to England, but was soon released. Shortly after landing in See also:France he committed See also:suicide in an See also:inn at See also:Rennes, on the 22nd of See also:April 18o6. Among the other improbable crimes attributed to Napoleon by the fear and hatred of Europe, was the See also:murder of Villeneuve, but there is not the faintest See also:reason to doubt that the admiral died by his own See also:hand.
The See also:correspondence of Napoleon contains many references to Villeneuve. Accounts of the See also:naval operations in which he was concerned will be found in See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's Naval See also:History. Troude, in his Batailles navales de la France, vol. iii., publishes several of his letters and orders of the day. (D. H.)
VILLENEUVE-See also:LES-See also:AVIGNON, a See also:town of south-eastern France, in the See also:department of See also:Gard on the right See also:bank of the See also:Rhone opposite Avignon, with which it is connected by a suspension See also:bridge. Pop. (1906) 2582. Villeneuve preserves many remains of its See also:medieval importance. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of Notre See also:Dame, dating from the 14th See also:century, contains a See also:rich See also:marble See also:altar and remarkable pictures. The See also:hospice, once a Franciscan See also:convent, part of which is occupied by a museum of pictures and antiquities, has a See also:chapel in which is the See also:fine See also:tomb of See also:Innocent VI. (d. 1362). The church and other remains of the Carthusian monastery of Val-de-See also:Benediction, founded in 1356 by Innocent VI., are now used for habitation and other See also:secular purposes. A gateway and a rotunda, built as shelter for a See also:fountain, both dating from about 167o, are of architectural See also:note. On the Mont Andaon, a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill to the See also:north-See also:east of the town, stands the Fort of St See also:Andre (14th century), which is entered by an imposing fortified gateway and contains a Romanesque chapel and remains of the See also:abbey of St Andre. The other buildings ofinterest include several old mansions once belonging to cardinals and nobles, and a See also:tower, the Tour de Philippe le See also:Bel, built in the 14th century, which guarded the western extremity of the See also:Pont St Benezet (see AVIGNON).
In the 6th century the See also:Benedictine abbey of St Andre was founded on See also:Mount Andaon, and the See also:village which See also:grew up See also:round it took its name. In the 13th century the monks, acting in See also:concert with the See also:crown, established a baslide, or " new town," which came to be called Villeneuve. The town was the resort of the French cardinals during the sojourn of the popes at Avignon, and its importance, due largely to its numerous religious establishments, did not decline till the Revolution.
VILLENEUVE-SUR-See also:LOT, a town of south-western France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the department of Lot-et-See also:Garonne, 22 M. N. by E. of See also:Agen on a See also:branch line of the See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans railway. Pop. (1906) town, 6978; See also:commune, 13,540. Villeneuve is divided into two unequal portions by the See also:river Lot, which here runs between high See also:banks. The See also:chief See also:quarter stands on the right bank and is See also:united to the quarter on the left bank by a bridge of the 13th century, the See also:principal See also:arch of which, constructed in the reign of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIII. in See also:place of two older See also:arches, has a span of 118 ft. and a height of 59 ft. On the left bank portions of the 13th century ramparts, altered and surmounted by machicolations in the 15th century, remain, and high square towers rise above the See also:gates to the north-east and south-west, known respectively as the See also:Porte de Paris and Porte de Pujols. On the right bank boulevards have for the most part taken the place of the ramparts. Arcades of the 13th century surround the Place La Fayette, and old houses of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries are to be seen in various parts of the town. The church of St See also:Etienne is in late See also:Gothic See also:style. On the left bank of the Lot, 2 M. S.S.W. of Villeneuve, are the 13th-century walls of Pujols. The buildings of the See also:ancient abbey of Eysses, about a mile to the N.E., which are mainly of the 17th century, serve as a departmental See also:prison and See also:penitentiary See also:settlement. The principal See also:hospital, the hospice St Cyr, is a handsome See also:building standing in beautiful gardens. Villeneuve has a sub-prefecture, tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce and communal colleges for both sexes. It is an important agricultural centre and has a very large See also:trade in plums (prunes d'ente) and in the produce of the See also:market gardens which surround it, as well as in See also:cattle, horses and See also:wine. The preparation of preserved plums and the tinning of peas and beans occupy many hands; there are also manufactures of boots and shoes and See also:tin boxes. The important See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill of Gajac stands on the bank of the Lot a little above the town.
Villeneuve was founded in 1254 by See also:Alphonse, See also:count of See also:Poitiers, See also:brother of Louis IX., on the site of the town of Gajac, which had been deserted during the Albigensian crusade.
End of Article: VILLENEUVE, PIERRE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE SILVESTRE (1763-r8o6)
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