Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: PRE-PYR
del.icio.us it!
|
See also:PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL See also: F. See also:Middleton as bishop of See also:Calcutta, with three archdeacons to assist him. In 1817 See also:Ceylon was added to his See also:charge; in 1823 all British subjects in the See also:East Indies and the islands of the See also:Indian Ocean; and in 1824 "New See also:South See also:Wales and its dependencies "! Some five years later, on the nomination of the See also:duke of See also:Wellington, William See also:Broughton was sent out to See also:work in this enormous jurisdiction as See also:archdeacon of See also:Australia. Soon afterwards, in 1835 and 1837, the See also:sees of See also:Madras and Bombay were founded; whilst in 1836 Broughton himself was consecrated as first bishop of Australia. Thus down to 1840 there were but ten colonial bishops; and of these several were so hampered by See also:civil regulations that they were little more than See also:government chaplains in episcopal orders. In See also:April of that See also:year, however, Bishop See also:Blomfield of See also:London published his famous See also:letter to the archbishop of See also:Canterbury, declaring that " an episcopal church without a bishop is a See also:contradiction in terms," and strenuously advocating a great effort for the extension of the episcopate. It was not in vain. The See also:plan was taken up with See also:enthusiasm, and on Whitsun Tuesday of 1841 the bishops of the United See also:Kingdom met and issued a See also:declaration which inaugurated the Colonial Bishoprics See also:Council. Subsequent declarations in 187 2 and 1891 have served both to See also:record progress and to stimulate to new effort. The See also:diocese of New See also:Zealand was founded in 1841, being endowed by the Church Missionary Society through the council, and See also:George See also:Augustus See also:Selwyn was chosen as the first bishop. Since then the increase has gone on, as the result both of See also:home effort and of the See also:action of the colonial churches. Moreover, in many cases bishops have been sent to inaugurate new See also:missions, as in the cases of the See also:Universities' Mission to Central See also:Africa, Lebombo, Corea and New See also:Guinea; and the missionary jurisdictions so founded develop in See also:time into dioceses. Thus, instead of the ten colonial jurisdictions of 1841, there are now about a See also:hundred foreign and colonial jurisdictions, in addition to those of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States.
It was only very gradually that these dioceses acquired legislative See also:independence and a determinate organization. At first, sees were created and bishops were nominated by the See also:crown by means of letters patent; and in some cases an income was assigned out of public funds. Moreover, for many years all bishops alike were consecrated in England, took the customary " See also:oath of due obedience " to the archbishop of Canterbury, and were regarded as his extra-territorial suffragans. But by degrees changes have been made on all these points:
(r) Local conditions soon made a provincial organization
necessary, and it was gradually introduced. The bishop of Cal-
cutta received letters patent as See also:metropolitan of India
Provincial when the sees of Madras and Bombay were founded;
organlra•
See also:don. and fresh See also:patents were issued to Bishop Broughton in
See also:Lion.
1847 and Bishop See also: Elsewhere, as in New Zealand, where no single See also:city can claim pre-See also:eminence, the metropolitan is either elected or else is the See also:senior bishop by consecration. Two further developments must be mentioned: (a) The creation of diocesan and provincial synods, the first diocesan See also:synod to meet being that of New Zealand in 1844, whilst the formation of a provincial synod was foreshadowed by a See also:conference of Australasian bishops at See also:Sydney in 185o; (b) towards the See also:close of the 19th See also:century the See also:title of archbishop began to be assumed by the metropolitans of several provinces. It was first assured by the metropolitans of See also:Canada and See also:Rupert's See also:Land, at the See also:desire of the Canadian See also:general synod in 1893; and subsequently, in accordance with a See also:resolution of the Lambeth conference of 1897, it was given by their synods to the bishop of Sydney as metropolitan of New South Wales and to the bishop of Cape See also:Town as metropolitan of South Africa Civil obstacles have hitherto delayed its See also:adoption by the metropolitan of India. (2) By degrees, also, the colonial churches have been freed from their rather burdensome relations with the See also:state. The church of the See also:West Indies was disestablished and Freedom disendowed in 1868. In 1857 it was decided, in from state See also:control. See also:Regina v. See also:Eton See also:College, that the crown could not claim the presentation to a living when it had appointed the former See also:incumbent to a colonial bishopric, as it does in the case of an English bishopric. In 1861, after some protest from the crown lawyers, two missionary bishops were consecrated without letters patent for regions outside British territory: C. F. See also:Mackenzie for the See also:Zambezi region and J. C. See also:Patteson for See also:Melanesia, by the metropolitans of Cape Town and New Zealand respectively. In 1863 the privy council declared, in See also:Long v. The Bishop of Cape Town, that " the Church of England, in places where there is no church established by See also:law, is in the samesituation with any other religious See also:body." In 1865 it adjudged Bishop Gray's letters patent, as metropolitan of Cape Town, to be powerless to enable him " to exercise any coercive jurisdiction, or hold any See also:court or tribunal for that purpose," since the Cape See also:colony already possessed legislative institutions when they were issued; and his deposition of Bishop See also:Colenso was declared to be " null and void in law " (re The Bishop of See also:Natal). With the exception of Colenso the South See also:African bishops forthwith surrendered their patents,and formally accepted Bishop Gray as their metropolitan, an example followed in 1865 in the See also:province of New Zealand. In 1862, when the diocese of See also:Ontario was formed, the bishop was elected in Canada, and consecrated under a royal See also:mandate, letters patent being by this time entirely discredited. And when, in 1867, a coadjutor was chosen for the bishop of Toronto, an application for a royal mandate produced the reply from the colonial secretary that " it was not the See also:part of the crown to interfere in the creation of a new bishop or bishopric, and not consistent with the dignity of the crown that he should advise Her See also:Majesty to issue a mandate which would not be See also:worth the See also:paper on which it was written, and which, having been sent out to Canada, might be disregarded in the most complete manner." And at the See also:present See also:day the colonial churches are entirely See also:free in this See also:matter. This, however, is not the case with the church in India. Here the bishops of sees founded down to 1879 receive a See also:stipend from the See also:revenue (with the exception of the bishop of Ceylon, who no longer does so). They are not only nominated by the crown and consecrated under letters patent, but the See also:appointment is expressly subjected " to such See also:power of revocation and recall as is by law vested " in the crown; and where additional oversight was necessary for the church in See also:Tinnevelly, it could only be secured by the consecration of two assistant bishops, who worked under a See also:commission for the archbishop of Canterbury which was to expire on the See also:death of the bishop of Madras. Since then, however, new sees have been founded which are under no such restrictions: . by the creation of dioceses either in native states (See also:Travancore and See also:Cochin), or out of the existing dioceses (See also:Chota See also:Nagpur„ See also:Lucknow, &c.). In the latter case there is no legal subdivision of the older diocese, the new bishop administering such districts as belonged to it under commission from its bishop, See also:provision being made, however, that in all matters ecclesiastical there shall be no See also:appeal but to the metropolitan of India. (3) By degrees, also, the relations of colonial churches to the archbishop of Canterbury have changed. Until 1855 no colonial bishop was consecrated outside the British Isles, the first instance being Dr MacDougall of See also:Labuan, See also:con- autonomy: omy: secrated in India under a commission from the See also:arch- bishop of Canterbury; and until 1874 it was held to be unlawful for a bishop to be consecrated in England without taking the See also:suffragan's oath of due obedience. This See also:necessity was removed by the Colonial See also:Clergy Act of 1874, which permits the archbishop at his discretion to dispense with the oath. This, however, has not been done in all cases; and as See also:late as 1890 it was taken by the metropolitan of Sydney at his consecration. Thus the constituent parts of the Anglican communion gradually acquire autonomy: missionary jurisdictions develop into organized dioceses, and dioceses are grouped into provinces with canons of their own. But the most complete autonomy does not involve See also:isolation. The churches are in full communion with one another, and act together in many ways; missionary jurisdictions and dioceses are mapped out by See also:common arrangement, and even transferred if it seems advisable; e.g. the diocese See also:Honolulu (See also:Hawaii), previously under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Canterbury, was transferred in 'goo to the Episcopal Church in the United States on See also:account of See also:political changes. Though the see of Canterbury claims no primacy over the Anglican communion analogous to that exercised over the Roman Church by the popes, it is regarded with a strong See also:affection and deference, which shows itself by frequent consultation and interchange of greetings. There is also a strong common life emphasized by common action. The conference of Anglican bishops from all parts of the See also:world, instituted by Archbishop See also:Longley in 1867, and known as the Lambeth Conferences (q.v.), though even for the Anglican communion they have not the authority of an ecumenical synod, and their decisions are rather of the nature of counsels than commands, have done much to promote the See also:harmony and co-operation of the various branches of the Church. An even more imposing manifestation of this common life was given by the great See also:pan-Anglican See also:congress held in London between the 12th and 24th of See also:June 1908, which preceded the Lambeth conference opened on the 5th of See also:July. The See also:idea of this originated with Bishop See also:Montgomery, secretary to the Society for the See also:Propagation of the See also:Gospel, and was endorsed by a resolution of the United Boards of Mission in 1903. As the result of negotiations and preparations extending over five years, 250 bishops, together with delegates, clerical and See also:lay, from every diocese in the Anglican communion, met in London, the opening service of intercession being held in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey. In its general See also:character, the See also:meeting was but a Church congress on an enlarged See also:scale, and the subjects discussed, e.g. the attitude of churchmen towards the question of the See also:marriage See also:laws or that of See also:socialism, followed much the same lines. The congress, of course, had no power to decide or to legislate for the Church, its main value being in See also:drawing its scattered members closer together, in bringing the newer and more isolated branches into consciousness of their contact with the See also:parent See also:stem, and in opening the eyes of the Church of England to the point of view and the See also:peculiar problems of the daughter-churches. The Anglican communion consists of the following: (1) The Church of England, 2 provinces, Canterbury and See also:York, with 24 and a dioceses respectively. (2) The Church of See also:Ireland, 2 provinces, See also:Armagh and Dublin, with 7 and 6 dioceses respectively. (3) The Scottish Episcopal Church, with 7 dioceses. (4) The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, with 89 dioceses and missionary jurisdictions, including North See also:Tokyo, Kyoto, See also:Shanghai, Cape Palmas, and the See also:independent dioceses of Hayti and See also:Brazil. (5) The Canadian Church, consisting of (a)the province of Canada, with so dioceses; (b) the province of Rupert's Land, with 8 dioceses. (6) The Church in India and Ceylon, r province of it dioceses. (7) The Church of the West Indies, I province of 8 dioceses, of which Barbados and the Windward Islands are at present united. (8) The Australian Church, consisting of (a) the province of New South Wales, with 10 dioceses; (b) the province of Queensland, with 5 dioceses; (c) the province of See also:Victoria, with 5 dioceses. (9) The Church of New Zealand, i province of 7 dioceses, together with the missionary jurisdiction of Melanesia. (so) The South African Church, 1 province of Io dioceses, with the 2 missionary jurisdictions of Mashonaland and Lebombo. (I1) Nearly 30 isolated dioceses and missionary jurisdictions holding mission from the see of Canterbury. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] PROTESTANT |
[next] PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH |