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DUBUQUE

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Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 628 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DUBUQUE , a See also:

city and the See also:county-seat of Dubuque county, See also:Iowa, U.S.A., on the See also:Mississippi See also:river, opposite the boundary See also:line between See also:Wisconsin and See also:Illinois. Pop. (189o) 30,311; (1900) 36,297; (1905, See also:state See also:census) 41,941 (including 6835 See also:foreign-See also:born, the See also:majority of whom were See also:German and Irish); (19roU.S. census) 38,494. Dubuque is served by the Illinois Central, the See also:Chicago, See also:Milwaukee & See also:Saint See also:Paul (which has repair shops here)) the Chicago, See also:Burlington & See also:Quincy, and the Chicago See also:Great Western See also:railways; it also has a considerable river See also:traffic. The river is spanned here by a railway See also:bridge and two See also:wagon See also:bridges. The business portion of the city lies on the See also:low lands bordering the river; many of the residences are built on the slopes and summits of bluffs commanding extensive and picturesque views. Among the See also:principal buildings'are the See also:Carnegie-Stout See also:free public library (which in 5908 had 23,600 volumes, exclusive of the valuable Senator See also:Allison collection of public documents), the public high school, and the See also:house of the Dubuque See also:Club. Dubuque is a See also:Roman See also:Catholic archiepiscopal see, and is the seat of St See also:Joseph's See also:College (1873), a small Roman Catholic institution; of See also:Wartburg See also:Seminary (1854), a small Evangelical Lutheran theological school; of the German Presbyterian Theological School of the Northwest (1852); of St Joseph's Ladies' See also:Academy; and of Bayless Business College. Fifteen See also:miles from Dubuque is a monastery of Trappist monks. Among the city's charitable institutions are the Finley and the See also:Mercy hospitals, a See also:home for the friendless, a See also:rescue home, a House of the See also:Good Shepherd, and an insane See also:asylum. In 19oo Dubuque ranked See also:fourth and in 1905 fifth among the cities of the state as a manufacturing centre, the See also:chief products being those of the planing See also:mills and See also:machine shops, and See also:furniture, sashes and doors, liquors, carriages, wagons, coffins, clothing, boots and shoes, river See also:steam boats, See also:barges, See also:torpedo boats, &c., and the value of the factory product being $9,279,424 in 1905 and $9,651,247 in 2900. The city lies in a region of See also:lead and See also:zinc mines, quantities of zinc ore in the See also:form of See also:black-See also:jack being taken from the latter.

Dubuque is important as a distributing centre for See also:

lumber, hardware, groceries and dry-goods. As See also:early as 1788 See also:Julien Dubuque (1765—181o), attracted by the lead deposits in the vicinity, which were then being crudely worked by the Sauk and See also:Fox See also:Indians, settled here and carried on the See also:mining See also:industry until his See also:death. In See also:June 1829 miners from See also:Galena, Illinois, attempted to make a See also:settlement here in See also:direct violation of See also:Indian See also:treaties, but were driven away by See also:United States troops under orders from See also:Colonel Zachary See also:Taylor. Immediately after the Black See also:Hawk See also:War, See also:white settlers began coming to the mines. Dubuque was laid out under an See also:act of See also:Congress approved on the 2nd of See also:July 1836, and was incorporated in 1841. DU See also:CAMP, MAXIME (1822—1894), See also:French writer, the son of a successful surgeon, was born in See also:Paris on the 8th of See also:February 1822. He had a strong See also:taste for travel, which his See also:father's means enabled him to indulge as soon as his college days were over. Between 1844 and 1845, and again, in See also:company with Gustave See also:Flaubert, between 1849 and 1851, he travelled in See also:Europe and the See also:East, and made excellent use of his experiences in books published after his return. In 1851 he was one of the founders of the Revue de Paris (suppressed in 1858), and was a frequent contributor to the Revue See also:des deux mondes. In 1853 he was made an officer of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour. He served as a volunteer with See also:Garibaldi in 286o, and gave an See also:account of his experiences in his Expedition des deux Siciles (1861). In 1870 he was nominated for the See also:senate, but his See also:election was frustrated by the downfall of the See also:Empire.

He was elected a member of the French Academy in 188o, mainly, it is said, on account of his See also:

history of the See also:Commune, published under the See also:title of See also:Les See also:Convulsions de Paris (1878—188o). His writings include among others the Chants inodernes (1855), Convictions (1858); numerous See also:works on travel, Souvenirs et paysages d'orient (1848), Egypte, Nubie, See also:Palestine, Syrie (1852); works of See also:art See also:criticism, Les Salons de 857,1 85g, z861; novels, L'Homme au See also:bracelet d'or (1862), Une Histoire d'amour (1889) ; See also:literary studies, See also:Theophile See also:Gautier (189o). Du Camp was the author of a valuable See also:book on the daily See also:life of Paris, Paris, ses organes, ses fonctions, sa See also:vie dans la seconde moitie du XI X' siecle (1869-1875). He published several works on social questions, one of which, the Mteurs de mon temps, was to be kept sealed in the Bibliotheque'Nationale until 191o. His Souvenirslitt~raires (2 vols., 1882—1883) contain much See also:information about contemporary writers, especially Gustave Flaubert, of whom Du Camp was an early and intimate friend. He died on the 9th of February 1894. Du Camp was one of the earliest See also:amateur photographers, and his books of travel were among the first to be illustrated by means of what was then a new art. DU CANGE, See also:CHARLES DU FRESNE, SIEUn (1610-1688), one of the See also:lay members of the great 17th See also:century See also:group of French critics and scholars who laid the See also:foundations of See also:modern See also:historical criticism, was born at See also:Amiens on the 18th of See also:December 161o. At an early See also:age his father sent him to the See also:Jesuits' college at. Amiens, where he greatly distinguished himself. Having completed the usual course at this seminary, he applied himself to the study of See also:law at See also:Orleans, and afterwards went to Paris, where in 1631 he was received as an See also:advocate before the See also:parliament. See also:Meeting with very slight success in his profession, he returned to his native city, and in July 1638 married See also:Catherine See also:Dubois, daughter of a royal See also:official, the treasurer in Amiens; and in 1647 he See also:purchased the See also:office of treasurer from his father-in-law; but its duties did not interfere with the literary and historical See also:work to which he had devoted himself since returning to Amiens.

Forced to leave his native city in 1668 in consequence of a See also:

plague, he settled in Paris, where he resided until his death on the 23rd of See also:October 1688. In the archives of Paris Du Cange was able to consult charters, diplomas, See also:manuscripts and a multitude of printed documents, which were not to be met with elsewhere. His industry was exemplary and unremitting, and the number of his literary works would be incredible, if the originals, all in his own See also:handwriting, were not still extant. He was distinguished above nearly all the writers of his See also:time by his linguistic acquirements, his accurate and varied knowledge, and his See also:critical sagacity. Of his numerous works the most important are the Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis (Paris, 1678), and the Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis (See also:Lyons, 1688), which are indispensable See also:aids to the student of the history and literature of the See also:middle ages. To the three See also:original volumes of the Latin Glossarium, three supplementary volumes were added by the See also:Benedictines of St Maur (Paris, 1733—1736), and a further addition of four volumes (Paris, 1766), by a See also:Benedictine, See also:Pierre Carpentier (1697--1767). There were other See also:editions, and an abridgment with some corrections was brought out by J. C. See also:Adelung (See also:Halle) 1772—1784). The edition in seven volumes edited by G. A. L.

See also:

Henschel (Paris, 184o—185o) includes these supplements and also further additions by the editor, and this has been improved and published in ten volumes by See also:Leopold See also:Favre (See also:Niort, 1883-1887). An edition of the See also:Greek Glossarium was published at See also:Breslau in 1889. Du Cange took considerable See also:interest in the history of the later• empire, and wrote Historia Byzantina duplici commentario illustrate (Paris, 268o), and an introduction to his edition and See also:translation into modern French of See also:Geoffrey de See also:Villehardouin's Histoire de l'empire de See also:Constantinople sous les empereurs See also:francais (Paris, 1657). He also brought out editions of the See also:Byzantine historians, See also:John See also:Cinnamus and John See also:Zonaras, as Joannis Cinnami historiarum de See also:rebus gestis a Joanne et Manuele Comnenis (Paris, 167o) and Joannis Zonarae Annales ab exordio mundi ad mortem Alexii Comneni (Paris, 1686). He edited See also:Jean de See also:Joinville's Histoire de St See also:Louis, roi de See also:France (Paris, 1668), and his other works which may be mentioned are Traite historique du chef de St Jean See also:Baptiste (Paris, 1666) ; Lettre du Sieur N., conseiller du roi (Paris, 1682); Cyrilli, Philoxeni, aliorumque veterum glossaria, and Memoire sur le projet d'un nouveau recueil des historiens de France, avec le See also:plan See also:general de ce recueil, which has been inserted by Jacques See also:Lelong in his Bibliotheque historique de la France (Paris, 1768–1778). His last work, Chronicon Paschale a mundo condito ad Heraclii imperatoris annum vigesimum (Paris, 1689), was passing through the See also:press when Du Cange died, and consequently it was edited by See also:Etienne See also:Baluze, and published with an eloge of the author prefixed. His autograph manuscripts and his large and valuable library passed to his eldest son, Philippe du Fresne, who died unmarried in 1692. They then came to his second son, See also:Francois du Fresne, who sold the collection, the greater See also:part of the manuscripts being purchased by the See also:abbe du Champs. The abbe handed them over to a bookseller named See also:Mariette, who resold part of them to See also:Baron Hohendorf. The remaining part was, acquired by a member of the See also:family of See also:Hozier, the French genealogists. The French See also:government, however, aware of the importance of all the writings of Du Cange, succeeded, after much trouble, in See also:collecting the greater portion of the manuscripts, which were preserved in the imperial library at Paris. Some of these were subsequently published, and the manuscripts are now found in various See also:libraries.

The works of Du Cange published after his death are: an edition of the Byzantine historian, Nicephorus See also:

Gregoras (Paris, 1702); De imperatorum Constantinopolitanorum seu inferioris aevi vel imperil uti vocant numismatibus dissertatio (See also:Rome, 1755); Histoire de l'etat de la ville d'Amiens et de ses comtes (Amiens, 1840); and a valuable work Des principautes d'outre-mer, published by E. G. Rey as Les Families d'outre-mer (Paris, 1869). See H. See also:Hardouin, Essai sur la vie et sur les ouvrages de See also:Ducange (Amiens, 1849) ; and L. J. Feugere, in the See also:Journal de l'instruction publique (Paris, 1852).

End of Article: DUBUQUE

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