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See also:LIBERTY PARTY , the first See also:political party organized in the See also:United States to oppose the spread and restrict the political See also:power of See also:slavery, and the lineal precursor of the See also:Free See also:Soil and Republican parties. It originated in the Old See also:North-See also:west. Its organization was preceded there by a See also:long See also:anti-slavery religious See also:movement. See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James G. See also:Birney (q.v.), to whom more than to any other See also:man belongs the See also:honour of See also:founding and leading the party, began to define the political duties of so-called " abolitionists " about 1836; but for several years thereafter he, in See also:common with other leaders, continued to disclaim all See also:idea of forming a political party. In See also:state and See also:local See also:campaigns, however, non-See also:partisan political See also:action was attempted through the questioning of Whig and Democratic candidates. The utter futility of seeking to obtain in this way any satisfactory concessions to anti-slavery sentiment was speedily and abundantly proved. There arose, consequently, a See also:division in the See also:American Anti-slavery Society between those who were led by W. L. See also:Garrison (q.v.), and advocated political non-resistance—and, besides, had loaded down their anti-slavery views with a variety of religious and social vagaries, unpalatable to all but a small number—and those who were led by Birney, and advocated See also:independent political action. The sentiment of the See also:great See also:majority of " abolitionists " was, by 1838, strongly for such action; and it was clearly sanctioned and implied in the constitution and declared principles of the Anti-slavery Society; but the See also:capture of that organization by the Garrisonians, in a " packed " See also:convention in 183o, made it unavailable as a party See also:nucleus—even if it had not been already outgrown—and hastened a See also:separate party organization. A convention of abolitionists at See also:Warsaw, New See also:York, in See also:November 1839 had resolved that abolitionists were See also:bound by every See also:consideration of See also:duty and expediency to organize an independent political party. Accordingly, the political abolitionists, in another convention at See also:Albany, in See also:April 184o, containing delegates from six states but not one from the North-west, launched the " Liberty Party," and nominated Birney for the See also:presidency. In the November See also:election he received 7069 votes.'
The political " abolitionists " were abolitionists only as they were restrictionists: they wished to use the federal See also:government to exclude (or abolish) slavery from the federal Territories and the See also:District of See also:Columbia, but they saw no opportunity to attack slavery in the states—i.e. to attack the institution per se; also
' Mr T. C. See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith estimates that probably not one in ten of even professed abolitionists supported Birney; only in See also:Massachusetts did he receive as much as i % of the See also:total See also:vote See also:cast.
they declared there should be " See also:absolute and unqualified division of the See also:General Government from slavery "—which implied an See also:amendment of the constitution. They proposed to use See also:ordinary moral and political means to attain their ends—not, like the Garrisonians, to abstain from voting, or favour the See also:dissolution of the See also:Union:
After 1840 the See also:attempt began in See also:earnest to organize they Liberty Party thoroughly, and unite all anti-slavery men. The North-west, where there was, after 1840, very little known of Garrison and his methods "(T. C. Smith), was the most promising See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, but though the contest of state and local campaigns gave morale to the party, it made scant political gains (in 1843 it cast hardly to% of the total vote); it could not convince the See also:people that slavery should be made the See also:paramount question in politics. In 1844, however, the See also:Texas question gave slavery precisely this pre-See also:eminence in the presidential See also:campaign. Until then, neither Whigs nor Democrats had regarded the Liberty Party seriously; now, however, each party charged that the Liberty movement was corruptly See also:auxiliary to the other. As the campaign progressed, the Whigs, alternately abused the Liberty men and made frantic appeals for their support. But the Liberty men were strongly opposed to See also:Clay personally; and even if his equivocal campaign letters (see CLAY, See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
HENRY) had not See also:left exceedingly small ground for belief that he would resist the See also:annexation of Texas, still the Liberty men were not such as to admit that an end justifies the means; therefore they again nominated Birney. He received 62,263 votes'-many more than enough in New York to have carried that state and the presidency for Clay, had they been thrown to his support. The Whigs, therefore, blamed the Liberty Party, for Democratic success and the annexation of Texas; but—quite apart from the issue of political See also:ethics—it is almost certain that though Clay's chances were injured by the Liberty See also:ticket, they were injured much more outside the Liberty ranks; by his own quibbles.2 After 1844 the Liberty Party made little progress. Its leaders were never very strong as politicians, and its ablest organizer, Birney, was about this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time compelled by an See also:accident to abandon public See also:life. Moreover, the election of 184.4 was in a way fatal to the party; for it seemed to prove that though " abolition " was not the party See also:programme, still its antecedents and personnel were too See also:radical to unite the North; and above all it could not, after 1844, draw the disaffected Whigs, for though their party was steadily moving toward anti-slavery their dislike of the Liberty Party effectually prevented union. Indeed, no party of one idea could See also:hope to satisfy men who had been Whigs or Democrats. At the same time, anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats were segregating in state politics, and the issue of excluding slavery from the new territory acquired from See also:Mexico afforded a See also:golden opportunity to unite all anti-slavery men. on the principle of the See also:Wilmot Proviso (1846). The Liberty Party reached its greatest strength (casting 74,017 votes) in the state elections of 1846. Thereafter, though growing somewhat in New See also:England, it rapidly became ineffective in the See also:rest of the North. Many, including Birney, thought it should cease to be an isolated party of one idea—striving for See also:mere See also:balance of power between Whigs and Democrats, welcoming small concessions from them, almost dependent upon them. Some wished to revivify it by making it a party of general reform. One result was the See also:secession and formation of the Liberty See also:League, which in 1847 nominated Gerrit Smith for the presidency. No adequate effort was made to take See also:advantage of the disintegration of other parties. In See also:October 1847, at See also:Buffalo, was held the third and last See also:national convention. See also:John P. See also:Hale—whose election ,to the United States See also:Senate had justified. the first successful union of
Birney's vote was reduced by a disgraceful election, See also:trick by the Whigs (the circulation of a forged See also:letter on the See also:eve of the election) ; a trick to which he had exposed himself by an ingenuously honest reception of Democratic advances in a See also:matter of local See also:good-government in See also:Michigan.
s E.g. See also:Horace See also:Greeley made the Whig See also:charge; but in later life he repeatedly attributed Clay's defeat simply to Clay's own letters; and for Millard See also:Fillmore's important See also:opinion see footnote to KNow NOTHING PARTY.
Liberty men with other anti-slavery men in state politics—was nominated for the presidency. But the nomination by the Democrats of See also:Lewis See also:Cass shattered the Democratic organization in New York and the North-west; and when the Whigs nominated General See also:- TAYLOR
- TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
- TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
- TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
- TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
- TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
- TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
- TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
- TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
- TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
- TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
- TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
- TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
- TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
- TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)
Taylor, adopted a non-committal See also:platform, and showed hostility to the Wilmot Proviso, the way was cleared for a union of all anti-slavery men. The Liberty Party, abandoning there-fore its independent nominations, joined in the first convention and nominations of the Free Soil Party (q.v.), thereby practically losing its identity, although it continued until after the organizationof the Republican Party to maintain something of a semi-independent organization. The Liberty Party has the unique honour among third=parties in the United States of seeing its principles rapidly adopted and realized.
See T. C. Smith, See also:History of the Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (Harvard University See also:Historical Studies, New York, 1897), and lives. and writings of all the public men mentioned above; also of G.. W. See also:Julian, J. R. See also:Giddings and S. P. See also:Chase.
End of Article: LIBERTY PARTY
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