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foreign bodies. Diseases of the middle ear fall into two categories, suppurative and non-suppurative (i.e. with and without the formation of pus). Suppurative inflammation of the middle ear is either acute or chronic, and is in either See also:

case accompanied by perforation of the See also:

DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum See also:

head and See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge from the ear. The chief importance of these affections, in addition to the symptoms of See also:

pain, deafness, discharge, &c., is the serious complications which may ensue from their neglect, viz. aural polypi, caries and necrosis of the See also:

bone, affections of the mastoid See also:

PROCESS

process, including the mastoid antrum, See also:

PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis of the facial See also:

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve, and the still more serious intracranial and vascular infective diseases, such as See also:

ABSCESS (from Lat. abscedere, to separate)

abscess in the See also:

BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain (cerebrum or cerebellum), See also:

MENINGITIS (from Gr. z veyE, a membrane)

meningitis, with subdural and extradural abscesses, septic thrombosis of the sigmoid and other venous sinuses, and pyaemia. It is owing to the possibility of these complications that See also:

LIFE

life See also:

INSURANCE

insurance companies usually, and rightly, inquire as to the presence of ear discharge before accepting a life.

Patterson Cassells of See also:

GLASGOW

Glasgow urged this See also:

SPECIAL

special point as long ago as 1877. Acute suppurative disease of the middle ear is often due to the exanthemata, scarlatina, See also:

MEASLES, (Morbilli, Rubeola; the M. E. word is maseles, properly a diminutive of a word meaning " spot," O.H.G. m¢sa, cf. " mazer "; the equivalent is Ger. Masern; Fr. Rougeole)

measles and smallpox, and to bathing and diving. It may also be caused by See also:

INFLUENZA (syn. " grip," la grippe)

influenza, See also:

DIPHTHERIA (from 8c4BEpa, a skin or membrane)

diphtheria and pulmonary See also:

PHTHISIS (Gr. 49Lnns " wasting ")

phthisis. Non-suppurative disease of the middle ear may be acute or chronic. In the acute See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the inflammation is less violent than in the acute suppurative inflammation, and is rarely accompanied by perforation. Chronic non-suppurative inflammation may be divided into the moist form, in which the symptoms are improved by inflation of the tympanum through the Eustachian See also:

TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, and the dry form (including sclerosis), which is more in-tractable and in which this See also:

PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure has little or no beneficial effect. Diseases of the internal ear may be See also:

PRIMARY

primary or secondary to an See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the tympanum or to intracranial disease. Injuries to any See also:

PART

part of the ear may occur, among the commoner being injuries to the auricle, rupture of the drum head (from explosions, blows on the ear or the introduction of See also:

sharp bodies into the ear canal), and injuries from fractured See also:

SKULL

skull. Congenital malformations of the ear are most frequently met with in the auricle and external canal. Methods of Examination.—The methods of examining the ear are roughly threefold: (1) Testing the See also:

HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing with See also:

WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch, See also:

VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice and tuning-See also:

FORK (Lat. furca)

fork. The latter is especially used to distinguish between disease of the middle ear (conducting apparatus) and that of the internal ear (perceptive apparatus). Our knowledge of the subject has been brought to its See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

state by the labours of many observers, notably Weber, Rinne, See also:

SCHWABACH

Schwabach, Lucae and See also:

CELLE

Celle.

(2) Examination of the canal and drum-head with See also:

SPECULUM

speculum and reflector, introduced by Kramer, Wilde and von Troltsch. (3) Examination of the drum-cavity through the Eustachian tube by the various methods of inflation. Symptoms.—The chief symptoms of ear diseases are deafness, noises in the ear (tinnitus aurium), giddiness, pain and discharge. Deafness (or other disturbance of hearing) and noises may occur from disease in almost any part of the gar. Purulent discharge usually comes from the middle ear. Giddiness is more commonly associated With affections of the internal ear. Treatment.—Ear diseases are treated on See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary surgical and medical lines, due regard being had to the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of this organ of sense, and especially to its See also:

close relationship, on the one See also:

hand to the See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and naso-pharynx, and on the other hand to the cranium and its contents. The chief advance in aural surgery in See also:

RECENT

recent years has been in the surgery of the mastoid process and antrum. The pioneers of this work were H. Schwartze of See also:

Halle, and Stacke of See also:

ERFURT

Erfurt, who have been followed by a See also:

HOST

host of workers in all parts of the world. This development led to increased See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention being paid to the intracranial complications of suppurative ear disease, in the treatment of which great strides have been made in the last few years. Effects of Diseases of the Nose on the Ear.—The See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of diseases of the nose and naso-pharynx on ear diseases was brought out by Loewenberg of See also:

Paris, Voltolini of See also:

BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, and especially by Wilhelm See also:

Meyer of See also:

COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, the discoverer of adenoid vegetations of the naso-pharynx (" See also:

ADENOIDS, or ADENOID GROWTHS (from Gr. Abevoetbi7s,glandular)

adenoids "), who recognized the great importance of this disease and gave an inimitable See also:

account of it in the Trans. of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of See also:

LONDON

London, 187o, and the Archiv See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Ohrenheilkunde, 1873.

Adenoid vegetations, which consist of an abnormal enlargement of Luschka's tonsil in the vault of the pharynx, frequently give rise to ear disease in See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and, if not attended to, See also:

lay the foundation of nasal and ear troubles in after life. They are often associated with enlargement of the faucial tonsils. See also:

JOURNALS

Journals.—In 1864 the Archiv fur Ohrenheilkunde was started by Politzer and Schwartze, and, in 1867, the Monatsschrift .fur Ohrenheilkunde (a monthly publication) was founded by Voltolini, Gruber, Weber-Liel and Rudinger. Appearing first as the Archives of See also:

OPHTHALMOLOGY (Gr. 6 Oakµbs, eye)

Ophthalmology and Otology, simultaneously in See also:

ENGLISH

English and See also:

German, in 1869, the Archives of Otology became a See also:

SEPARATE

separate publication under the editorship of Knapp, Moos and Roosa in 1879. Amongst other )ournals now existing are Annales See also:

des maladies de l'oreille et du larynx (Paris), See also:

Journal of Laryngology (London), Centralblatt fur Ohrenheilkunde (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig), &c. See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

Societies.—The earliest society formed was the See also:

AMERICAN

American Otological Society (1868), which held See also:

ANNUAL

annual meetings and published yearly transactions. Flourishing societies for the study of otology (sometimes combined with laryngology) exist in almost all civilized countries, and they usually publish transactions consisting of See also:

ORIGINAL

original papers and cases. The Otological Society of the See also:

UNITED

United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom was founded in 1900. See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Congresses.—International Otological congresses have been held at intervals of about four years at New See also:

York, See also:

Milan, See also:

Basel, See also:

BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, See also:

Florence, London and See also:

BORDEAUX

Bordeaux (1904). The See also:

pro-.ceedings of the congresses appear as substantial volumes. Hospitals.—The earliest See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a public institution for the treatment of ear diseases is a Dispensary for Diseases of the See also:

Eye and Ear in London, started by Saunders and See also:

Cooper, which existed in 1804; the aural part, however, was soon closed, so that the actual See also:

OLDEST

oldest institution appears to be the Royal Ear See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, London, which was founded by See also:

Curtis in 1816. Four years later there was started the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.

At the present time in every large See also:

TOWN

town of See also:

EUROPE

Europe and America ear diseases are treated either in separate departments of See also:

general hospitals or in institutions especially devoted to the purpose. For a history of otology from the earliest times refer to A See also:

PRACTICAL

Practical See also:

TREATISE

Treatise on the Diseases of the Ear, by D. B. St John Roosa, M.D., LL.D. (6th edition, New York. 1885). and for a general account ofthe present state of otological See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science to A See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text-Book of the Diseases of the Ear for Students and Practitioners, by See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Dr See also:

Adam Politzer, transl. by See also:

Milton J. Ballin, Ph.B., M.D., and Clarence J. See also:

HELLER, STEPHEN (181 1888)

Heller, M.D. (4th edition, London, 1902). (E. C.

End of Article: DISEASES OF THE

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