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DUGONG , one of the two existing generic representatives of the Sirenia, or herbivorous aquatic mammals. Dugongs are distinguished from their See also:cousins the manatis by the presence in the upper See also:jaw of the male of a pair of large tusks, which in the See also:female are arrested in their growth, and remain concealed. There are never more than five molar See also:teeth on each See also:side of either jaw, or twenty in all, and these are See also:flat on the grinding See also:surface. The flippers are unprovided with nails, and the tail is broad, and differs from that of the See also:manati in being See also:crescent-shaped instead of rounded. The bones are hard and See also:firm, and take a See also:polish equal to that of See also:ivory. Dugongs frequent the shallow See also:waters of the tropical seas, extending from the See also:east See also:coast of See also:Africa See also:north of the mouth of the See also:Zambezi, along the shores of the See also:Indian, Malayan and Australian seas, where they may be seen basking on the surface of the See also:water, or browsing on submarine pastures of seaweed, for which the thick obtuse lips and truncated snout pre-eminently See also:fit them. They are gregarious, feeding in large
See also:numbers in localities where they are not often disturbed. The female produces a single See also:young one at a See also:birth, and is remarkable for the See also:great See also:affection it shows for its offspring, so that when the young dugong is caught there is no difficulty in capturing the See also:mother. Three species—the Indian dugong (Halicore dugong), the Red See also:Sea dugong (H. tabernaculi) and the Australian dugong (H. australis)—are commonly recognized. The first is abundant along the shores of the Indian Ocean, and is captured in large numbers by the See also:Malays, who esteem its flesh a great delicacy; the lean portions, especially of young specimens, are regarded by Europeans as excellent eating. It is generally taken by spearing, the See also:main See also:object of the See also:hunter being to raise the tail out of the water, when the See also:animal becomes perfectly powerless. It seldom attains a length of more than 8 or 10 ft. The Australian dugong is a larger See also:species, attaining sometimes a length of 15 ft.; it occurs along the Australian coast from
The Dugong.
Moreton See also:Bay to Cape.See also:York, and is highly valued by the natives, who See also:hunt it with spears, and See also:gorge themselves with its flesh, when they are fortunate enough to secure a carcase. Of See also:late years the oil obtained from the blubber of this species has been largely used in See also:Australia as a substitute for See also:cod-See also:liver oil. It • does not contain See also:iodine, but is said to possess all the therapeutic qualities of cod-liver oil without its nauseous See also:taste. A full-grown dugong yields from ro to 12 gallons of oil, and this forms in See also:cold See also:weather a thick See also:mass, and requires to be melted before a See also:fire previous to being used. The flesh of the Australian dugong is easy of digestion, the See also:muscular fibre when fresh resembling See also:beef, and when salted having the flavour of See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
bacon. In the earliest Australian dugong-See also:fishery natives were employed to See also:- HARPOON (from Fr. harpon, a grappling-iron, O. Fr. harpy, a dog's claw, an iron clamp for fastening stones together; the source of these words is the Lat. harpago, harpa, &c., formed from Gr. apaayit, hook, apsrh c , to snatch, tear away, cf. " harpy ")
harpoon these animals, which soon, however, became too wary • to allow themselves to be approached near enough for this purpose, and the harpoon was abandoned for the See also:net. The latter is spread at See also:night, and in its meshes dugongs are caught in considerable numbers. (R. L.*)
DUGUAY-TROUIN, RENE (1673–1736), See also:French sea See also:captain, belonged to a well-known See also:family of merchants and sea captains of St Malo. He was See also:born at St Maio on the loth of See also:June 1673. He was originally intended for the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, and studied with that view at See also:Rennes and See also:Caen; but on the breaking out of the See also:war with See also:England and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland in 1689 he went to sea in a See also:privateer owned by his family. During the first three months.his courage was tried by a violent See also:tempest, an imminent shipwreck, the boarding of an See also:English See also:ship, and the threatened destruction of his own See also:vessel by fire. The following See also:year, as a volunteer in a vessel of 28 guns, he was See also:present in a bloody combat with an English See also:fleet of five See also:merchant vessels. The courage he then showed was so remarkable that in 1691, at the See also:age of eighteen, his family gave him a See also:corsair of 14 guns; and having been thrown by a tempest on the coast of See also:Ireland, he burned two English See also:ships in the See also:river See also:Limerick. In 1694 his vessel of 40 guns was captured by the English, and, being taken prisoner, he was confined in the See also:castle of See also:Plymouth. He escaped, according to his own See also:account, by the help of a See also:pretty shopwoman and her See also:lover, a French refugee in the English service. He then obtained command of a vessel of 48 guns, and made a See also:capture of English vessels on the Irish coast. In 1696 he made a brilliant capture of Dutch vessels, and the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king See also:hearing an account of the affair gave him a See also:commission as capitaine de fregate (See also:commander) in the royal See also:navy. In 1704–1705 he desolated the coasts of England. In 1706 he was raised to the See also:rank of captain of a vessel of the See also:line. In 1707 he was made See also:chevalier of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, and captured off the See also:Lizard the greater See also:part of an English See also:convoy of troops and munitions See also:bound for See also:Portugal. His most glorious See also:action was the capture in 1711 of Rio Janeiro, on which he imposed a heavy contribution. In 1715 he was made chef d'escadre, the rank which in the French navy answered to the English See also:commodore, and in 1728 commander of the order of St Louis and See also:lieutenant See also:general See also:des armees navales.
In 1731 he commanded a See also:squadron for the See also:protection of French See also:commerce in the See also:Levant. He died on the 27th of See also:September 1736.
See his own Memoires (174o) ; and J. Poulain, Duguay-Trouin (1882).
DU GUESCLIN, See also:BERTRAND (c. 1320-1380), See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable of See also:France, the most famous French See also:warrior of his age, was born of an See also:ancient but undistinguished family at the castle of La Motte-Broons (See also:Dinan). The date of his birth is doubtful, the authorities varying between 1311 and 1324. The name is spelt in various ways in contemporary records, e.g. Claquin, Klesquin, Guescquin, Glayaquin, &c. The See also:familiar See also:form is found on his See also:monument at St See also:Denis, and in some legal documents of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. In his boyhood Bertrand was a dull learner, spending his time in open-See also:air See also:sports and exercises, and could never read or write. He was remarkable for ugliness, and was an object of aversion to his parents. He first made himself a name as a soldier at the See also:tournament held at Rennes in 1338 to celebrate the See also:marriage of See also:Charles of See also:Blois with Jeanne de Penthievre, at which he unseated the most famous competitors. In the war which followed between Charles of Blois and See also:John de See also:Montfort, for thepossession of the duchy of See also:Brittany, he served his See also:apprenticeship as a soldier (1341). As he was not a great See also:baron with a See also:body of vassals at his command, he put himself at the See also:head of a See also:band of adventurers, and fought on the side of Charles and of France. He distinguished himself by a brilliant action at the See also:siege of See also:Vannes in 1342; and after that he disappears from See also:history for some years.
In 1354, having shortly before been made a See also:knight, he was sent into England with the lords of Brittany to treat for the See also:ransom of Charles of Blois, who had been defeated and captured by the English in 1347. When Rennes and Dinan were attacked by the See also:duke of See also:Lancaster in 1356, Du Guesclin fought continuously against the English, and at this time he engaged in a celebrated See also:duel with See also:Sir See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Canterbury. He finally forced his way with provisions and reinforcements into Rennes, which he successfully defended till June 1357i when the siege was raised in pursuance of the truce of See also:Bordeaux. For this service he was rewarded with the lordship of Pontorson. Shortly afterwards he passed into the service of France, and greatly distinguished himself at the siege of See also:Melun (r359), being, however, taken prisoner a little later by Sir See also:Robert See also:Knollys. In 1360, 1361 and 1362 he was continually in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field, being again made prisoner in 136o. In 1364 he married, but was soon again in the field, this time against the king of See also:Navarre. In May 1364 he won an important victory over the Navarrese at Cocherel, and took the famous See also:Captal de See also:Buch prisoner. He had previously been made See also:lord of La See also:Roche-Tesson (1361) and See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain (1364); he was now made See also:count of See also:Longueville and lieutenant of See also:Normandy. Shortly afterwards, in aiding Charles of Blois, Du Guesclin was taken prisoner by Sir John See also:Chandos at the See also:battle of See also:Auray, in which Charles was killed. The See also:close of the general war, however, had released great numbers of mercenaries (the great companies) from See also:control, and, as they began to See also:play the part of brigands in France, it was necessary to get rid of them. Du Guesclin was ransomed for 1o0,000 crowns, and was charged to See also:lead them out of France. He marched with them into See also:Spain, supported See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of Trastamara against Pedro the Cruel, set the former upon the See also:throne of See also:Castile (1366), and was made constable of Castile and count of Trastamara. In the following year he was defeated and captured by the See also:Black See also:Prince, ally of Pedro, at Navarette, but was soon released for a heavy ransom. Once more he fought for Henry, won the battle of Montiel (1369), reinstated him on the throne, and was created duke of Molinas.
In May 1370, at the command of Charles V., who named him constable of France, he returned to France. War had just been declared against England, and Du Guesclin was called to take part in it. For nearly ten years he was engaged in fighting against the English in the See also:south and the See also:west of France, recovering from them the provinces of See also:Poitou, See also:Guienne and See also:Auvergne, and thus powerfully contributing to the See also:establishment of a See also:united France. In 1373, when the duke of Brittany sought English aid against a threatened invasion by Charles V., Du Guesclin was sent at the head of a powerful See also:army to seize the duchy, which he did; and two years later he frustrated the See also:attempt of the duke with an English army to recover it. Finding in 1379 that the king entertained suspicions of his fidelity to him, he resolved to give up his constable's See also:sword and retire to Spain. His See also:resolution was at first See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof against remonstrance; but ultimately he received back the sword, and continued in the service of France. In 138o he was sent into See also:Languedoc to suppress disturbances and See also:brigandage, provoked by the harsh See also:government of the duke of See also:Anjou. His first See also:act was to See also:lay siege to the fortress of See also:Chateauneuf-Randon, but on the See also:eve of its surrender the constable died on the 13th of See also:July 1380. His remains were interred, by order of the king, in the church of St Denis. Du Guesclin lost his first wife in 1371, and married a second in 1373, but he See also:left no legitimate See also:children.
See See also:biography by D. F. Jamison (See also:Charleston, 1863), which was translated into French (1866) by order of See also:Marshal Count Randon, See also:minister of war; also S. Luce, Histoire de B. du Guesclin (See also:Paris, 1876).
End of Article: DUGONG
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