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GAUDEN, JOHN

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 531 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GAUDEN, See also:JOHN (1605–1662); See also:English See also:bishop and writer, reputed author of the Eikon Basilike, was See also:born in 16o5 at May-See also:land, See also:Essex, where his See also:father was See also:vicar of the See also:parish. Educated at See also:Bury St See also:Edmunds school and at St John's See also:College, See also:Cambridge, he took his M.A. degree in 1625/6. He married See also:Elizabeth, daughter of See also:Sir See also:William See also:Russell of See also:Chippenham, See also:Cambridgeshire, and was See also:tutor at See also:Oxford to two of his wife's See also:brothers. He seems, to have remained at Oxford until 163o, when he became vicar of Chippenham. His sympathies were at first with the See also:parliamentary party. He was See also:chaplain to See also:Robert See also:Rich, second "See also:earl of See also:Warwick, and preached before the See also:House of See also:Commons in 164o. In 1641 he was appointed to the rural deanery of Bocking. Apparently his views changed as the revolutionary tendency of the Presbyterian party became more pronounced, for in 1648/9 he addressed to See also:Lord See also:Fairfax A Religious and Loyal Protestation . . . against the proceedings of the See also:parliament. Under the See also:Commonwealth he faced both ways, keeping his ecclesiastical• preferment, but See also:publishing from See also:time to time See also:pamphlets on behalf of the See also:Church of See also:England. At the Restoration he was made bishop of See also:Exeter. He immediately began to complain to See also:Hyde, earl of See also:Clarendon, of the poverty of the see, and based claims for a better See also:benefice on a certain See also:secret service, which he explained on the loth of See also:January 1661 to be the See also:sole invention of the Eikon Basilike, The Pourtraicture of his sacred Majestie in his Solitudes and Sufferings put forth within a few See also:hours after the See also:execution of See also:Charles I. as written by the See also:king himself.

To which Clarendon replied that he had been before acquainted with the secret and had often wished he had remained ignorant of it. Gauden was advanced in 1662, not as he had wished to the see of See also:

Winchester, but to See also:Worcester. He died on the 23rd of May of the same See also:year. The See also:evidence in favour of Gauden's authorship rests chiefly on his own assertions and those of his wife (who after his See also:death sent to her son John a narrative of the claim), and on the fact that it was admitted by Clarendon, who sould have had means of being acquainted with the truth. Gauden's letters on the subject are printed in the appendix to vol. iii. of the Clarendon Papers. The See also:argument is that Gauden had prepared the See also:book to inspire sympathy with the king by a See also:representation of his pious and forgiving disposition, and so to rouse public See also:opinion against his execution. In 1693 further See also:correspondence between Gauden, Clarendon, the See also:duke of See also:York, and Sir See also:Edward See also:Nicholas was published by Mr See also:Arthur See also:North, who had found them among the papers of his See also:sister-in-See also:law, a daughter-in-law of Bishop Gauden; but doubt has been thrown on the authenticity of these papers. Gauden stated that he had begun the book in 1647 and was entirely responsible for it. But it is contended that the See also:work was in existence at See also:Naseby,i and testimony to Charles's authorship is brought forward from various witnesses who had seen Charles himself occupied with it at various times during his imprisonment. It is stated that the MS. was delivered by one of the king's agents to Edward Symmons, See also:rector of Raine, near Bocking, and that it was in the See also:handwriting of Oudart, Sir Edward Nicholas's secretary. The See also:internal evidence has, as is usual in such cases, been brought forward as a conclusive argument in favour of both contentions. Doubt was thrown on Charles's authorship in See also:Milton's Eikonoklastes (1649), which was followed almost immediately by a royalist See also:answer, The Princely See also:Pelican.

Royall Resolves—Extracted from his See also:

Majesty's Divine Meditations, with satisfactory reasons .. . that his Sacred See also:Person was the only Author of them (1649). The See also:history of the whole controversy, which has been several times renewed, was dealt with in See also:Christopher See also:Wordsworth's tracts in a most exhaustive way. He eloquently advocated Charles's authorship. Since he wrote in 1829, some further evidence has been forthcoming in favour of the Naseby copy. A correspondence See also:relating to the See also:French See also:translation of the work has also come to See also:light among the papers of Sir Edward Nicholas. None of the letters show any doubt that King Charles was the author. S. R. See also:Gardiner (Hist. of the See also:Great See also:Civil See also:War, iv. 325) regards Mr Doble's articles in the See also:Academy (May and See also:June 1883) as finally disposing of Charles's claim to the authorship, but this is by no means the attitude of other See also:recent writers. If Gauden was the author, he may have incorporated papers, &c., by Charles, who may have corrected the work and thus been See also:joint-author.

This theory would reconcile the conflicting evidence, that of those who saw Charles See also:

writing parts and read the MS. before publication, and the deliberate statements of Gauden. See also. the See also:article by See also:Richard See also:Hooper in the Dict. Nat. Biog. ; Christopher Wordsworth, Who wrote Eikon Basilike? two letters addressed to the See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury (1824), and King Charles the First, the Author of See also:Icon Basilike (1828); H. J. Todd, A See also:Letter ' See a See also:note in Archbishop See also:Tenison's handwriting in his copy of the Eikon Basilike preserved at See also:Lambeth See also:Palace, and quoted in Almack's Bibliography, p. 15.to the Archbishop of Canterbury concerning Eikon Basilike (1825); Bishop Gauden, The Author of the Icon BasiliIA (1829); W. G. See also:Broughton, A Letter to a Friend (1826), Additional Reasons .. . (1829), supporting the contention in favour of Dr Gauden; Mr E. J.

L. See also:

Scott's introduction to his reprint (1880) of the See also:original edition; articles in the Academy, May and June 1883, by Mr C. E. Doble; another reprint edited by Mr Edward Almack for the King's See also:Classics (1904); and Edward Almack, Bibliography of the King's Book (1896). This last book contains a See also:summary of the arguments on either See also:side, a full bibliography of See also:works on the subject, and facsimiles of the See also:title pages, with full descriptions of the various extant copies. GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRE, CHARLES (1789--1854), French botanist, was born at See also:Angouleme on the 4th of See also:September 1789. He studied See also:pharmacy first in the See also:shop of a See also:brother-in-law at See also:Cognac, and then under P. J. Robiquet at See also:Paris, where from R. L. See also:Desfontaines and L. C.

Richard he acquired a knowledge of See also:

botany. In See also:April 1810 he was appointed dispenser in the military marine, and from See also:July 1811 to the end of 1814 he served at See also:Antwerp. In 1817 he joined the corvette " Uranie " as pharmaceutical botanist to the circumpolar expedition commanded by D. de See also:Freycinet. The See also:wreck of the See also:vessel on the See also:Falkland Isles, at the See also:close of 1819, deprived him of more than See also:half the botanical collections he had made in various parts of the See also:world. In 1830-1833 he visited See also:Chile, See also:Peru and See also:Brazil, and in 1836-1837 he acted as botanist to " La Bonite " during its circumnavigation of the globe. His theory accounting for the growth of See also:plants by the supposed coalescence of elementary " phytons " involved him, during the latter years of his See also:life, in much controversy with his See also:fellow-botanists, more especially C. F. B. de Mirbel. He died in Paris on the 16th of January 1854• Besides accounts of his voyages See also:round the world, Gaudichaud-Beaupr6 wrote " Lettres sur l'organographie et la physiologie," See also:Arch. de botanique, ii., 1883; " Recherches genOrales sur 1'organographie," &c. (See also:prize See also:essay, 1835), Mem. de 1'Academie See also:des Sciences, t. viii. and kindred See also:treatises, with See also:memoirs on the See also:potato-blight, the multiplication of bulbous plants, the increase in See also:diameter of dicotyledonous plants, and other subjects; and Refutation de toutes See also:les objections contre les nouveaux principes physiologiques (1852).

End of Article: GAUDEN, JOHN

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