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See also:BONNER, See also:EDMUND (1500?—1569) , See also:bishop of See also:London, was perhaps the natural son of See also:George See also:Savage, See also:rector of Davenham, See also:Cheshire, by See also:Elizabeth Frodsham, who was afterwards married to Edmund Bonner, a See also:sawyer of See also:Hanley in See also:Worcestershire. This See also:account, which was printed with many circumstantial details by See also:Strype (See also:Eccles. Mein. III. i. 172-173), was disputed by Strype's contemporary, See also:Sir Edmund Lechmere, who asserted on not very satisfactory See also:evidence (ib. See also:Annals, I. ii. 300) that Bonner was of legitimate See also:birth. He was educated at Broadgates See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, now See also:Pembroke See also:College, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, graduating See also:bachelor of See also:civil and See also:canon See also:law in See also:June 1519. He was ordained about the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and admitted D.C.L. in 1525. In 1529 he was See also:Wolsey's See also:chaplain, and he was with the See also:cardinal at Cawood at the time of his See also:arrest. Subsequently he was transferred, perhaps through See also:Cromwell's See also:influence, to the service of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, and in See also:January 1532 he was sent to See also:Rome to obstruct the judicial proceedings against See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry in the papal See also:curia. In See also:October 1533 he was en-trusted with the unmannerly task of intimating to See also:Clement VII., while he was the See also:guest of See also:Francis I. at See also:Marseilles, Henry's See also:appeal from the See also:pope to a See also:general See also:council; but there seems to be no See also:good authority for See also:Burnet's See also:story that Clement threatened to have him burnt alive.
For these and other services Bonner had been rewarded by the See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of several livings, and in 1535 he was made See also:archdeacon of See also:Leicester.
Towards the end of that See also:year he was sent to further what he called " the cause of the See also:Gospel" (Letters and Papers, 1536, No. 469) in See also:North See also:Germany; and in 1536 he wrote a See also:preface to See also:Gardiner's De See also:vera Obedientia, which asserted the royal, denied the papal, supremacy, and was received with delight by the See also:Lutherans. After a brief See also:embassy to the See also:emperor in the See also:spring of 1538, Bonner superseded Gardiner at See also:Paris, and began his See also:mission by sending Cromwell a See also:long See also:list of accusations against his predecessor (ib. 1538, ii. 144). He was almost as See also:bitter against See also:Wyatt and See also:- MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
- MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
- MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
- MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
- MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
- MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
- MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
- MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
- MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
- MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)
Mason, whom he denounced as a " papist," and the violence of his conduct led Francis I. to threaten him with a See also:hundred strokes of the halberd. He seems, however, to have pleased his See also:patron, Cromwell, and perhaps Henry, by his See also:energy in seeing the king's " See also:Great " See also:Bible in See also:English through the See also:press in Paris. He was already king's chaplain; his See also:appointment at Paris had been accompanied by promotion to the see of See also:Hereford, and before he returned to take See also:possession he was translated to the bishopric of London (October 1539).
Hitherto Bonner had been known as a somewhat coarse and unscrupulous See also:tool of Cromwellra sort of ecclesiastical Wriothesley,
He is not known to have protested against any of the changes effected by his masters; he professed to be no theologian, and was wont, when asked theological questions, to refer his interrogators to the divines. He had graduated in law, and not in See also:theology. There was nothing in the See also:Reformation to appeal to him, except the repudiation of papal See also:control; and he was one of those numerous Englishmen whose views were faithfully reflected in the Six Articles.
He became a staunch Conservative, and, apart from his embassy to the emperor in 1524—1543, was mainly occupied during the last years of Henry's reign in brandishing the " See also:whip with six strings."
The See also:accession of See also:Edward VI, opened a fresh and more See also:credit-able See also:chapter in Bonner's career. Like Gardiner, he could hardly repudiate that royal supremacy, in the See also:establishment of which he had been, so active an See also:agent; but he began to doubt that supremacy when he saw to what uses it could be put by a See also:Protestant council, and either he or Gardiner evolved the theory that the royal supremacy was in See also:abeyance during a royal minority. The ground was See also:ski,lfully chosen, but it was not legally nor constitutionally tenable. Both he and Gardiner had in fact sought fresh licences to exercise their ecclesiastical See also:jurisdiction from the See also:young king; and, if he was supreme enough to confer jurisdiction, he was supreme enough to issue the injunctions and See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order the visitation to which Bonner objected. More-over, if a minority involved an abeyance of the royal supremacy in the ecclesiastical See also:sphere, it must do the same in the temporal sphere, and there could be nothing but anarchy. It was on this question that Bonner came into conflict with Edward's See also:government. He resisted the visitation of See also:August 1547, and was committed to the See also:Fleet; but he withdrew his opposition, and was released in time to take an active See also:part against the government in the See also:parliament of See also:November 1547. In the next session, November 1548—March 1549, he was a leading opponent of the first See also:Act of Uniformity and See also:Book of See also:Common See also:Prayer. When these became law, he neglected to enforce them, and on the 1st of See also:September 1549 he was required by the council to maintain at St See also:Paul's See also:Cross that the royal authority was as great as if the king were See also:forty years of See also:age. He failed to comply, and after a seven days' trial he was deprived of his bishopric by an ecclesiastical See also:court over which See also:Cranmer presided, and was sent to the See also:Marshalsea. The fall of See also:Somerset in the following See also:month raised Bonner's hopes, and he appealed from Cranmer to the council. After a struggle the Protestant See also:faction gained the upper See also:hand, and on the 7th of See also:February 1550 Bonner's deprivation was confirmed by the council sitting in the See also:Star Chamber, and he was further condemned to perpetual imprisonment.
He was released by See also:Mary's accession, and was at once restored to his see, his deprivation. being regarded as invalid and See also:Ridley as an intruder. He vigorously restored See also:Roman Catholicism in his See also:diocese, made no difficulty about submitting to the papal jurisdiction which he had forsworn, and in 1555 began the persecution to which he owes his fame. His apologists explain that his See also:action was merely " See also:official," but Bonner was one of those who brought it to pass that the condemnation of heretics to the See also:fire should be part of his See also:ordinary official duties. The enforcement of the first Book of Common Prayer had also been part of his official duties; and the fact that Bonner made no such protest against the burning of heretics as he had done in the former See also:case shows that he found it the more congenial See also:duty. Tunstal was as good a See also:Catholic as Bonner; he See also:left a different repute behind him, a clear enough indication of a difference in their deeds.
On the other hand, Bonner did not go out of his way to persecute; many of his victims were forced upon him by the council, which sometimes thought that he had not been severe enough (see Acts of the P.C. 1554-1556, pp. 115, 139; 1556-1558, pp. 18, 19, 216, 276). So completely had the See also:state dominated the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church that religious persecutions had become state persecutions, and Bonner was acting as an ecclesiastical See also:sheriff in the most refractory See also:district of the See also:realm. Even See also:Foxe records instances in which Bonner failed to persecute. But he had
no See also:mercy for a fallen foe; and he is seen at his worst in his brutal jeers at Cranmer, when he was entrusted with the duty of degrading his former See also:chief.
It is a more remarkable fact that, in spite of his prominence, neither Henry VIII. nor Mary should ever have admitted him to the privy council. He seems to have been regarded by his own party as a useful See also:instrument, especially in disagreeable See also:work, rather than as a desirable colleague.
On her accession Elizabeth refused to allow him to See also:kiss her hand; but he sat and voted in the parliament and See also:convocation of 1559. In May he refused to take the See also:oath of supremacy, acquiring like his colleagues consistency with old age. He was sent to the Marshalsea, and a few years later was indicted on a See also:charge of See also:praemunire on refusing the oath when tendered him by his diocesan, Bishop See also:Horne of See also:Winchester. He challenged the legality of Horne's See also:consecration, and a See also:special act of parliament was passed to meet the point, while the charge against Bonner was withdrawn. He died in the Marshalsea on the 5th of September 1569, and was buried in St George's, See also:Southwark, at midnight to avoid the See also:risk of a hostile demonstration.
See Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. vols. iv.-xx.; Acts of the Privy Council (1542–1569) ; Lords' See also:Journals, vol. i. ; See also:Wilkins' Concilia; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, ed. Townsend; Burnet, ed. See also:Pocock; Strype's See also:Works; See also:Gough's See also:Index to See also:Parker See also:Soc. Publ.; S.
R. See also:Maitland's Essays on the Ref.; See also:Froude's and R. W. See also:Dixon's Histories; See also:Pollard's Cranmer and See also:England under Somerset; other authorities cited in See also:Diet. Nat. Biogr. (A. F.
End of Article: BONNER, EDMUND (1500?—1569)
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