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See also:ELLENBOROUGH, See also:EDWARD See also:LAW, See also:EARL OF (1790-1871) , the eldest son of the 1st See also:Lord Ellenborough, was See also:born on the 8th of See also:September 1790. He was educated at See also:Eton and St See also:John's See also:College, See also:Cambridge. He represented the subsequently disfranchised See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of St See also:Michael's, See also:Cornwall, in the See also:House of See also:Commons, until the See also:death of his See also:father in 1818 gave him a seat in the House of Lords. He was twice married; his only See also:child died See also:young; his second wife was divorced by See also:act of See also:parliament in 1830.
In the See also:Wellington See also:administration of 1828 Ellenborough was made lord privy See also:seal; he took a considerable See also:share in the business of the See also:foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, as an unofficial assistant to Welling-ton, who was a See also:great admirer of his talents. He aimed at succeeding Lord See also:Dudley at the foreign office, but was forced to content himself with the See also:presidency of the .See also:board of See also:control, which he retained until the fall of the See also:ministry in 183o. Ellen-borough was an active See also:administrator, and took a lively See also:interest in questions of See also:Indian policy. The revision of the See also:company's See also:charter was approaching, and he held that the See also:government of See also:India should be transferred directly to the See also:crown. He was impressed with the growing importance of a knowledge of central See also:Asia, in the event of a See also:Russian advance towards the Indian frontier, and despatched See also:Burnes on an exploring See also:mission to that See also:district. Ellenborough subsequently returned to the board of control in See also:Peel's first and second administrations. He had only held office for a See also:month on the third occasion when he was appointed by the See also:court of See also:directors to succeed Lord See also:Auckland as See also:governor-See also:general of India. His Indian administration of two and a See also:half years, or half the usual See also:term of. service, was from first to last a subject of hostile See also:criticism. His own letters sent monthly to the See also:queen, and his See also:correspondence with the See also:duke of Wellington, published in 1874, afford material for an intelligent and impartial See also:judgment of his meteoric career. The events chiefly in dispute are his policy towards See also:Afghanistan and the See also:army and captives there, his See also:conquest of See also:Sind, and his See also:campaign in See also:Gwalior.
Ellenborough went to India in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order " to restore See also:peace to Asia," but the whole term of his office was occupied in See also:war. On his arrival there the See also:news that greeted him was that of the See also:massacre of See also:Kabul, and the sieges of See also:Ghazni and See also:Jalalabad, while the sepoys of See also:Madras were on the See also:verge of open See also:mutiny. In his See also:proclamation of the 15th of See also:March 1842, as in his memorandum for the queen dated the 18th, he stated with characteristic clearness and eloquence the See also:duty of first inflicting some See also:signal and decisive See also:blow on the Afghans, and then leaving them to govern themselves under the See also:sovereign of their own choice. Unhappily, when he See also:left his See also:council for upper India, and learned the trifling failure of General See also:England, he instructed See also:Pollock and See also:Nott, who were advancing triumphantly with their avenging columns to See also:- RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)
rescue the See also:British captives, to fall back. The army proved true to the governor-general's earlier proclamation rather than to his later fears; the hostages were rescued, the See also:scene of See also:Sir See also:Alexander Burnes's See also:murder in the See also:heart of Kabul was burned down. Dost Mahommed was quietly dismissed from a See also:prison in See also:Calcutta to the See also:throne in the See also:Bala See also:Hissar, and Ellen-borough presided over the See also:painting of the elephants for an unprecedented military spectacle at See also:Ferozepur, on the See also:south See also:bank of the See also:Sutlej. But this was not the only piece of theatrical display which capped with ridicule the horrors and the follies of these four years in Afghanistan. When See also:Sultan Mahmud, in 1024, sacked the See also:Hindu See also:temple of See also:Somnath on the See also:north-See also:west See also:coast of India, he carried off, with the treasures, the richly studded See also:sandal-See also:wood See also:gates of the fane, and set them up in his
II
See also:capital of Ghazni. The See also:Mahommedan puppet of the See also:English, Shah Shuja, had been asked, when ruler of Afghanistan, to restore them to India; and what he had failed to do the See also:Christian ruler of opposing Mahommedans and See also:Hindus resolved to effect in the most See also:solemn and public manner. In vain had See also:Major (afterwards Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry) See also:Rawlinson proved that they were only reproductions of the See also:original gates, to which the Ghazni moulvies clung merely as a source of offerings from the faithful who visited the old conqueror's See also:tomb. In vain did the Hindu sepoys show the most chilling indifference to the belauded restoration. Ellenborough could not resist the temptation to copy See also:Napoleon's magniloquent proclamation under the pyramids. The fraudulent folding doors were conveyed on a triumphal See also:car to the fort of See also:Agra, where they were found to be made not of See also:sandalwood but of See also:deal. That Somnath proclamation (immortalized in a speech by See also:Macaulay) was the first step towards its author's recall.
Hardly had Ellenborough issued his See also:medal with the See also:legend " See also:Pax Asiae Restituta " when he was at war with the amirs of Sind. The tributary amirs had on the whole been faithful, for Major (afterwards Sir See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James) See also:Outram controlled them. But he had reported the opposition of a few, and Ellenborough ordered an inquiry. His instructions were admirable, in See also:equity as well as See also:energy, and if Outram had been left to carry them out all would have been well. But the duty was entrusted to Sir See also:Charles See also:Napier, with full See also:political as well as military See also:powers. And to add to the evil, Mir See also:Ali Morad intrigued with both sides so effectually that he betrayed the amirs on the one See also:hand, while he deluded Sir Charles Napier to their destruction on the other. Ellenborough was led on till events were beyond his control, and his own just and merciful instructions were forgotten. Sir Charles Napier made more than one See also:confession like this: " We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall do so, and a very advantageous, useful and humane piece of rascality it will be." The battles of See also:Meeanee and See also:Hyderabad followed; and the See also:Indus became a British See also:river from See also:Karachi to See also:Multan.
Sind had hardly been disposed of when troubles arose on both sides of the governor-general, who was then at Agra. On the north the disordered See also:kingdom of the Sikhs was threatening the frontier. In Gwalior to the south, the feudatory Mahratta See also:state, there were a large mutinous army, a Ranee only twelve years of See also:age, an adopted See also:chief of eight, and factions in the council of ministers. These conditions brought Gwalior to the verge of See also:civil war. Ellenborough reviewed the danger in the See also:minute of the 1st of See also:November 1845, and told Sir See also:Hugh See also:Gough to advance. Further treachery and military See also:licence rendered the battles of See also:Maharajpur and Punniar, fought on the same See also:day, inevitable though they were, a surprise to the combatants. The treaty that followed was as merciful as it was See also:wise. The pacification of Gwalior also had its effect beyond the Sutlej, where anarchy was restrained for yet another See also:year, and the See also:work of See also:civilization was left to Ellenborough's two successors. But by this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the See also:patience of the directors was exhausted. They had no control over Ellenborough's policy; his despatches to them were haughty and disrespectful; and in See also:June 1844 they exercised their See also:power of recalling him.
On his return to England Ellenborough was created an earl and received the thanks of parliament; but his administration speedily became the theme of hostile debates, though it was successfully vindicated by Peel and Wellington. When Peel's See also:cabinet was reconstituted in 1846 Ellenborough became first lord of the See also:admiralty. In 1858 he took office under Lord See also:Derby as See also:president of the board of control, for the See also:fourth time. It was then his congenial task to draft the new See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for the government of India which the mutiny had rendered necessary. But his old See also:fault of impetuosity again proved his stumbling-See also:block. He wrote a See also:caustic despatch censuring Lord See also:Canning for the Oudh proclamation, and allowed it to be published in The Times without consulting his colleagues, who disavowed his See also:action in this respect. General disapprobation was excited; votes of censure were announced in both Houses; and, to See also:save the cabinet, Ellenborough resigned.
But for this act of rashness he might have enjoyed the taskof carrying into effect the See also:home constitution for the government of India which he sketched in his See also:evidence before the select See also:committee of the House of Commons on Indian territories on the 8th of June 1852. Paying off his old See also:score against the See also:East India Company, he then advocated the abolition of the court of directors as a governing See also:body, the opening of the civil service to the army, the transference of the government to the crown, and the See also:appointment of a council to advise the See also:minister who should take the See also:place of the president of the board of control. These suggestions of 1852 were carried out by his successor Lord See also:Stanley, afterwards earl of Derby, in 1858, so closely even in details, that Lord Ellenborough must be pronounced the author, for See also:good or evil, of the See also:present home constitution of the government of India. Though acknowledged to be one of the foremost orators in the House of Lords, and taking a frequent See also:part in debate, Ellen-borough never held office again. He died at his seat, Southam House, near See also:Cheltenham, on the z2nd of See also:December 1871, when the See also:barony reverted to his See also:nephew Charles See also:Edmund Law (1820—189o), the earldom becoming See also:extinct.
See See also:History of the Indian Administration (See also:Bentley, 1874), edited by Loid See also:Colchester; Minutes of Evidence taken before the Select Committee on Indian Territories (June 1852) ; See also:volume i. of the Calcutta See also:Review; the Friend of India, during the years 1842–1845; and John See also:Hope, The House of Scindea: A See also:Sketch (See also:Longmans, 1863). The numerous books by and against Sir Charles Napier, on the See also:con-quest of Sind, should be consulted.
End of Article: ELLENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW, EARL OF (1790-1871)
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