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LARYNGITIS

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 230 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LARYNGITIS , an inflammation of the mucus of the larynx. There are three See also:

chief varieties: acute, chronic, and oedematous. The larynx is also liable to attacks of inflammation in connexion with tubercle or syphilis. Acute Laryngitis may be produced by an See also:independent See also:catarrh, or by one extending either from the nasal or the bronchial mucous membrane into that of the larynx. The causes are various, " catching See also:cold " being the most See also:common. Excessive use of the See also:voice either in speaking or singing sometimes gives rise to it. The inhalation of irritating particles, vapours, &c., and swallowing very hot fluids or corrosive poisons are well-recognized causes. It may also occur in connexion with diseases, notably See also:measles and See also:influenza. As a result of the inflammation there is a See also:general swelling of the parts about the larynx and the epiglottis, the result being a narrowing of the channel for the entrance of the See also:air, and to this the chief dangers are due. The symptoms vary with the intensity of the attack; there is first a sense of tickling, then of See also:heat, dryness, and See also:pain in the See also:throat, with some difficulty in swallowing. There is a dry cough, with expectoration later; phonation becomes painful, while the voice is husky, and may be completely lost. In See also:children there is some dyspnoea.

In favourable cases, which See also:

form the See also:majority, the attack tends to abate in a few days, but the inflammation may become of the oedematous variety, and See also:death may occur suddenly from an asphyxial See also:paroxysm. Many cases of acute laryngitis are so slight as to make themselves known only by hoarseness and the See also:character of the cough, nevertheless in every instance the attack demands serious See also:attention. The diagnosis is not, in adults, a See also:matter of much difficulty, especially if an examination is made with the laryngoscope; in children, however,. it is more difficult, and the question of See also:diphtheria must not be lost sight of. The treatment is, first and foremost, See also:rest; no talking must be allowed. The patient should be kept in See also:bed, in a See also:room at an even temperature, and the air saturated with moisture. An See also:ice-bag See also:round the throat gives much See also:relief, while internally See also:diaphoretics may be given, and a full dose of See also:Dover's See also:powder if there be much pain or cough. Chronic Laryngitis usually occurs as a result of repeated attacks of the acute form. It is extremely common in See also:people who habitually over-use the voice, and is the cause of the hoarse voice one associates with See also:street sellers. The See also:constant inhalation of irritating vapours, such as See also:tobacco See also:smoke, may also cause it. There is usually little or no pain, only the unpleasant sensation of tickling in the larynx, with a constant See also:desire to cough. The changes in the mucous membrane are more permanent than in the acute variety, and there nearly always accompanies this a chronic alteration of the membrane of the pharynx (granular See also:pharyngitis). The treatment consists in stopping the cause, where known, e.g. the smoking or shouting.

Careful examination should be made to see if there is any nasal obstruction, and the larynx should be treated locally with suitable astringents, by means of a See also:

brush, spray or insufflation. Overheated and See also:ill-ventilated rooms must be avoided, as entrance into them immediately aggravates the trouble and causes a paroxysm of coughing. Oedematous Laryngitis is a very fatal See also:condition, which may occur, though rarely, as a sequence of acute laryngitis. It is far more commonly seen in syphilitic and tubercular conditions of the larynx, in See also:kidney disease, in certain fevers, and in cases of cellulitis of the See also:neck. The larynx is also one of the sites of Angeioneurotic oedema. In this form of laryngitis there are all the symptoms of acute laryngitis, but on a very much exaggerated See also:scale. The dyspnoea, accompanied by marked stridor, may arise and reach a dangerous condition within the space of an See also:hour, and demand the most prompt treatment. On examination the mucous membrane round the epiglottis is seen to be enormously swollen. The treatment is ice round the throat and internally, scarification of the swollen parts, and should that not relieve the asphyxial symptoms, See also:tracheotomy must be performed immediately. Tubercular Laryngitis is practically always associated with See also:phthisis. The mucous membrane is invaded by the tubercles, which first form small masses. These later break down and ulcerate; the ulceration then spreads up and down, causing an immense amount of destruction.

The first indication is hoarseness, or, in certain forms, pain on swallowing. The cough is, as a See also:

rule, a See also:late symptom. A sudden oedema may bring about a rapid fatal termination. The general treatment is the same as that advised for phthisis; locally, the affected parts may be removed by one or a See also:series of operations, generally under See also:local See also:anaesthesia, or they may be treated with some destructive See also:agent such as lactic See also:acid. The pain on swallowing can be best alleviated by See also:painting with a weak See also:solution of See also:cocaine. The condition is a very See also:grave one; the See also:prognosis depends largely on the associated pulmonary infection—if that be extensive, a very small amount of laryngeal See also:mischief resists treatment, while, if the See also:case be. the contrary, a very extensive mischief may be successfully dealt with. Syphilitic Laryngitis.—Invasion of the larynx in syphilis is very common. It may occur in both stages of the disease and in the inherited form. In the secondary See also:stage the damage is superficial, and the symptoms those of a slight acute laryngitis. The injury in the See also:tertiary stage is much more serious, the deeper structures are invaded with the formation of deep ulcers, which may when they heal form strong cicatrices, which produce a narrowing of the air-passage which may eventually require surgical interference. Occasionally a fatal oedema may arise. The treatment consists of administering constitutional remedies, local treatment being of comparatively slight importance.

Paroxysmal Laryngitis, or Laryngismus stridulus, is a See also:

nervous See also:affection of the larynx that occurs in infants. It appears to be associated with See also:adenoids. The disease consists of a reflex spasm of the glottis, which causes a See also:complete blocking of the air-passages. The attacks, which are recurrent, cause acute asphyxiation. They may cease for no obvious See also:reason, or one may prove fatal. The whole attack is of such See also:short duration that the See also:infant has either recovered or succumbed before assistance can be called. After an attack, careful examination should be made, and the adenoids, if See also:present, removed by operation. LA SABLIERE, See also:MARGUERITE DE (c. 164o-1693), friend and See also:patron of La See also:Fontaine, was the wife of See also:Antoine See also:Rambouillet, sieur de la Sabliere (1624-1679), a See also:Protestant financier entrusted with the See also:administration of the royal estates, her See also:maiden name being Marguerite Hessein. She received an excellent See also:education in Latin, See also:mathematics, physics and See also:anatomy from the best scholars of her See also:time, and her See also:house became a See also:meeting-See also:place for poets, scientists and men of letters, no less than for brilliant members of the See also:court of See also:Louis XIV. About 1673 Mme de la Sabliere received into her house La Fontaine, whom for twenty years she relieved of every See also:kind of material anxiety. Another friend and inmate of the house was the traveller and physician See also:Francois Bernier, whose abridgment of the See also:works of Gassendi was written for Mme de la Sabliere.

The See also:

abbe See also:Chaulieu and his See also:fellow-poet, See also:Charles Auguste, See also:marquis de La Fare, were among her most intimate associates. La Fare sold his See also:commission in the See also:army to be able to spend his time with her. This liaison, which seems to have been the only serious See also:passion of her See also:life, was broken in 1679. La Fare was seduced from his See also:allegiance, according to Mme de See also:Sevigne by his love of See also:play, but to this must be added a new passion for the actress La See also:Champmesle. Mme de la Sabliere thenceforward gave more and more attention to See also:good works, much of her time being spent in the See also:hospital for incurables. Her See also:husband's death in the same See also:year increased her serious tendencies, and she was presently converted to See also:Roman Catholicism. She died in See also:Paris on the 8th of See also:January 1693. LA See also:SALE (or LA SALLE), ANTOINE DE (c. 1388-1462?), See also:French writer, was See also:born in See also:Provence, probably at See also:Arles. He was a natural son of See also:Bernard de la Salle,' a famous soldier of See also:fortune, who served many masters, among others the Angevin See also:dukes. In 1402 Antoine entered the court of See also:Anjou, probably as a See also:page, and in 1407 he was at See also:Messina with See also:Duke Louis II., who had gone there to enforce his claim to the See also:kingdom of See also:Sicily. The next years he perhaps spent in See also:Brabant, for he was present at two tournaments given at See also:Brussels and See also:Ghent, With other gentlemen from Brabant, whose names he has preserved, he took See also:part in the expedition of 1415 against the See also:Moors, organized by See also:John I. of See also:Portugal.

In 1420 he accompanied Louis III. on another expedition to See also:

Naples, making in that year an excursion from See also:Norcia to the See also:Monte della Sibilla, and the neighbouring See also:Lake of See also:Pilate. The See also:story of his adventures on this occasion, and an See also:account, with some sceptical comments, of the local legends regarding Pilate, and the Sibyl's grotto,' form the most interesting See also:chapter of La See also:Salade, which is further adorned with a See also:map of the ascent from Montemonaco. La Sale probably returned with Louis III. of Anjou, who was also See also:comte de Provence, in 1426 to Provence, where he was acting as viguier of Arles in 1429. In 1434 Rene, Louis's successor, made La Sale See also:tutor to his son See also:Jean d'Anjou, duc de Calabre, to whom he dedicated, between the years 1438 and 1447, his La Salade, which is a See also:text-See also:book of the studies necessary for a See also:prince. The See also:primary intention of the See also:title is no doubt the play on his own name, but he explains it on the ground of the See also:miscellaneous character of the See also:hook—a See also:salad is composed " of many good herbs." In 1439 he was again in See also:Italy in See also:charge of the See also:castle of See also:Capua, with the due de Calabre and his See also:young wife, See also:Marie de See also:Bourbon, when the place was besieged by the See also:king of See also:Aragon. Rene abandoned Naples in 1442, and Antoine no doubt returned to See also:France about the same time. His See also:advice was sought at the tournaments which celebrated the See also:marriage of the unfortunate See also:Margaret of Anjou at See also:Nancy in 1445; and in 1446, at a similar display at See also:Saumur, he was one of the umpires. La Sale's See also:pupil was now twenty years of See also:age, and, after See also:forty years' service of the house of Anjou, La Sale See also:left it to become tutor to the sons of Louis de Luxembourg, comte de See also:Saint Poi, who took him to See also:Flanders and presented him at the court of Philippe le Bon, duke of See also:Burgundy. For his new pupils he wrote at See also:Chatelet-sur-See also:Oise, in. 1451, a moral See also:work entitled La Salle. He was nearly seventy years of age when he wrote the work that has made him famous, L'Hystoire et plaisante cronicque dal See also:petit Jehan de Saintre et de la jeune See also:dame See also:des Belles-Cousines, Sans autre nom nommer, dedicated to his former pupil, Jean de Calabre. An envoi in MS.

10,057 (nouv. acq. fr.) in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, states that it was completed at Chatelet on the 6th of See also:

March 1455 (i.e. 1456). La Sale also announces an intention, never fulfilled, apparently, of See also:writing a See also:romance of Paris et See also:Vienne. The See also:MSS. of Petit Jehan de Saintre usually contain in addition Floridam et Flvide, translated by Rasse de Brunhamel from the Latin of See also:Nicolas de Clamange, ' For his career, see See also:Paul Durrieu, See also:Les Gascons en Italie (See also:Auch, 1885, pp. 107-71). ' For the See also:legend of the Sibyl current in Italy at the time, given by La Sale, and its interrelation with the See also:Tannhauser story, see W. Soederhjelm, " A. de In Salle et la legende de Tannhauser " in Memoires de la See also:soc. neo-philologique d'See also:Helsingfors (1897, vol. ii.); and Gaston Paris, " Le Paradis de la Reine Sibylle," and " La Legende du Tannhauser," in the Revue de Paris (Dec. 1897 and March 1898).229 and dedicated to La Sale; also Addiction extraite des Cronicques de Flandres, of which only a few lines are See also:original. Brunhamel says in his See also:dedication that La Sale had delighted to write See also:honour-able histories from the time of his " florie jeunesse," which confirms a reasonable inference from the See also:style of Petit Jehan de Saintre that its author was no novice in the See also:art of romance-writing. The Reconfort d Madame de Neufville, a consolatory See also:epistle including two stories of parental fortitude, was written at Vendeuil-sur-Oise about 1458, and in 1459 La Sale produced his See also:treatise Des anciens tournois et faictz d'armes and the Journee d'Onneur et de Prouesse. He followed his patron to Genappe in Brabant when the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XI.) took See also:refuge at the Burgundian court. La Sale is generally accepted as the author of one of the most famous satires in the French See also:language, Les Quinze Joyes de mariage, because his name has been disengaged from an See also:acrostic at the end of the See also:Rouen MS.

He is also supposed to have been the " acteur " in the collection of licentious stories supposed to be narrated by various persons at the court of Philippe le Bon, and entitled the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles. One only of the stories is given in his name, but he is credited with the compilation of the whole, for which Louis XI. was See also:

long held responsible. A completed copy of this was presented to the Duke of Burgundy at See also:Dijon in 1462. If then La Sale was the author, he probably was still living; otherwise the last mention of him is in 1461. Petit Jehan de Saintre gives, at the point when the traditions of See also:chivalry were fast disappearing, an account of the education of an ideal See also:knight and rules for his conduct under many different circumstances. When Petit Jehan, aged thirteen, is persuaded by the Dame des Belles-Cousines to accept her as his See also:lady, she gives him systematic instruction in See also:religion, See also:courtesy, chivalry and the arts of success. She materially advances his career until Saintre becomes an accomplished knight, the fame of whose prowess spreads through-out See also:Europe. This See also:section of the romance—apparently didactic in intention—fits in with the author's other works of edification. But in the second part this virtuous lady falls a victim to a vulgar intrigue with See also:Damp Abbe. One of La Sale's commentators, M. See also:Joseph Neve, ingeniously maintains that the last section is simply to show how the See also:hero, after passing through the other grades of education, learns at last by experience to See also:arm himself against coquetry. The book may, however, be fairly regarded as satirizing the whole theory of " courteous " love, by the See also:simple method of fastening a repulsive conclusion on an ideal case.

The contention that the See also:

fabliau-like ending of a romance begun in idyllic See also:fashion was due to the corrupt influences of the Dauphin's exiled court, is inadmissible, for the last page was written when the prince arrived in Brabant in 1456. That it 1s an See also:anti-clerical See also:satire seems unlikely. The profession of the seducer is not necessarily chosen from that point of view. The language of the book is not disfigured by coarseness of any kind, but, if the brutal ending was the expression of the writer's real views, there is little difficulty in accepting him as the author of the Quinze Joyes .de mariage and the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles.—Both these are masterpieces in their way and exhibit a much greater dramatic See also:power and grasp of See also:dialogue than does Petit Jehan. Some See also:light is thrown on the romance by the circumstances of the duc de Calabre, to whom it was dedicated. His wife, Marie de Bourbon, was one of the " Belles-Cousines " who contended for the favour of Jacques or Jacquet de See also:Lalaing in the Livre des faits de Jacques Lalaing which forms the chief source of the See also:early exploits of Petit Jehan. The incongruities of La Sale's aims appear in his method of construction. The hero is not imaginary. Jehan de Saintre flourished in the See also:Hundred Years' See also:War, was taken prisoner after See also:Poitiers, with the See also:elder See also:Boucicaut, and was employed in negotiating the treaty of Bretigny. See also:Froissart mentioned him as " le meilleur et le plus vaillant See also:chevalier de France." His exploits as related in the romance are, however, founded on those of Jacques de Lalaing (c. 1422-1453), who was brought up at the Burgundian court, and became such a famous knight that he excited the rivalry of the " Belles-Cousines," Marie de Bourbon and Marie de See also:Cleves, duchesse d'See also:Orleans. Lalaing's exploits are related by more than one chronicler, but M.

Gustave Raynaud thinks that the Livre des faits de Jacques de Lalaing, published among the works of Georges Chastelain, to which textual See also:

parallels may be found in Petit Jehan, should also be attributed to La Sale, who in that case undertook two accounts of the same hero, one See also:historical and the other fictitious. To complicate matters, he See also:drew, for the later exploits of Petit Jehan, on-the Livres des fails de Jean Boucicaut, which gives the See also:history of the younger Boucicaut. The See also:atmosphere of the book is not the rough realities of the See also:English See also:wars in which the real Saintre figured but that of the courts to which La Sale was accustomed. The title of Les Quinze Joyes de mariage is, with a See also:profanity characteristic of the time, borrowed from a popular See also:litany, Les Quinze Joies de Notre Dame, and each chapter terminates with a liturgical refrain voicing the miseries of marriage. See also:Evidence in favour of La Sale's authorship is brought forward by M. E. Gossart (Bibliophile beige, 1871, pp. 83-7), who quotes from his didactic treatise of La Salle a passage paraphrased from St See also:Jerome's treatise against Jovinian which contains the chief elements of the satire. Gaston Paris (Revue de Paris, Dec. 1897) expressed an See also:opinion that to find anything like the malicious penetration by which La Sale divines the most intimate details of married life, and the painful exactness of the description, it is necessary to travel as far as See also:Balzac. The theme itself was common enough in the See also:middle ages in France, but the dialogue of the Quinze Joyes is unusually natural and pregnant. Each of the fifteen vignettes is perfect in its kind.

There is no redundance. The diffuseness of romance is replaced by the methods of the writers of the fabliaux. In the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles the See also:

Italian novella is naturalized in France. The book is modelled on the Decameron of See also:Boccaccio, and owes something to the Latin Facetiae of the contemporary See also:scholar See also:Poggio; but the stories are rarely borrowed, and in cases where the Nouvelles have Italian parallels they appear to be independent variants. In most cases the general immorality of the conception is matched by the grossness of the details, but the ninety-eighth story narrates what appears to be a genuine tragedy, and is of an entirely different nature from the other contes. It is another version of the story of Floridam et Elvide already mentioned. Not content with allowing these achievements to La Sale, some critics have proposed to ascribe to him also the See also:farce of Maitre Pathelin. The best See also:editions of La Sale's undoubted and reputed works are:—Petit Jehan de Saintre by J. M. See also:Guichard (1843) ; Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles by See also:Thomas See also:Wright (Bibl. elzeverienne, '858); Les Quinze Joyes de mariage by P. Jannet (Bibl. elzev., 1857). La Salade was printed more than once during the 16th See also:century.

La Salle was never printed. For its contents see E. Gossart in the Bibliophile beige (1871, pp. 77 et seq.). See also the authorities quoted above, and Joseph Ncve, Antoine de la Salle, sa See also:

vie et ses ouvrages . suivi du Reconfort de Madame de Fresne . et de fragments et documents inedits (1903), who argues for the rejection of Les Quinze Joyes and the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles from La Sale's works; Pietro Toldo, Contributo allo studio della novella francese del XV e XVI secolo (1895), and a See also:review of it by Gaston Paris in the See also:Journal des Savants (May 1895) ; L. Stern, " Versuch fiber Antoine de la Salle," in Archiv See also:fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen, vol. xlvi. ; and G. Raynaud, " Un Nouveau Manuscrit du Petit Jehan de Saintre," in Romania, vol. xxxi. (M.

End of Article: LARYNGITIS

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