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DOUGLASS, FREDERICK (1817-1895)

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Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 448 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DOUGLASS, See also:FREDERICK (1817-1895) , See also:American orator and journalist, was See also:born in Tuckahoe, See also:Talbot See also:county, See also:Maryland, probably in See also:February 1817. His See also:mother was a See also:negro slave of exceptional intelligence, and his See also:father was a See also:white See also:man. Until nearly eight years of See also:age, he was under the care of his See also:grand-mother; then he lived for a See also:year on the See also:plantation of See also:Colonel See also:Edward See also:Lloyd, of whose vast See also:estate his See also:master, See also:Captain See also:Aaron See also:Anthony, was manager. After a year he was sent to See also:Baltimore, where he lived in the See also:family of See also:Hugh Auld, whose See also:brother, See also:Thomas, had married the daughter of Captain Anthony; Mrs Auld treated him with marked kindness and without her See also:husband's knowledge began teaching him to read. With See also:money secretly earned by blacking boots he See also:purchased his first See also:book, the Columbian Orator; he soon learned to write " See also:free passes " for runaway slaves. Upon the See also:death of Captain Anthony in 1833, he was sent back to the plantation to serve Thomas Auld, who hired him out for a year to one Edward Covey, who had a wide reputation for disciplining slaves, but who did not break Frederick's spirit. Although a new master, See also:William See also:Freeland, who owned a large plantation near St See also:Michael's, Md., treated him with much kindness, he attempted to See also:escape in 1836, but his plans were suspected, and he was put in jail. From lack of See also:evidence he was soon released, and was then sent to Hugh Auld in Baltimore, where he was apprenticed as a See also:ship caulker. He learned his See also:trade in one year, and in See also:September 1838, masquerading as a sailor, he escaped by railway See also:train from Baltimore to New See also:York See also:city. For the See also:sake of greater safety he soon removed to New See also:Bedford, See also:Massachusetts, where he changed his name from Frederick See also:Augustus See also:Washington See also:Bailey to Frederick Douglass, " Douglass " being adopted at the See also:suggestion of a friend who greatly admired See also:Scott's See also:Lady of the See also:Lake. For three years he worked as a See also:day labourer in New Bedford. An extempore speech made by him before an See also:anti-See also:slavery See also:meeting at See also:Nantucket, See also:Mass., in See also:August 1841 led to his being appointed one of the agents of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, and in this capacity he delivered during the next four years numerous addresses against slavery, chiefly in the New See also:England and See also:middle states.

To quiet the suspicion that he was an impostor, in 1845 he published the Narrative of the See also:

Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Fearing his recapture, his See also:friends persuaded him to go to England, and from August 1845 to See also:April 1847 he lectured in See also:Ireland, See also:Scotland and England, and did much to enlist the sympathy of the See also:British public with the Abolitionists in See also:America. Before his return a sum of 4150 was raised by subscription to secure his legal manumission, thus relieving him from the fear of being returned to slavery in pursuance of the Fugitive Slave See also:Law. From 1847 to 186o he conducted an anti-slavery weekly See also:journal, known as The See also:North See also:Star, and later as Frederick Douglass's See also:Paper, at See also:Rochester, New York, and, during this See also:time, also was a frequent See also:speaker at anti-slavery meetings. At first a follower of See also:Garrison and a disunionist, he allied himself after 1851 with the more conservative See also:political abolitionists, who, under the See also:leader-ship of See also:James G. See also:Birney, adhered to the See also:national Constitution and endeavoured to make slavery a dominant political issue. He disapproved of See also:John See also:Brown's attack upon Harper's See also:Ferry in 1859, and declined to take any See also:part in it. During the See also:Civil See also:War he was among the first to suggest the employment of negro troops by the See also:United States See also:government, and two of his sons served in the See also:Union See also:army. After the war he was for several years a popular public lecturer; in September 1866 he was a delegate to the national Loyalist See also:convention at See also:Philadelphia; and in 1869 he became the editor, at Washington, of a See also:short-lived weekly paper, The New National Era, devoted to the interests of the negro See also:race. In 1871 he was assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo See also:commission, appointed by See also:President See also:Grant. He was See also:marshal of the See also:District of See also:Columbia from 1877 to 1881, was See also:recorder of deeds for the district from 1881 'to 1886, and from 1889 to 1891 was the American See also:minister See also:resident and See also:consul-See also:general in the See also:Republic of See also:Haiti. He died in Anacostia Heights, District of Columbia, on the 20th of February 1895.

He was widely known for his eloquence, and was one of the most effective orators whom the negro race has produced in America. His autobiography appeared, after two revisions, as The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (See also:

London, 1882). See F. M. See also:Holland, Frederick Douglass, The Colored Orator (New York, 1891); C. W. Chesnutt, Frederick Douglass, (See also:Boston, 1899) ; and Booker T. Washington, Frederick Douglass (Philadelphia, 1907), in the See also:series of American Crisis See also:Biographies.

End of Article: DOUGLASS, FREDERICK (1817-1895)

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