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See also:FREIBURG See also:IM See also:BREISGAU , an archiepiscopal see and See also:city of See also:Germany in the See also:grand duchy of See also:Baden, 12 M. E. of the See also:Rhine, beautifully situated on the Dreisam at the See also:foot of the Schlossberg, one of the heights of the See also:Black See also:Forest range, on the railway between See also:Basel and See also:Mannheim, 40 M. N. of the former city. Pop. (1905) 76,285. The See also:town is for the most See also:part wellbuilt, having several wide and handsome streets and a number of spacious squares. It is kept clean and cool by the See also:waters of the See also:river, which flow through the streets in open channels; and its old fortifications have been replaced by public walks, and, what is more unusual, by vineyards. It possesses a famous university, the Ludovica Albertina, founded by See also:Albert VI., See also:archduke of See also:Austria, in 1457, and attended by about 2000 students. The library contains upwards of 250,000 volumes and 600 See also:MSS., and among the other See also:auxiliary establishments are an anatomical See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall and museum and botanical gardens. The Freiburg See also:minster is considered one of the finest of all•the See also:Gothic churches of Germany, being remarkable alike for the symmetry of its proportions, for the See also:taste of its decorations, and for the fact that it may more correctly be said to be finished than almost any other See also:building of the See also:kind. The See also:period of its erection probably lies for the most part between 1122 and 1252; but the See also:choir was not built till 1513. The See also:tower, which rises above the western entrance, is 386 ft. in height, and it presents a skilful transition from a square See also:base into an octagonal superstructure, which in its turn is surmounted by a pyramidal See also:spire of the most
exquisite open See also:work in See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone. In the interior of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church are some beautiful stained See also:glass windows, both See also:ancient and See also:modern, the tombstones of several of the See also:dukes of See also:Zahringen, statues of archbishops of Freiburg, and paintings by See also:Holbein and by Hans Baldung (c. 1470-1545) , commonly called See also:Grun. Among the other noteworthy buildings of Freiburg are the palaces of the grand See also:duke and the See also:archbishop, the old town-hall, the See also:theatre, the Kaufhaus or merchants' hall, a 16th-See also:century building with a handsome See also:facade, the church of St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin, with a graceful spire restored 1880-1881, the new town-hall, completed 1901, in See also:Renaissance See also:style, and the See also:Protestant church, formerly the church of the See also:abbey of Thennenbach, removed hither in 1839. In the centre of the See also:fish-See also:market square is a See also:fountain surmounted by a statue of Duke Berthold III. of Zahringen; in the Franziskaner Platz there is a See also:monument to Berthold See also:Schwarz, the traditional discoverer here, in 1259, of See also:gunpowder; the Rotteck Platz takes its name from the monument of Karl Wenzeslaus von Rotteck (1775-1840), the historian, which formerly stood on the site of the Schwarz statue; and in Kaiser Wilhelm Strasse a See also:bronze statue was erected in 1876 to the memory of See also:Herder, who in the See also:early part of the 19th century founded in Freiburg an See also:institute for draughtsmen, engravers and lithographers, and carried on a famous See also:bookselling business. On the Schlossberg above the town there are massive ruins of two castles destroyed by the See also:French in 1744; and about 2 M. to the N.E. stands the See also:castle of Zahringen, the See also:original seat of the famous See also:family of the See also:counts of that name. Situated on the ancient road which runs by the Hollenpass between the valleys of the See also:Danube and the Rhine, Freiburg early acquired commercial importance, and it is still the See also:principal centre of the See also:trade of the Black Forest. It manufactures buttons, chemicals, See also:starch, See also:leather, See also:tobacco, See also:silk See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread, See also:paper, and hempen goods, as well as See also:beer and See also:wine.
Freiburg is of uncertain See also:foundation. In 1120 it became a See also:free town, with privileges similar to those of See also:Cologne; but in 1219 it See also:fell into the hands of a See also:branch of the family of Urach. After it had vainly attempted to throw off the yoke by force of arms, it See also:purchased its freedom in 1366; but, unable to reimburse the creditors who had advanced the See also:money, it was, in 1368, obliged to recognize the supremacy of the See also:house of Hapsburg. In the 17th and 18th centuries it played a consider-able part as a fortified town. It was captured by the Swedes in 1632, 1634 and 1638; and in 1644 it was seized by the Bavarians, who shortly after, under See also:General See also:Mercy, defeated in the neighbourhood the French forces under See also:Enghien and See also:Turenne. The French were in See also:possession from 1677 to 1697, and again in 1713-1714 and 1744; and when they See also:left the See also:place in 1748, at the See also:peace of See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, they dismantled the fortifications. The Baden insurgents gained a victory at Freiburg in 1848, and the revolutionary See also:government took See also:refuge in the town in See also:June 1849, but in the following See also:July the Prussian forces took possession and occupied it until 1851. Since 1821 Freiburg has been the seat of an archbishop with See also:jurisdiction over the See also:sees of See also:Mainz, Rottenberg and See also:Limburg.
See See also:Schreiber, Geschichte and Beschreibung See also:des Miinsters zu Frei-See also:burg (1820 and 1825); Geschichte der Stadl and Universitat Frei-burgs (1857–1859); Der Schlossberg bei Freiburg (1860); and Albert, See also:Die Geschichtsschreibung der Stadi Freiburg (1902).
Battles of Freiburg, 3rd, 5th and zoth of See also:August 1644.-During the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War the neighbourhood of Freiburg was the See also:scene of a See also:series of engagements between the French under See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis de See also:Bourbon, duc d'Enghien (afterwards called the See also:great See also:Conde), and See also:Henri de la Tour d'See also:Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, and the Bavarians and Austrians commanded by See also:Franz, Freiherr von Mercy.
At the See also:close of the See also:campaign of 1643 the French " See also:Army of See also:Weimar," having been defeated and driven into See also:Alsace by the Bavarians, had there been reorganized under the command. of Turenne, then a See also:young general of thirty-two and newly promoted to the marshalate. In May 1644 he opened the campaign by recrossing the Rhine and raiding the enemy's posts as far as tYberlingen on the See also:lake of See also:Constance and Donaueschingen onthe Danube. The French then fell back with their See also:booty and prisoners to See also:Breisach, a strong See also:garrison being left in Freiburg. The Bavarian See also:commander, however, revenged himself by besieging Freiburg (June 27th), and Turenne's first See also:attempt to relieve the place failed. During July, as the See also:siege progressed, the French government sent the duc d'Enghien, who was ten years younger still than Turenne, but had just gained his great victory of Rocroy, to take over the command. Enghien brought with him a See also:veteran army, called the " Army of See also:France," Turenne remaining in command of the Army of Weimar. The armies met at Breisach on the 2nd of August, by which date Freiburg had surrendered.
At this point most commanders of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time would have decided not to fight, but to manoeuvre Mercy away from Freiburg; Enghien, however, was a fighting general, and Mercy's entrenched lines at Freiburg seemed to him a See also:target rather than an obstacle. A few See also:hours after his arrival, therefore, without waiting for the rearmost troops of his columns, he set the combining armies in See also:motion for Krozingen, a See also:village on what was then the See also:main road between Breisach and Freiburg. The See also:total force immediately available numbered only 16,000 combatants. Enghien and Turenne had arranged that the Army of France was to move See also:direct upon Freiburg by Wolfenweiter, while the Army of Weimar was to make its way by hillside tracks to Wittnau and thence to attack the See also:rear of Mercy's lines while Enghien assaulted them in front. Turenne's See also:march (August 3rd, 1644) was slow and painful, as had been anticipated, and See also:late in the afternoon, on passing Wittnau, he encountered the enemy. The Weimarians carried the See also:outer lines of See also:defence without much difficulty, but as they pressed on towards Merzhausen the resistance became more and more serious. Turenne's force was little more than 6000, and these were wearied with a See also:long See also:day of marching and fighting on the steep and wooded hillsides of the Black Forest. Thus the turning See also:movement came to a standstill far See also:short of Uffingen, the village on Mercy's See also:line of See also:retreat that Turenne was to have seized, nor was a flank attack possible against Mercy's main line, from which he was separated by the See also:crest of the Schonberg. Meanwhile, Enghien's army had at the prearranged See also:hour (4 P.M.) attacked Mercy's position on the Ebringen See also:spur. A steep slope, vineyards, See also:low stone walls and See also:abatis had all to be surmounted, under a galling See also:fire from the Bavarian musketeers, before the Army of France found itself, breathless and in disorder, in front of the actual entrenchments of the crest. A first attack failed, as did an attempt to find an unguarded path See also:round the See also:shoulder of the Schonberg. The situation was See also:grave in the extreme, but Enghien resolved on Turenne's See also:account to renew the attack, although only a See also:quarter of his original force was still capable of making an effort. He himself and all the young nobles of his See also:staff dismounted and led the See also:infantry forward again, the See also:prince threw his See also:baton into the enemy's lines for the soldiers to retrieve, and in the end, after a See also:bitter struggle, the Bavarians, whose reserves had been taken away to oppose Turenne in the Merzhausen See also:defile, abandoned the entrenchments and disappeared into the See also:woods of the adjoining spur. Enghien hurriedly re-formed his troops, fearing at every moment to be hurled down the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill by a counterstroke; but none came. The French bivouacked in the See also:rain, Turenne making his way across the See also:mountain to confer with the prince, and meanwhile Mercy quietly See also:drew off his army in the dark to a new set of entrenchments on the See also:ridge on which stood the Loretto See also:Chapel. On the 4th of August the Army of France and the Army of Weimar met at Merzhausen, the rearmost troops of the Army of France came in, and the whole was arranged by the See also:major-generals in the See also:plain facing the Loretto ridge. This position was attacked on the 5th. Enghien had designed his See also:battle even more carefully than before, but as the result of a series of accidents the two French armies attacked prematurely and straight to their front, one See also:brigade after another, and though at one moment Enghien, See also:sword in See also:hand, See also:broke the line of defence with his last intact reserve, a brilliant counterstroke, led by Mercy's See also:brother Kaspar (who was killed), drove out the assailants. It is said that Enghien lost See also:half his men on this day and Mercy one-third of his, so severe was the battle. But the result could
not be gainsaid; it was for the French a See also:complete and costly failure.
For three days after this the armies See also:lay in position without fighting, the French well supplied with provisions and comforts from Breisach, the Bavarians suffering somewhat severely from want of See also:food, and especially See also:forage, as all their supplies had to be hauled from See also:Villingen over the rough roads of the Black Forest. Enghien then decided to make use of the Glotter Tal to interrupt altogether this already unsatisfactory line of See also:supply, and thus to force the Bavarians either to attack him at a serious disadvantage, or to retreat across the hills with the loss of their See also:artillery and baggage and the disintegration of their army by See also:famine and See also:desertion. With this See also:object, the Army of Weimar was See also:drawn off on the See also:morning of the 9th of August and marched round by Betzenhausen and Lehen to See also:Langen Denzling. The infantry of the Army of France, then the trains, followed, while Enghien with his own See also:cavalry faced Freiburg and the Loretto position.
Before See also:dawn on the loth the advance guard of Turenne's army was ascending the Glotter Tal. But Mercy had divined his
See also:Emery W.Ikcr.sC
adversary's See also:plan, and leaving a garrison to hold Freiburg, the Bavarian army had made a See also:night march on the 9/loth to the Abbey of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, whence on the morning of the loth Mercy fell back to Graben, his nearest See also:magazine in the mountains. Turenne's advanced guard appeared from the Glotter Tal only to find a stubborn rearguard of cavalry in front of the abbey. A See also:sharp See also:action began, but Mercy See also:hearing the drums and fifes of the French infantry in the Glotter Tal broke it off and continued his retreat in See also:good See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. Enghien thus obtained little material result from his manoeuvre. Only two guns and such of Mercy's wagons that were unable to keep up fell into the hands of the French. Enghien and Turenne did not continue the See also:chase farther than Graben, and Mercy fell back unmolested to Rothenburg on the Tauber.
The moral results of this sanguinary fighting were, however, important and perhaps justified the See also:sacrifice of so many valuable soldiers. Enghien's pertinacity had not achieved a decision with the sword, but Mercy had been so severely punished that he was unable to interfere with his opponent's new plan of campaign. This, which was carried out by the See also:united armies and by reinforcements from France, while Turenne's cavalry screened them by bold demonstrations on the Tauber, led to nothing less than the See also:conquest of the Rhine Valley from Basel to See also:Coblenz, a task which was achieved so rapidly that the Army of France and its victorious young See also:leader were free to return to France in two months from the time of their See also:appearance in Turenne's quarters at Breisach.
End of Article: FREIBURG IM BREISGAU
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