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See also:MAXIMILIAN II . (1527-1576), See also:Roman See also:emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor See also:Ferdinand I. by his wife See also:Anne, daughter of See also:Ladislaus, See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Hungary and Bohemia, and was See also:born in See also:Vienna on the 31st of See also:July 1527. Educated principally in See also:Spain, he gained some experience of warfare during the See also:campaign of See also:Charles V. against See also:France in 1544, and also during the See also:war of the See also:league of See also:Schmalkalden, and soon began to take See also:part in imperial business. Having in See also:September 1548 married his
See also:cousin Maria, daughter of Charles V., he acted as the emperor's See also:throne. See also:Evidence of this friendly feeling was given in 1570, representative in Spain from 1548 to 1550, returning to See also:Germany
in See also:December 155o in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to take part in the discussion over the imperial See also:succession. Charles V. wished his son See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip (afterwards king of Spain) to succeed him as emperor, but his See also:brother Ferdinand, who had already been designated as the next occupant of the imperial throne, and Maximilian objected to this proposal. At length a See also:compromise was reached. Philip was to succeed Ferdinand, but during the former's reign Maximilian, as king of the See also:Romans, was to govern Germany. This arrangement was not carried out, and is only important because the insistence of the emperor seriously disturbed the harmonious relations which had hitherto existed between the two branches of the See also:Habsburg See also:family; and the estrangement went so far that an illness which befell Maximilian in 1552 was attributed to See also:poison given to him in the interests of his cousin and brother-in-See also:law, Philip of Spain. About this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he took up his See also:residence in Vienna, and was engaged mainly in the See also:government of the See also:Austrian dominions and in defending them against the See also:Turks. The religious views of the king of Bohemia, as Maximilian had been called since his recognition as the future ruler of that See also:country in 1549, had always been somewhat uncertain, and he had probably learned something of Lutheranism in his youth; but his amicable relations with several See also:Protestant princes, which began about the time of the discussion over the succession, were probably due more to See also:political than to religious considerations. However, in Vienna he became very intimate with See also:Sebastian Pfauser (1520—1569), a See also:court preacher with strong leanings towards Lutheranism, and his religious attitude caused some uneasiness to his See also:father. Fears were freely expressed that he would definitely leave the See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, and when Ferdinand became emperor in 1558 he was prepared to assure See also:Pope See also:Paul IV. that his son should not succeed him if he took this step. Eventually Maximilian remained nominally an adherent of the older faith, although his views were tinged with Lutheranism until the end of his See also:life. After several refusals he consented in 156o to the banishment of Pfauser, and began again to attend the services of the Catholic Church. This uneasiness having been dispelled, in See also:November 1562 Maximilian was chosen king of the Romans, or See also:German king, at See also:Frankfort, where he was crowned a few days later, after assuring the Catholic See also:electors of his fidelity to their faith, and promising the Protestant electors that he would publicly accept the See also:confession of See also:Augsburg when he became emperor. He also took the usual See also:oath to protect the Church, and his See also:election was afterwards confirmed by the papacy. In September 1563 he was crowned king of Hungary, and on his father's See also:death, in July 1564, succeeded to the See also:empire and to the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia.
The new emperor had already shown that he believed in the See also:necessity for a thorough reform of the Church. He was unable, however, to obtain the consent of Pope See also:Pius IV. to the See also:marriage of the See also:clergy, and in 1568 the concession of communion in both kinds to the laity was withdrawn. On his part Maximilian granted religious See also:liberty to the Lutheran nobles and knights in See also:Austria, and refused to allow the publication of the decrees of the See also:council of See also:Trent. Amid See also:general expectations on the part of the Protestants he met his first See also:Diet at Augsburg in See also:March 1566. He refused to accede to the demands of the Lutheran princes; on the other See also:hand, although the increase of sectarianism was discussed, no decisive steps were taken to suppress it, and the only result of the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting was a See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of assistance for the See also:Turkish War, which had just been renewed. See also:Collecting a large and splendid See also:army Maximilian marched to defend his territories; but no decisive engagement had taken See also:place when a truce was made in 1568, and the emperor continued to pay See also:tribute to the See also:sultan for Hungary. Meanwhile the relations between Maximilian and Philip of Spain had improved; and the emperor's increasingly cautious and moderate attitude in religious matters was doubtless due to the fact that the death of Philip's son, See also:Don See also:Carlos, had opened the way for the succession of Maximilian, or of one of his sons, to the See also:Spanish
when the emperor's daughter, Anne, became the See also:fourth wife of Philip; but Maximilian was unable to moderate the harsh proceedings of the Spanish king against the revolting inhabitants of the See also:Netherlands. In 1570 the emperor met the diet at See also:Spires and asked for aid to place his eastern See also:borders in a See also:state of See also:defence, and also for See also:power to repress the disorder caused by troops in the service of See also:foreign See also:powers passing through Germany. He proposed that his consent should be necessary before any soldiers for foreign service were recruited in the empire; but the estates were unwilling to strengthen the imperial authority, the Protestant princes regarded the See also:suggestion as an See also:attempt to prevent them from assisting their coreligionists in France and the Netherlands, and nothing was done in this direction, although some assistance was voted for the defence of Austria. The religious demands of the Protestants were still unsatisfied, while the policy of See also:toleration had failed to give See also:peace to Austria. Maximilian's power was very limited; it was inability rather than unwillingness that prevented him from yielding to the entreaties of Pope Pius V. to join in an attack on the Turks both before and after the victory of See also:Lepanto in 1571; and he remained inert while the authority of the empire in See also:north-eastern See also:Europe was threatened. His last important See also:act was to make a bid for the throne of See also:Poland, either for himself or for his son Ernest. In December 1575 he was elected by a powerful See also:faction, but the diet which met at See also:Regensburg was loath to assist; and on the 12th of See also:October 1576 the emperor died, refusing on his deathbed to receive the last sacraments of the Church.
By his wife Maria he had a family of nine sons and six daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, See also:Rudolph, who had been chosen king of the Romans in October 1575. Another of his sons, See also:Matthias, also became emperor; three others, Ernest, See also:Albert and Maximilian, took some part in the government of the Habsburg territories or of the Netherlands, and a daughter, See also:Elizabeth, married Charles IX. king of France.
The religious attitude of Maximilian has given rise to muck, discussion, and on this subject the writings of W. See also:Maurenbrecher, W.
See also:Goetz and E. Reimann in the Historische Zeitschrift, Bande VII., XV.,XXXII. and LXXVII. (See also:Munich, 187o fol.) should be consulted, and also O. H. See also:Hopfen, Maximilian II. and der Kompromisskatholizismus (Munich, 1895); C: See also:Haupt. Melanchthons and seiner Lehrer Einfluss auf Maximilian II. (See also:Wittenberg, 1897); F. See also:Walter, See also:Die Wahl Maximilians II. (See also:Heidelberg, 1892) ; W. Goetz, Maximilians II. Wahl zum romischen Konige (See also:Wurzburg, 1891), and T. J. Scherg, Uber die religiose Entwickelung Kaiser Maximilians II. bis zu seiner Wahl zum romischen Konige (Wurzburg, 1903). For a more general See also:account of his life and See also:work see Briefe and Akten zur Geschichte Maximilians II., edited by W. E. See also:Schwarz (Paderbern, 1889–1891) ; M. See also:Koch, Quellen zur Geschichte See also:des Kaisers Maximilian II. in Archiven gesammelt (See also:Leipzig, 1857–1861); R. Boltzmann, Kaiser Maximilian II. bis zu seiner Thronbesteigung (See also:Berlin, 19o3); E. Wertheimer, Zur Geschichte der Tiirkenkriege Maximilians II (Vienna, 1875) ; L. von See also:Ranke, Uber die Zeiten Ferdinands I. and Maximilians II. in See also:Band VII. of his Sdmmtliche Werke (Leipzig, 1874), and J. See also:Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters, Bande IV. to VIII. (See also:Freiburg, 1885–1894), See also:English See also:translation by M. A. See also:Mitchell and A. M. See also:Christie (See also:London, 1896 fol.).
End of Article: MAXIMILIAN II
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