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PAUL III

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 957 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PAUL III . (Alessandro See also:Farnese), See also:pope from 1534 to 1549, Was See also:born on the 28th of See also:February 1468, of an old and distinguished See also:family. As a See also:pupil of the famous See also:Pomponius See also:Laetus, and, subsequently, as a member of the circle of Cosmo de' Medic.' he received a finished See also:education. From See also:Florence he passed to See also:Rome, and became the See also:father of at least two See also:children, later legitimized. Upon entering the service of the See also:Church, however, he lived more circumspectly. His See also:advancement was rapid. To the liaison between his See also:sister Giulia Farnese See also:Orsini and See also:Alexander VI. he owed his See also:cardinal's See also:hat; but the steady favour which he enjoyed under successive popes was due to his own cleverness and capacity for affairs. His See also:election to the papacy, on the 13th of See also:October 1534, to succeed See also:Clement VII., was virtually without opposition. The pontificate of Paul III. forms a turning-point in the See also:history of the papacy. The situation at his See also:accession was See also:grave and complex: the steady growth of Protestantism, the preponderant See also:power of the See also:emperor and his prolonged See also:wars with See also:France, the advances of the See also:Turks, the uncertain mind of the Church itself—all conspired to produce a problem involved and delicate. Paul was shrewd, calculating, tenacious; but on the other See also:hand over-cautious, and inclined rather to temporize than to strike at the See also:critical moment. His instincts and ambitions were those of a See also:secular See also:prince of the See also:Renaissance; but circumstances forced him to become the See also:patron of reform.

By the promotion to the cardinalate of such men as See also:

Contarini, Caraffa, See also:Pole and See also:Morone, and the See also:appointment of a See also:commission to See also:report upon existing evils and their remedy, the way was opened for reform; while by the introduction of the See also:Inquisition into See also:Italy (1542), the See also:establishment of the censorship and the See also:Index (1543), and the approval of the Society of Jesus (1540), most efficient agencies were set on See also:foot for combating See also:heresy. But in the See also:matter of a See also:general See also:council, so urgently desired by the emperor, Paul showed himself irresolute and procrastinating. Finally on the 13th of See also:December 1545 the Council assembled in See also:Trent; but when the victories of See also:Charles V. seemed to threaten its See also:independence it was transferred to See also:Bologna (See also:March 1547) and not See also:long afterwards suspended (See also:Sept. 1549). He concluded the truce of See also:Nice (1538) between Charles and See also:Francis, and contracted an See also:alliance with each. But the See also:peace of Crespy and the emperor's negotiations with the Protestants (1544) turned him against Charles, and he was suspected of desiring his defeat in the Schmalkaldic See also:War. The most deplorable weakness of Paul was his nepotism. See also:Parma and See also:Piacenza, States of the Church, he bestowed upon his natural son See also:Pier See also:Luigi (1545). But in 1549 Pier Luigi was assassinated by hig outraged subjects, and the emperor thereupon claimed the two duchies for his son-in-See also:law Ottavio Farnese, Paul's See also:grandson. This led to a family See also:quarrel which greatly embittered the last days of the pope and hastened his See also:death (Nov. 1o, 1549). Parma and Piacenza continued to be a See also:bone of contention for two See also:hundred and fifty years.

Paul w.is gifted and cultured, a See also:

lover and patron of See also:art. He began the famous Farnese See also:Palace; constructed the See also:Sala Regia in the Vatican; commissioned See also:Michelangelo to paint the " Last See also:Judgment," and to resume See also:work upon St See also:Peter's; and other-See also:wise adorned the See also:city. Easy-going, luxurious, worldly-minded, Paul was not in full sympathy with the prevailing influences about him. See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom. ; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602, both contemporaries of Paul III.); Quirini, Imago optimi . pontif. expressa in gestis See also:Pauli III. (See also:Brixen, 1745); See also:Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., See also:Austin), i. 243 seq. ; v. See also:Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., iii. 2, 471 seq., 716 seq. ; See also:Brosch, Gesch. See also:des Kirchenstaates (188o), i.

163 seq.; Ehses, " Kirchliche Reformarbeiten unter Paul III. vor dem Trienter Konzil," Rom. Quartalschrift (1901), xv. 153 seq. ; Capasso, La Politica di papa See also:

Paolo III. el'Italia (See also:Camerino, 1901); and also the extensive bibliography in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v. " Paul III." Paul. IV. (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa), pope from 1555 to 1559, was born on the 28th of See also:June 1476, of a See also:noble Neapolitan family. His ecclesiastical preferment he owed to the See also:influence of an See also:uncle, Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa. Having filled the See also:post of See also:nuncio in See also:England and See also:Spain, he served successive popes as adviser in matters pertaining to heresy and reform. But he resigned his benefices, and, in See also:conjunction with See also:Cajetan, founded the See also:order of the Theatines (1524) with the See also:object of promoting See also:personal piety and of combating heresy by See also:preaching. In 1536 Paul III. made him cardinal-See also:archbishop of See also:Naples and a member of the reform commission. After the failure of Contarini's See also:attempt at reconciliation with the Protestants (1541) the papacy committed itself to the reaction advocated by Caraffa; the Inquisition and censorship were set up (1542, 1543), and the extermination of heresy in Italy undertaken with vigour.

Elected pope, on the 23rd of May 1555, in the See also:

face of the See also:veto of the emperor, Paul regarded his See also:elevation as the work of See also:God. With his defects of See also:temper, his violent antipathies, his extravagant notion of papal See also:prerogative, his pontificate was filled with strife. Blinded by ungovernable hatred he joined with France (1555) in order to drive the " accursed Spaniards " from Italy. But the victory of See also:Philip II. at St Quentin (1557) and the threatening advance of See also:Alva upon Rome forced him to come to terms and to abandon his See also:French alliance. He denounced the peace of See also:Augsburg as a pact with heresy; nor would he recognize the See also:abdication of Charles V. and the election of See also:Ferdinand. By insisting upon the restitution of the confiscated church-lands, assuming to regard England as a papal See also:fief, requiring See also:Elizabeth, whose See also:legitimacy he aspersed, to submit her claims to him, he raised insuperable obstacles to the return of England to the Church of Rome. Paul's attitude towards nepotism was at variance with his See also:character as a reformer. An unworthy See also:nephew, Carlo Caraff a,(POPES) was made cardinal, and other relatives were invested with the duchies of Paliano and Montebello. It was Paul's See also:hope in this way to acquire a support in his war with the Spaniards. But the defeat of his plans disillusioned him, and he turned to reform. A stricter See also:life was introduced into the papal See also:court; the See also:regular observance of the services of the Church was enjoined; many of the grosser abuses were prohibited. These See also:measures only increased Paul's unpopularity, so that when he died, on the 18th of See also:August 1559, the See also:Romans vented their hatred by demolishing his statue, liberating the prisoners of the Inquisition, and scattering its papers.

Paul's want of See also:

political See also:wisdom, and his See also:ignorance of human nature aroused antagonisms fatal to the success of his cause. See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom. ; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (Rome, 1601-1602, both contemporaries of Paul IV.); Caraccioli, De vita Pauli IV. P.M. (See also:Cologne, 1612; for See also:criticism see Hist. Zeitschr., xliv. 46o seq.), whose See also:rich collection of materials was used by Bromata, Vita di Paolo IV. (See also:Ravenna, 1748), and Samm, Une Question ital. an seizieme siecle (See also:Paris, 1861). See also Castaldo, Vita del pontifice Paolo See also:Quarto (See also:Modena, 1618) ; Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans. by Austin), i. 286 seq. (an excellent See also:sketch) ; v.

Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom., iii. 2, 513 seq. and Benrath, " G. P. Caraffa u. d. reformatorische Bewegung seiner Zeit.," in Jahrb. See also:

fur Prot. Theol. (1878), vol. i.; Ancel, Disgrace et prods des Caraffa (1909) ; Riess, Politik Pauls IV. (1909). PsuL V. (Camillo See also:Borghese), successor of See also:Leo XI., was born in Rome on the 17th of See also:September 1552, of a noble family. He studied in See also:Perugia and See also:Padua, became a See also:canon lawyer, and was See also:vice-See also:legate in Bologna. As a See also:reward of a successful See also:mission to Spain Clement VIII. made him cardinal (1596) and later See also:vicar in Rome and inquisitor. Elevated to the papacy, on the 16th of May 16o5, his extreme conception of papal prerogative, his arrogance and obstinacy, his perverse insistence upon the theoretical and disregard of the actual, made strife inevitable.

He provoked disputes with the See also:

Italian states over ecclesiastical rights. See also:Savoy, See also:Genoa, See also:Tuscany and Naples, wishing to avoid a rupture, yielded; but See also:Venice resisted. The See also:republic stood upon her right to See also:judge all her subjects, and by her demands touching benefices, See also:tithes and papal bulls showed her determination to be supreme in her own territory. See also:Excommunication and See also:interdict (See also:April 17, 16o6) were met with See also:defiance. The cause of the republic was brilliantly advocated by Fra Paolo See also:Sarpi, counsellor of See also:state; the defenders of the papal theory were Cardinals See also:Baronius and See also:Bellarmine. The pope talked of See also:coercion by arms; but Spain, to whom he looked for support, refused to be See also:drawn into war, and the quarrel was finally settled by the See also:mediation of France (March 22, 1607). Not- withstanding certain concessions, the victory remained with the republic (see SARPI). Paul became involved in a quarrel with England also. After the See also:Gunpowder See also:Plot See also:parliament required a new See also:oath of See also:allegiance to the See also:king and a denial of the right of . the pope to depose him or See also:release his subjects from their obedience. Paul forbade See also:Roman Catholics to take the oath; but to no purpose, beyond stirring up a See also:literary controversy. By his condemnation of See also:Gallicanism (1613) Paul angered France, and provoked the defiant See also:declaration of the states general of 1614 that the king held his See also:crown from God alone. Paul encouraged See also:missions, confirmed many new congregations and brotherhoods, authorized a new version of the See also:Ritual, and canonized Carlo See also:Borromeo.

His devotion to the interests of his family exceeded all See also:

bounds, and they became enormously wealthy. Paul began the famous See also:Villa Borghese; enlarged the Quirinal and Vatican; completed the See also:nave, See also:facade and See also:portico of St Peter's; erected the Borghese See also:Chapel in Sta Maria See also:Maggiore; and restored the See also:aqueduct of See also:Augustus and See also:Trajan (" Acqua Paolina "). He also added to the Vatican library, and began a collection of antiquities. Paul died on the 28th of See also:January 1621, and was succeeded by See also:Gregory XV. See Bzovius (Bzowski), De vita Pauli V. (Rome, 1625; contained in Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom., ed. 1626), who depicts Paul as a See also:paragon of all public and private virtues; Vitorelli, continuator of Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom. (a See also:con-temporary of the pope) ; See also:Goujet, Hist. du pontificat de Paul V., (1765) ; Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans. by Austin), ii. 330 seq., iii. 72 seq. ; v. Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom, iii.

2, 6os seq. ; Brosch, Gesch. des Kirchenstaates (188o), i. 351 seq. The Venetian version of the quarrel with the pope was written by Sarpi (subsequently translated into See also:

English, See also:London, 1626) ; see also See also:Cornet, Paolo V. et la repub. veneta (See also:Vienna, 1859) ; and See also:Trollope, Paul the Pope and Paul the See also:Friar (London, 1860). An extensive See also:biography will be found in Herzog-Hauck, Realencylkopddie, s.v. " Paul V.' (T. F.

End of Article: PAUL III

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