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See also:AUGUSTUS I . (1526—1586), elector of See also:Saxony, was the younger son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, See also:duke of Saxony, and consequently belonged to the Albertine See also:branch of the See also:Wettin See also:family. See also:Born at See also:Freiberg on the 31st of See also:July 1526, and brought up as a Lutheran, he received a See also:good See also:education and studied at the university of See also:Leipzig. When Duke Henry died in 1541 he decreed that his lands should be divided equally between his two sons, but as his See also:bequest was contrary to See also:law, it was not carried out, and the dukedom passed almost intact to his See also:elder son, See also:Maurice. Augustus, however, remained on friendly terms with his See also:brother, and to further his policy spent some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time at the See also:court of the See also:German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, See also:Ferdinand I., in See also:Vienna. In 1544 Maurice secured the See also:appointment of his brother as See also:administrator of the bishopric of See also:Merseburg; but Augustus was very extravagant and was soon compelled to return to the Saxon court at See also:Dresden. Augustus supported his brother during the See also:war of the See also:league of See also:Schmalkalden, and in the policy which culminated in the See also:transfer of the Saxon electorate from See also:John See also:Frederick I., the See also:head of the Ernestine branch of the Wettin
family, to Maurice. On the 7th of See also:October 1548 Augustus was married at See also:Torgau to See also:Anna, daughter of See also:Christian III., king.of See also:Denmark, and took up his See also:residence at See also:Weissenfels. But he soon desired a more imposing See also:establishment. The result was that Maurice made more generous See also:provision for his brother, who acted as See also:regent of Saxony in 1552 during the See also:absence of the elector. Augustus was on a visit to Denmark when by Maurice's See also:death in July 1553 he became elector of Saxony.
The first care of the new elector was to come to terms with John Frederick, and to strengthen his own hold upon the electoral position. This See also:object was secured by a treaty made at See also:Naumburg in See also:February 1554, when, in return for the See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of See also:Altenburg and other lands, John Frederick recognized Augustus as elector of Saxony. The elector, however, was continually haunted by the fear that the Ernestines would See also:attempt to deprive him of the coveted dignity, and his policy both in Saxony and in See also:Germany was coloured by this fear. In imperial politics Augustus acted upon two See also:main principles: to cultivate the friendship of the Habsburgs, and to maintain See also:peace between the contending religious parties. To this policy may be traced his See also:share in bringing about the religious peace of See also:Augsburg in 1555, his tortuous conduct at the See also:diet of Augsburg eleven years later, and his reluctance to break entirely with the Calvinists. On one occasion only did he waver in his See also:allegiance to the Habsburgs. In 1568 a See also:marriage was arranged between John Casimir, son of the elector See also:palatine, Frederick III., and See also:Elizabeth, a daughter of Augustus, and for a time it seemed possible that the Saxon elector would support his son-in-law in his attempts to aid the revolting inhabitants of the See also:Netherlands. Augustus also entered into communication with the See also:Huguenots; but his aversion to See also:foreign complications prevailed, and the incipient friendship with the elector palatine soon gave way to serious dislike. Although a sturdy Lutheran the elector hoped at one time to unite the Protestants, on whom he continually urged the See also:necessity of giving no cause of offence to their opponents, and he favoured the See also:movement to get rid of the clause in the peace of Augsburg concerning ecclesiastical See also:reservation, which was offensive to many Protestants. His moderation, however, prevented him from joining those who were prepared to take strong See also:measures to attain this end, and he refused to jeopardize the concessions already won.
The hostility between the Albertines and the Ernestines gave serious trouble to Augustus. A preacher named See also:Matthias See also:Flacius held an influential position in ducal Saxony, and taught a See also:form of Lutheranism different from that taught in electoral Saxony. This See also:breach was widened when Flacius began to make See also:personal attacks on Augustus, to prophesy his speedy downfall, and to incite Duke John Frederick to make an effort to recover his rightful position. Associated with Flacius was a See also:knight, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of See also:Grumbach, who, not satisfied with words only, made inroads into electoral Saxony and sought the aid of foreign See also:powers in his See also:plan to depose Augustus. After some delay Grumbach and his See also:protector, John Frederick, were placed under the imperial See also:ban, and Augustus was entrusted with its See also:execution. His See also:campaign in 1567 was See also:short and successful. John Frederick surrendered, and passed his time in See also:prison until his death in 1595; Grumbach was taken and executed; and the position of the elector was made quite secure.
The form of Lutheranism taught in electoral Saxony was that of See also:Melanchthon, and many of its teachers and adherents, who were afterwards called Crypto-Calvinists, were favoured by the elector. When Augustus, freed from the fear of an attack by the Ernestines, became gradually estranged from the elector palatine and the Calvinists, he seemed to have looked with suspicion upon the Crypto-Calvinists, who did not preach the pure doctrines of See also:Luther. Spurred on by his wife the See also:matter reached a See also:climax in 1574, when letters were discovered, which, while revealing a See also:hope to bring over Augustus to Calvinism, See also:cast some aspersions upon the elector and his wife. Augustus ordered the leaders of the Crypto-Calvinists to be seized, and they were tortured and imprisoned. A strict form of Lutheranism was declared binding upon all the inhabitants of Saxony, andmany persons were banished from the See also:country. In 1576 he made a serious but unsuccessful attempt to unite the Protestants upon the basis of some articles See also:drawn up at Torgau, which See also:iris culcated a strict form of Lutheranism. The See also:change in Saxony, however, made no difference to the attitude of Augustus on imperial questions. In 1576 he opposed the proposal of the See also:Protestant princes to. make a grant for the See also:Turkish War conditional upon the abolition of the clause concerning ecclesiastical reservation, and he continued to support the Habsburgs.
Much of the elector's time was devoted to extending his territories. In 1573 he became See also:guardian to the two sons of John William, duke of See also:Saxe-See also:Weimar, and in this capacity was able to add See also:part of the See also:county of Henneberg to electoral Saxony. His command of See also:money enabled him to take See also:advantage of the poverty of his neighbours, and in this way he secured See also:Vogtland and the county of See also:Mansfeld. In 1555 he had appointed one of his nominees to the bishopric of See also:Meissen, in 1561 he had secured the See also:election of his son See also:Alexander as See also:bishop of Merseburg, and three years later as bishop of Naumburg; and when this See also:prince died in 1565 these bishoprics came under the See also:direct See also:rule of Augustus.
As a ruler of Saxony Augustus was economical and enlightened. He favoured See also:trade by encouraging Flemish emigrants to See also:settle in the country, by improving the roads, regulating the coinage and establishing the first posts. He was specially interested in benefiting See also:agriculture, and added several See also:fine buildings to the See also:city of Dresden. His See also:laws were numerous and comprehensive. The constitution of 1572 was his See also:work, and by these laws the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, the See also:universities and the See also:police were regulated, the See also:administration of See also:justice was improved, and the raising of taxes placed upon a better footing (see SAXONY).
In October 1585 the electress Anna died, and a few See also:weeks later Augustus married See also:Agnes Hedwig, a daughter of See also:Joachim Ernest, prince of See also:Anhalt. His own death took See also:place at Dresden on the 21st of See also:January 1586, and he was buried at Freiberg. By his first wife he had fifteen See also:children, but only four of these survived him, among whom was his successor, the elector Christian I. (156o-1591). Augustus was a covetous, cruel and superstitious See also:man, but these qualities were redeemed by his See also:political caution and his See also:wise methods of See also:government. He wrote a small work on agriculture entitled Kiinstlich Obstund Gartenbiichlein.
See C. W. See also:Bottiger and T. Flathe, Geschichte Sachsen, See also:Band ii. (See also:Gotha, 1870) ; M. See also:Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation, Band i. (See also:Stuttgart, 1890) ; R. Calinich, Kampf and Untergang See also:des Melanchthonismus in Kursachsen (Leipzig, 1866); J. See also:Falke, Geschichte des Kurfiirsten See also:August in volkswirtschaftlicher Beziehung (Leipzig, 1868) ; J. See also:Janssen, Geschichte des Deutschen Volks seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters (See also:Freiburg, 1885—1894); W. Wenck, Kurfiirst See also:Moritz and See also:Herzog August (Leipzig, 1874).
End of Article: AUGUSTUS I
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