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close connexion with the movements of the fleets, and the two may be conveniently taken together. The naval war was superficially somewhat wanting in See also:

INTEREST

interest. See also:

Louis XIV., having to support armies of unprecedented See also:

SIZE

size to contend with the forces of the See also:

GRAND

Grand See also:

ALLIANCE

Alliance, and having also to meet the immense cost of the support of his See also:

court and the construction of palaces, was compelled to neglect his See also:

NAVY

navy. Except therefore in 1704 he made no See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to oppose the fleets of the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies with equal forces at See also:

sea. The See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

French See also:

FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag was chiefly maintained by the privateers who showed high courage and much skill. Some of their enterprises were undertaken with well-appointed squadrons, and attained to the dignity of See also:

REGULAR

regular operations of war. When the Grand Alliance was formed on the 7th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1701 a French naval force under M. de Chateaurenault was in the See also:

West Indies. Its avowed purpose was to See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the arrival in Europe of the Spanish treasure See also:

SHIPS

ships. The See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret intention of See also:

King Louis XIV. was that the treasure should be brought into a French See also:

PORT

port, and used by him for the See also:

general See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of the See also:

house of See also:

Bourbon. On the 12th-of September a See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

SQUADRON

squadron of to ships commanded by See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

BENBOW, JOHN (1653-17o2)

Benbow was sent to the West Indies to intercept Chateaurenault, and carry out other attacks on the French and Spaniards. Benbow, who . was reinforced in the West Indies, did not intercept Chateaurenault, and his cruise was rendered of no effect by the See also:

GROSS

gross misconduct of most of his captains, who refused to support him in an See also:

ACTION

action with a French squadron under M.

Du Casse near St Martha on the loth of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1702 and subsequent days, He was himself mortally wounded, but lived See also:

long enough to bring his captains to court See also:

MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial. Two of them were shot for cowardice. The treasure See also:

FLEET

fleet sailed for Europe only to fall into the hands of the allies at See also:

VIGO

Vigo. On the 1st of See also:

JULY

July 1702 a powerful. combined fleet of 30 British See also:

SAIL

sail-of-the-See also:

LINE

line under See also:

Sir See also:

George See also:

ROOKE, SIR GEORGE (1650-1709)

Rooke, and 20 Dutch under Admiral Allemonde sailed from Spithead carrying 5000 troops. The general command was given to the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Ormonde. The purpose of this expedition was to occupy See also:

Cadiz and encourage a rising in See also:

ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia on behalf of the See also:

HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg See also:

CANDIDATE

candidate. It reached Cadiz on the 22nd of August, but the inhabitants and the See also:

garrison remained loyal. The leaders of the expedition quarrelled with one another and the soldiers aroused the See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter indignation of the inhabitants by plundering the small towns of See also:

SANTA

Santa Maria and See also:

ROTA, COURT OF

Rota. On the 3oth of September the expedition sailed away. See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

Information sent by the British See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at See also:

LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon that Chateaurenault had put into Vigo reached them at See also:

LAGOS

Lagos. The duke of Ormonde and his colleagues decided to attack the treasure fleet. On the 22nd of See also:

OCTOBER

October they forced the See also:

BOOM

boom laid by the enemy between the inner and See also:

OUTER

outer harbours of Vigo, and the treasure fleet was destroyed, but the See also:

BULLION

bullion had been landed.

During 1703 the " grand fleet " of the allies, i.e. their See also:

main force in See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, entered the Mediterranean to carry help to the insurgent Protestants in the See also:

CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes, but effected nothing of importance. See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal having now joined the Alliance, it was decided to make a serious effort in Spain. A combined fleet carrying 4000 Dutch and 8000 British troops, and conveying the See also:

ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

Charles, claimant of the Spanish See also:

THRONE

throne, sailed from Spithead on the 11th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1704. Portugal undertook to provide 30,000 troops to co-operate with the British and Dutch who were landed at Lisbon on the 8th of See also:

March. The operations on See also:

LAND

land were for the most part languid. The duke of See also:

BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick who commanded the Bourbon forces on the. Spanish frontier formed a vigorous See also:

plan for the invasion of Portugal. One Spanish force under See also:

Don Francisco Ronquillo was to threaten See also:

BEIRA

Beira Alta at See also:

Almeida. He himself entered Beira Baixa by the See also:

north See also:

BANK

bank of the See also:

TAGUS (Span. Tajo, Portug. Tejo)

Tagus. The See also:

prince of Tzerclaes was to have advanced from the See also:

south to meet Berwick at See also:

VILLA

Villa Velha. But though Berwick achieved some success, and though both the Dutch general Fagel who operated on the north of the Tagus, and the British general, the duke of See also:

SCHOMBERG (originally SCHONBERG), FRIEDRICH HERMANN (Or FREDERIC ARMAND), DUKE OF (c. 1615—1690)

Schomberg; who was stationed on the south, proved indolent and incapable, the invasion failed. Ronquillo and Tzerclaes failed to support Berwick, and the newly levied Spanish troops proved unsteady.

Fagel was surprised and taken prisoner with 2000 men at Sobreira Fermosa, and some of the frontier posts remained in Berwick's hands when the See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from which the British and Dutch soldiers suffered severely suspended operations. At sea, however, a material success was gained. Sir George Rooke went on from Lisbon accompanied by Prince George of See also:

Hesse-See also:

DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, to See also:

BARCELONA

Barcelona. The prince who had been See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia, believed that he could bring about a rising in the See also:

province in favour of the Habsburg cause. As the fleet carried no considerable See also:

BODY

body of troops, Rooke and Hesse-Darmstadt failed to persuade the Catalans to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act. They were embarrassed by the knowledge that the See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

Toulouse, a natural son of Louis XIV., the admiral of See also:

France, who had sailed from See also:

BREST

Brest on the 6th of May with 23 sail-of-the-line had entered the Mediterranean, and had reached See also:

TOULON

Toulon in See also:

JUNE

June. In expectation of an attack by the See also:

UNITED

united fleets of Brest and Toulon, the allies See also:

fell back to the straits. Having obtained information that See also:

GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar (q.v.) was not sufficiently garrisoned, they attacked and took it on the 3rd of August. On the 24th the count of Toulouse, came to the See also:

RELIEF

relief of the fortress with 50 sail-of-the-line, and 24 galleys. He engaged the allies, 62 British and Dutch line of battleships in all, off See also:

MALAGA

Malaga. The engagement was a cannonade accompanied with See also:

GREAT

great loss of See also:

LIFE

life, but without manoeuvring on either See also:

side. The French retired to Toulon, and the allies remained in See also:

possession of Gibraltar.

An attempt of the Spaniards to retake it, made at the end of 1704 and beginning of 1705 was baffled by the resolute See also:

defence of the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the relief afforded to the garrison by the squadron of Sir See also:

John See also:

LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, who was See also:

LEFT

left on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Portugal, when Sir George Rooke returned to See also:

England. The events of 1704 had persuaded the allies to make more serious efforts to push the war in Spain. The duke of Schomberg was removed from the command of the troops in Portugaland replaced by the See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

GALWAY

Galway, a French Huguenot See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile. But the main., attack was made, and the first successes were achieved on the See also:

east coast of Spain. On the 3rd of June 1705 Charles Mordaunt, earl of See also:

PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough, was sent with a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to command both the fleet and the See also:

army, and to promote a rising in favour of the Habsburg, or See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian party. He was joined by the archduke at Lisbon, and by the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt at Gibraltar. The truth in regard to the operations which followed has been very much obscured. Peterborough, a See also:

man of much erratic cleverness, but vain, spiteful and absolutely indifferent to truth, successfully represented himself as a See also:

SPECIES

species of See also:

hero of See also:

ROMANCE

romance who won the most astonishing victories in spite of want of means, and of the See also:

ill will or incapacity of his colleagues. See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical investigation has destroyed much of the showy edifice of fiction he contrived to erect. The substantial facts are that after some operations on the coast of See also:

Valencia, which led to an insurrectionary See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in favour of the archduke, Barcelona was attacked and taken between the 13th of September and the 9th of October. The prince of Hesse-Darmstadt was killed during the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege. All the east of Spain, the former See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, which was at all times restive under the supremacy of See also:

CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, now pronounced more or less openly for the Austrian party.

The fall of Barcelona gave a severe See also:

SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock to the Bourbon king. He came in See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person with See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal Tease who had replaced the duke of Berwick, and endeavoured to retake the See also:

TOWN

town See also:

early in See also:

APRIL

April 1706. The brutality with which Tease treated the See also:

PEOPLE

people of Aragon and Catalonia raised the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country against the Bourbon king. The British relieved Barcelona on the 9th of May, and See also:

Philip V. was compelled to See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat across the See also:

PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees to See also:

PERPIGNAN

Perpignan. In the meantime the withdrawal of troops from the Portuguese frontier for service in Catalonia, had opened the way for an invasion of Castile by the allies, British, Portuguese and Dutch. They occupied See also:

MADRID

Madrid on the 25th of June 1706, and the See also:

queen who acted as See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent in the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of her See also:

HUSBAND

husband retired to See also:

BURGOS

Burgos. But the success of the allies was merely apparent. The See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in their midst of an invading army of Portuguese and heretics roused the See also:

NATIONAL

national feeling of the Castilians. They rallied to the Bourbon cause. As in the later See also:

PENINSULAR

Peninsular War, guerrillero bands sprang up on all sides, and they found capable leaders in See also:

VALLEJO

Vallejo and Bracamonte. The duke of Berwick, who was sent back to Spain, collected an army, and soon the allies, who were distressed by want of provisions and See also:

BAD, BCD

bad See also:

HEALTH

health, were forced to evacuate Madrid. They moved on See also:

GUADALAJARA

Guadalajara to meet the archduke who was advancing from the east.

Berwick outmanoeuvred them, and forced them to retreat on Valencia. In February 1707 they were reinforced by troops brought by the fleet and advanced in April. On the 25th of the See also:

month they were defeated by the French and Spanish troops at See also:

ALMANSA, or ALMANZA

Almansa in the province of See also:

ALICANTE

Alicante, with the loss of all their See also:

INFANTRY

infantry. From this date till 1710, the land war in Spain remained stationary. The Bourbon king was See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the greater part of Spain, including Aragon. His generals retook See also:

LERIDA

Lerida on the Catalan frontier, and on the Portuguese frontier at La Gudina near See also:

Badajoz, on the 7th of May 1709, a Spanish army under the Marques de See also:

Bay defeated an Anglo-Portuguese army under the earl of Galway. Yet the Austrian party held Catalonia and Valencia, and the See also:

FINANCIAL

financial See also:

DISTRESS

distress of the Spanish See also:

government, aided by the disorganized See also:

state of the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, rendered a vigorous offensive impossible. By 1710 the French king had been reduced to great distress, and was compelled to make at least a show of withdrawing his support from his See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Philip V. The allies decided to advance from Catalonia, a course which was strongly urged by General See also:

Stanhope (afterwards Earl Stan-See also:

hope), who commanded the British troops. He had served in subordinate See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank from the beginning of the war, and had gained some reputation by the See also:

CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Port Mahon in 1708. Stan-hope's See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy overcame the reluctance of the Imperialist general Guido Starhemberg, who commanded the See also:

German troops of the archduke. The allies advanced and for a See also:

time seemed to carry all before them.

The Spaniards were defeated at Almenara on the 27th of July 1710, and before See also:

Saragossa on the 20th of August. On the 21st of September the archduke entered Madrid. But the invasion of 1710 was a repetition of the invasion of 1706. The 23,000 men of the allies, reduced by a loss of 2000 in the actions at Almenara and Saragossa, by casualties in See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant skirmishes with the guerrilleros, and by disease, were absolutely incapable of occupying the two Castiles. The Portuguese gave no help. The Spaniards were reorganized by the duke of See also:

Vendome, who was See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent to King Philip V. by his grandfather, and were joined by soldiers of the Irish See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade, and by some Frenchmen who were allowed, or secretly directed, to enter the Spanish service. The position of the allies at Madrid, which was deserted by all except the poorest of its inhabitants, became untenable. On the 9th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November they evacuated the town, and began their retreat to Catalonia. The archduke left the army with 2000 See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, and hurried back to Barcelona. The See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the army marched in two detachments, the See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being imposed on them by difficulty of finding See also:

food. General Starhemberg with the main body of 12,000 men, was a See also:

day's march ahead of the British troops, 5000 men, under Stanhope. Such a disposition invited disaster in the presence of so capable a general as Vendome.

On the 9th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December he fell upon General Stanhope at Brihuega, and after hard fighting forced him to surrender. Starhemberg, who received tardy information of the peril of his colleague, marched back to support him, and fought a See also:

DRAWN

drawn See also:

BATTLE

battle at Villa Viciosa, on the 11th. The fruits of victory fell to Vendome, for the Imperialist general was compelled to continue his retreat, harassed at every step by the Spanish cavalry and irregulars. His army was reduced to 7000 men when he reached Barcelona. The disastrous result of the See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1710 proved to demonstration that it was impossible to force the archduke on the Castilians by any effort the allies were prepared to make. They remained quiescent at Barcelona till they evacuated the country altogether on the See also:

Peace of See also:

Utrecht. The Catalans, though deserted by their allies, continued to fight for their See also:

LOCAL

local franchises which had been declared forfeited by the victorious Bourbon king. Barcelona was only subdued on the 12th of September 1714, after a siege of great length and extraordinary ferocity, by the united exertions of the French and Spanish troops under the command of the duke of Berwick. The naval operations, apart from the transport and support of the troops in Spain, were more numerous than memorable. The overwhelming superiority of the allies alone enabled them to maintain the war in the See also:

Peninsula, but as they met no serious opposition except in 1704, there is nothing to See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save their successive cruises. In 1707 a British and Dutch fleet under Sir Cloudesley See also:

Shovel aided the Imperialists in the unsuccessful siege of Toulon. The action of the allied navy was in fact as decisive as the naval strength of Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain was to be in the later struggle with See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon.

But it was less brilliant. The many expeditions sent to the West Indies rarely did more than See also:

PLUNDER

plunder coast towns or plantations in the French islands. An exception was indeed provided by the British admiral Sir Charles See also:

WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

Wager, who in May 1708 destroyed or captured a whole squadron of Spanish treasure ships near See also:

CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA

Cartagena in South See also:

AMERICA

America. The loss of the treasure was a heavy See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the government of Philip V. and had much to do with his inability to follow up the victory of Almansa. On the whole however neither the British nor the Dutch achieved any material success against the French in America. One powerful British combined force, which was sent against See also:

QUEBEC

Quebec in 1711, was compelled to return by the shipwreck of a number of the vessels composing it at the mouth of the St See also:

Lawrence on the 21st of August. The French found some See also:

CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation for the weakness of the royal navy in the daring and the frequent success of their privateers. They were indeed the finest operations of the See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind recorded in naval warfare. As the British and Dutch took See also:

MEASURES

measures to guard against capture of their See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant ships by sailing in well protected convoys, the French combined their privateers into squadrons and attacked the guard with great vigour. On the loth of October 1708, aattacked near the See also:

LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

Lizard, and was almost wholly destroyed or captured by Duguay Trouin and See also:

FORBIN, CLAUDE DE (1656—1733)

Forbin with 12 smaller vessels. This was but one example of a number of operations of the same See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character by which the See also:

trade of Great Britain and See also:

Holland was hampered. The most See also:

SIGNAL

signal single achievement of the privateers was the capture of Rio de Janeiro from the Portuguese in September 1711 by a" fleet of 6 sail-of-the-line and 6 frigates with corsairs.

The royal ships were equipped as a See also:

SPECULATION

speculation by Duguay Trouin and the shipowners of St Maio. The See also:

BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty taken gave a profit of 92 % on the See also:

capital invested.

End of Article: NAVAL OPERATIONS, AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN SPAIN

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