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SEVIGNE, MARIE DE
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See also:SEVIGNE, See also:MARIE DE RABUTIN-CHANTAL, MARQUISE DE (1626-1696), See also:French See also:letter-writer, was See also:born at See also:Paris on the 5th of See also:February 1626. The See also:family of Rabutin (if not so illustrious as See also:Bussy, Madame de Sevigne's notorious See also:cousin, affected to consider it) was one of See also:great See also:age and distinction in See also:Burgundy. It was traceable in documents to the 12th See also:century, and the See also:castle which gave it name still existed, though in ruins, in Madame de Sevigne's See also:time. The family had been gens d'See also:epee for the most See also:part, though See also:Francois de Rabutin, the author of valuable See also:memoirs on the See also:sixth See also:decade of the 16th century, belonged to it. Marie's See also:father, Celse Benigne de Rabutin, See also:Baron de Chantal, was the son of the celebrated "Sainte" Chantal, friend and See also:disciple of St See also:Francis of Sales; her See also:mother was Marie de Coulange[s]. Celse de Rabutin, a great duellist, was killed during the See also:English descent on the Isle of Rhe in See also:July 1627. His wife did not survive him many years, and Marie was See also:left an See also:orphan at the age of seven years and a few months. She then passed into the care of her grandparents on the mother's See also:side; but they were both aged, and the survivor of them, Philippe de Coulanges (or Coulange), died in 1636, Marie being then ten years old. Fier See also:uncle Christophe de Coulanges, See also:abbe de Livry, was chosen as her See also:guardian. He was somewhat See also:young for the guardianship of a girl, being only twenty-nine, but readers of his niece's letters know how well " Le Bien Bon " —for such is his name in Madame de Sevigne's little See also:language—acquitted himself of the See also:trust. He lived till within ten years of his See also: See also:Jean See also:Chapelain and Gilles See also:Menage are specially mentioned as her tutors, and Menage at least See also:fell in love with her. See also:Tallemant See also:des Reaux gives more than one instance of the cool and good-humoured raillery with which she received his See also:passion, and the earliest letters of hers that we possess are addressed to Menage. Another See also:literary friend of her youth was the poet See also:Denis Sanguin de See also:Saint-Pavin. Among her own See also:sex she was intimate with all the coterie of the H6tel See also:Rambouillet, and her See also:special ally was Mademoiselle de la Vergne, afterwards Madame de la Fayette. In See also:person she was extremely attractive, though the See also:minute critics of the time (which was the palmy See also:day of portraits in words) objected to her See also:divers deviations from strictly See also:regular beauty, such as eyes of different See also:colours and sizes, a "square-ended" See also:nose and a somewhat heavy See also:jaw. Her beautiful See also:hair and complexion, however, were admitted even by these censors, as well as the extraordinary spirit and liveliness of her expression. Her long minority, under so careful a guardian as Coulanges, had also raised her See also:fortune to the amount of xoo,000 crowns—a large sum for the time, and one which with her See also:birth and beauty might have allowed her to expect a brilliant See also:marriage. There had been some talk of her cousin Bussy, but fortunately for her this came to nothing. She married See also:Henri, See also:marquis de Sevigne, a See also:Breton See also:gentleman of good family, allied to the See also:oldest houses of that See also:province, but of no great See also:estate. The marriage took See also:place on See also:August 4, 1644, and the pair went almost immediately to Sevigne's See also:manor-See also:house of See also:Les Rochers, near Vitt-6, a place which Madame de Sevigne was in future years to immortalize. It was an unfortified See also:chateau of no great See also:size, but picturesque, with the peaked turrets See also:common in French See also:architecture, and surrounded by a See also:park and grounds. The abundance of trees gave it the repute of being See also:damp and somewhat gloomy. Fond, however, as Madame de Sevigne was of society, it may be suspected that the happiest days of her brief married See also:life were spent there. For there at any See also:rate her See also:husband had less opportunity than in Paris of neglecting her, and of wasting her See also:money and his own. Very little good is said of Henri de Sevigne by any of his contemporaries. He was one of the innumerable lovers of Ninon de 1'Enclos, and made himself even more conspicuous with a certain Madame de Gondran, known in the See also:nickname See also:slang of the time as " La Belle Lolo." He was wildly extravagant. That his wife loved him and that he did not love her was generally admitted. At last his vices came See also:home to him. He quarrelled with the See also:Chevalier d'See also:Albret about Madame de Gondran, fought with him and was mortally wounded on the 4th of February 1651; he died two days afterwards. There is no reasonable doubt that his wife regretted him a great See also:deal more than he deserved. Though only six and twenty, and more beautiful than ever, she never married again despite frequent offers, and no aspersion was ever thrown, See also:save in one instance, on her fame. For the See also:rest of her life she gave herself up to her See also:children. These were two in number, and they divided their mother's affections by no means equally. The eldest was a daughter, Francoise See also:Marguerite, who was born on the loth of See also:October 1646, whether at Les Rochers or in Paris is not certain. The second, a son, See also: Circulated at first in See also:manuscript and afterwards in See also:print, this caused Madame de Sevigne the deepest See also:pain and indignation, and the quarrel between the cousins was not fully made up for years, though after Bussy's disgrace and imprisonment in 1666 the correspondence was renewed. What might have been, and to some extent was, a much more serious See also:matter occurred in 1661 at the downfall of the See also:Superintendent See also:Fouquet. It was announced on indubitable authority that communications from her had been found in the See also:coffer where Fouquet kept his love letters. She protested that the notes in question were of friendship merely, and Bussy (one of the not very numerous good actions of his life) obtained from Le Tellier, who as See also:minister had examined the letters, a corroboration of the protest. But these letters were never published, and there have always been those who held that Madame de Sevigne regarded Fouquet with at least a very warm See also:kind of friendship. It is certain that her letters to Pomponne describing his trial are among her masterpieces of unaffected, vivid and sympathetic narration. During these earlier years Madame de Sevigne had a great affection for the See also:establishment of See also:Port Royal, which was not without its effect on her literary See also:work. That work, however, See also:dates in its bulk and really important part almost entirely from the last See also:thirty years of her life. Her letters before the marriage of her daughter, though by themselves they would suffice to give her a very high See also:rank among letter-writers, would not do more than fill one moderate-sized See also:volume. Those after that marriage fill nearly ten large volumes in the latest and best edition. We do not hear very much of Mademoiselle de Sevigne's See also:early youth. For a See also:short time, at a. rather uncertain date, she was placed at school with the nuns of Sainte-Marie at See also:Nantes. But for the most part her mother brought her up herself, assisted by the Abbe de la Mousse, a faithful friend, and for a time one of her most See also:constant companions. La Mousse was a great Cartesian, and he made Mademoiselle de Sevigne also a devotee of the bold soldier of See also:Touraine. But she was See also:bent on more mundane triumphs than See also:philosophy had to offer. Her beauty is all the more incontestable that she was by no means generally liked. Bussy, a See also:critical and not too benevolent See also:judge, called her " la plus jolie See also:fine de See also:France, " and it seems to be agreed that she resembled her mother, with the See also:advantage of more regular features. She was introduced at See also:court early, and as she danced well she figured frequently in the ballets which were the See also:chief amusement of the court of See also: He never appears to have resented his mother's preference of his See also:sister; but, though thoroughly amiable, he was not (at any rate in his youth) a See also:model character. Nothing is known of his See also:education, but just before his sister's marriage he volunteered for a rather harebrained expedition to See also:Crete against the See also:Turks, and served with See also:credit. Then his mother bought him the See also:commission of guidon (a kind of sub-See also:cornet) in the Gendarmes Dauphin, in which See also:regiment he served for some years. But though he always fought well he was not an enthusiastic soldier, and was constantly and not often fortunately in love. He followed his father into the nets of Ninon de 1'Enclos, and was See also:Racine's See also:rival with Mademoiselle See also:Champmesle. The way in which his mother was made confidante of these discreditable and not very successful loves is characteristic both of the time and of the See also:country. In 1668 M. de Grignan, who had previously been See also:lieutenant-See also:governor of See also:Languedoc, was transferred to See also:Provence. The governor-inchief was the young See also:duke of See also:Vendome. But at this time he was a boy, and he never really took' up the See also:government, so that Grignan for more than See also:forty years was in effect See also:viceroy of this important province. His wife rejoiced greatly in the part of See also:vice-See also:queen; but their See also:peculiar situation threw on them the expenses without the emoluments of the See also:office, so that the Grignan money affairs hold a larger place in Madame de Sevigne's letters than might perhaps be wished. In 1671 Madame de Sevigne, with her son, paid a visit to Les Rochers, which is memorable in her See also:history and in literature. The states of See also:Brittany were convoked that year at See also:Vitre. This See also:town being in the immediate neighbourhood of Les Rochers, Madame de Sevigne's usually quiet life at her country-house was diversified by the See also:necessity of entertaining the governor, the duc de Chaulnes, of appearing at his receptions and so forth. All these matters are recorded in her letters, together with much good-natured raillery on the country ladies of the neighbourhood and their ways. She remained at Les Rochers during the whole summer and autumn of 1671, and did not return to Paris till See also:late in November. The country See also:news is then succeeded by news of the court. At the end of the next year, 1672, one great wish of her See also:heart was gratified by paying a visit to her daughter in her vice-See also:royalty of Provence. Madame de Grignan does not seem to have been very anxious for this visit—perhaps because, as the letters show in many cases, the exacting affection of her mother was somewhat too strong for her own colder nature, perhaps because she feared such a See also:witness of the ruinous extravagance which characterized the Grignan See also:household. But her mother remained with her for nearly a year, and did not return to Paris till the end of 1673. During this time we have (as is usually the See also:case during these Provencal visits and the visits of Madame de Grignan to Paris) some letters addressed to Madame de Sevigne, but comparatively few from her. A visit of the second class was the chief event of 1674. 1675 brought with it the death of See also:Turenne (of which Madame de Sevigne has given a noteworthy account, characteristic of her more ambitious but not perhaps her more successful manner), and also serious disturbances in Brittany. Notwithstanding these it was necessary for Madame de Sevigne to make her periodical visit to Les Rochers. She reached the house in safety, and the friendship of Chaulnes protected her both from violence and from the exactions which the miserable province underwent as a See also:punishment for its resistance to excessive and unconstitutional See also:taxation. No small part of her letters is occupied by these affairs. The year 1676 saw several things important in Madame de Sevigne's life. For the first time she was seriously See also:ill—it would appear with rheumatic See also:fever—and she did not thoroughly recover till she had visited See also:Vichy. Her letters from this place are among her best, and picture life at a 17th-century watering-place with unsurpassed vividness. In this year, too, took place the trial and See also:execution of Madame de Brinvilliers. This event figures in the letters, and the references to it are among those which have given occasion to unfavourable comments on Madame de Sevigne's character. In the next year, 1677, she moved into the Hotel Carnavalet, a house which still remains and is inseparably connected with her memory, and she had the See also:pleasure of welcoming the whole Grignan family to it. They remained there a long time; indeed nearly two years seem to have been spent by Madame de Grighan partly in Paris and partly at Livrv. The return to Provence took place in October 1678, and next year Madame de Sevigne had the grief of losing La Rochefoucauld, the most eminent and one of the most intimate of her See also:close See also:personal friends and constant associates. In 168o she again visited Brittany, but the close of that year saw her back in Paristo receive another and even longer visit from her daughter, who remained in Paris for four years. Before the end of the last year of this stay (in February 1684) Charles de Sevigne, after all his wandering loves, and after more than one talked-of See also:alliance, was married to a young Breton lady, Jeanne Marguerite de Mauron, who had a considerable fortune. In the arrangements for this marriage Madame de Sevigne practically divided all her fortune between her children (Madame de Grignan of course receiving an unduly large See also:share), and reserved only part of the life See also:interest. The greed of Madame de Grignan nearly See also:broke her See also:brother's marriage, but it was finally concluded, and proved happy in a somewhat singular fashion. Both Sevigne and his wife became deeply religious, and at first Madame de Sevigne found their household (for she gave up Les Rochers to them) not at all lively. But by degrees she See also:grew fond of her daughter-in-See also:law. During this year she spent a considerable time in Brittany, first on business, afterwards on a visit to her son, and partly it would appear for motives of See also:economy. But Madame de Grignan continued with only short absences to inhabit Paris, and the mother and daughter were practically in each other's See also:company until 1688. The proportion of letters therefore that we have for the decade 1677–1687 is much smaller than that which represents the decade preceding it; indeed the earlier See also:period contains the great bulk of the whole correspondence. In 1687 the Abbe de Coulanges, Madame de Sevigne's uncle and good angel, died, and in the following year the whole family were greatly excited by the first See also:campaign of the young marquis de Grignan, Madame de Grignan's only son, who was sent splendidly equipped to the See also:siege of Philippsbourg. In the same year Madame de Sevigne was See also:present at the Saint-Cyr performance of See also:Esther, and some of her most amusing descriptions of court ceremonies and experiences date from this time. 1689 and 1690 were almost entirely spent by her at Les Rochers with her son; and on leaving him she went across France to Provence. There was some excitement during her Breton stay, owing to the rumour of an English descent, on which occasion the Breton See also:militia was called out, and Charles de Sevigne appeared for the last time as a soldier; but it came to nothing. 1691 was passed at Grignan and other places in the See also:south, but at the end of it Madame de Sevigne returned to Paris, bringing the Grignans with her; and her daughter stayed with her till 1694. The year 1693 saw the loss of two of her oldest friends—Bussy Rabutin, her faithless and troublesome but in his own way affectionate cousin, and Madame de la Fayette, her life-long See also:companion, and on the whole perhaps her best and wisest friend. Another friend almost as intimate, Madame de Lavardin, followed in 1694. Madame de Sevigne spent but a few months of this latter year alone, and followed her daughter to Provence. She never revisited Brittany after 1691. Two important marriages with their preparations occupied most of her thoughts during 1694–1695. The young marquis de Grignan married the daughter of Saint-Amant, an immensely rich financier; but his mother's See also:pride, ill-nature and See also:bad See also:taste (she is said to have remarked in full court that it was necessary now and then to " manure the best lands, " referring to Saint-Amant's See also:wealth and See also:low birth, and the Grignan's See also:nobility) made the marriage not very happy. His sister Pauline, who, in the impossibility of dowering her richly, had a narrow See also:escape of the See also:cloister, made a marriage of affection with the marquis de Simiane, and eventually became the See also:sole representative and continuator of the families of Grignan and Sevigne.
Madame de Sevigne survived these alliances but a very short time. During an illness of her daughter she herself was attacked by smallpox in See also:April 1696, and she died on the 17th of that See also:month at Grignan, and was buried there. Her idolized daughter was not present during her illness. But in her will Madame de Sevigne still showed her preference for this not too grateful See also:child, and Charles de Sevigne accepted his mother's wishes in a letter showing the good-nature which he had never lacked. But the two families were, except as has been said for Madame de Simiane and her posterity, to be rapidly broken up. Charles de Sevigne and his wife had no children, and he himself, after occupying some public posts (he was See also: Madame de Grignan had died on August 16, 1705, at a country-house near See also:Marseilles, of the very disease which she had tried to escape by not visiting her dying mother. Her son, who had fought at See also:Blenheim, had died of the same malady at Thionville the year before. Marie See also:Blanche, her eldest daughter, was in a See also:convent, and, as all the Comte de Grignan's See also:brothers had either entered the See also: She enters, as has been said, at great length into the pecuniary difficulties of her daughter; she tells the most extra-See also:ordinary stories of the fashion in which Charles de Sevigne sowed his See also:wild oats; she takes an almost ferocious interest and side in her daughter's quarrels with rival beauties or great officials in Provence. Almost all writers of literary letters since Madame de Sevigne's days, or rather since the publication of her correspondence, have imitated her more or less directly, more or less consciously, and it is therefore only by applying that historic estimate upon which all true See also:criticism rests that her full value can be discerned. The See also:charm of her work is, however, so irresistible that, read even without any See also:historical knowledge and in the comparatively adulterated See also:editions in which it is generally met with, that charm can hardly be missed. Madame de Sevigne was a member of the strong. and See also:original See also:group of writers—See also:Retz, La Rochefoucauld, See also:Corneille, See also:Pascal, Saint-Evremond, See also:Descartes and the rest—who escaped the See also:influence of the later 17th century, while they profited by the reforms of the earlier. According to the strictest See also:standard of the See also:Academy her phraseology is sometimes incorrect, and it occasionally shows traces of the See also:quaint and affected See also:style of the Precieuses; but these things only add to its savour and piquancy. In lively narration few writers have ex-celled her, and in the natural expression of domestic and maternal affection none. She had an all-observant See also:eye for trifles and the keenest possible appreciation of the ludicrous, together with a hearty relish for all sorts of amusements, pageants and diversions, and a deep though not voluble or over-sensitive sense of the beauties of nature. But with all this she, had an understanding as solid as her See also:temper was See also:gay. Unlike her daughter, she was not a professed See also:blue-See also:stocking or philosophess. But she had a strong affection for See also:theology, in which she inclined (like the great See also:majority of the religious and intelligent laity of her time in France) to the Jansenist side. Her favourite author in this class was See also:Nicole. She has been reproached with her fondness for the romances of Mlle de See also:Scudery and the rest of her school. But probably many persons who make that reproach have themselves never read the See also:works they despise, and are ignorant how much merit there is in them. In purely literary criticism Madame de Sevigne was no mean See also:expert. Her preference for Corneille over Racine has much more in it than the fact that the See also:elder poet had been her favourite before the younger began to write; and her remarks on La See also:Fontaine and some other authors are both judicious and See also:independent. Nor is she wanting in original reflections of no ordinary merit. But to enjoy her work in its most enjoyable point—the See also:combination of fluent and easy style with quaint archaisms and tricks of phrase—it-must be read as she wrote it, and not in the trimmed and corrected version of Perrin and Madame de Simiane. Great part of her purely literary merit lies in the extraordinary vividness of her presentation of character. But her own has notunited quite such a unanimity of See also:suffrage as her ability in writing. In her own time there were not wanting enemies who maintained that her letters were written for effect, and that her affection for her daughter was ostentatious and unreal. But no competent judge can admit this view On the other See also:hand, her excessive affection for Madame de Grignan, her See also:blindness to anything but her daughter's interest; her culpable tolerance of her son's youthful follies on the one hand and the uneven See also:balance which she held in money matters between him and his sister on the other; the apparent levity with which she speaks of the sufferings of Madame de Brinvilliers, of See also:galley slaves, of the peasantry, &c; and the freedom of language which she uses herself and tolerates from others,—have all been See also:cast up against her. Here the historic estimate sufficiently disposes of some of the objections, a little common sense of others and a very little charity of the rest. If too much love See also:felt by a mother towards a daughter be a See also:fault, then Madame de Sevigne was one of the most offending souls that ever lived; but it will hardly be held damning. The singular confidences which Madame de Sevigne received from her son and transmitted to her daughter would even at the present day be less surprising in France than in See also:England. They are only an instance, adjusted to the See also:manners of the time, of the See also:system of sacrificing everything to the See also:maintenance of confidence between mother and son. Here too, as well as in reference to the immediately kindred See also:charge of crudity of language, and to that want of sympathy with suffering, especially with the sufferings of the See also:people, It is especially necessary to remember of what See also:generation Madame de Sevigne was and what were her circumstances. That generation was the generation which Madame de Rambouillet endeavoured with only partial success to See also:polish and humanize, to which belong the almost in-credible yet trustworthy Historiettes of Tallemant, and in which Bussy Rabutin's Histoire amoureuse did not make him lose all See also:caste as a gentleman and man-of honour. It is absurd to expect at such a time, and in private letters, the delicacy proper to quite different times and circumstances, It is not true that Madame de Sevigne shows no sympathy with the oppression of the Bretons, though her incurable See also:habit of humorous expression—of Rabutinage, as she says-makes her occasionally use See also:light phrases about the matter. But it is in fact as unreasonable to expect modern See also:political sentiments from her as it is to expect her to observe the canons of a loth-century propriety. On the whole she may be as fairly and confidently ac-quitted of any moral fault, as she may be acquitted of all literary faults whatsoever. Her letters are wholly, what her son-in-law said well of her after her death, compagnons delicieux; and, far from faultless as Madame de Grignan was, none of her faults is more felt by the reader than her long visits to her mother, during which the letters ceased. The bibliographic history of Madame de Sevigne's letters is of considerable interest in itself, and is moreover typical of much other See also:con-temporary literary history. From Madame de Sevigne herself we know that her own letters were copied and handed about, sometimes under specified titles, as early as 1673. None of them, however, was published until her correspondence with Bussy Rabutin appeared In his Memoirs and Correspondence, partly in the year of her death, partly next year. The See also:remainder were not printed in any See also:form for thirty years. Then between 1725 and 1728 appeared seven unauthorized editions, containing more or fewer additions from the copies which had been circulated. privately. The bibliography of these must be sought in special works (see especially the Grands Ecrivains edition, vol. xi.). They have interest, however, cjliefly because they stirred up Madame de Simiane, the writer's only living representative, to give an authorized version. This appeared under the care of the Chevalier de Perrin in 6 vols. (Paris, 1734-1737). It contained only the letters to Madame de Grignan, and these were subjected to editing rather careful than conscientious, the results of which were never thoroughly removed until recently. In the first place, Madame de Simiane, who possessed her mother's replies, is said to have burnt the whole of these from religious motives; this phrase is ex. plained by Madame de Grignan's See also:Cartesianism, which is supposed to have led her to expressions alarming to orthodoxy. In the second, scruples partly having to do with the susceptibilities of living persons, partly concerning Jansenist and other prejudices, made her insist on numerous omissions. Thirdly, and most unfortunately, the See also:change of taste seems to have required still more numerous alterations of style and language, such as the substitution of " Ma Fille " for Madame de Sevigne's usual and charming " Ma Bonne," and many others. Perrin followed this edition up' in 1751 with a volume of supplementary letters not addressed to Madame de Grignan, and in 1754 published his last edition of the whole, which was long the standard (8 vols., Paris). During the last half of the 18th century numerous editions of the whole or parts appeared with important additions, such as that of 1756, giving for the first time the letters to Pomponne on the Fouquet trial; that of 1773, giving letters to Moulceau; that of 1775, giving for the first time the Bussy letters See also:separate from his memoirs, &c. An important collected edition of all these fragments, by the Abbe de Vauxcelles, appeared in 18oi (Paris, An IX.) in to vols.; five years later Gouvelle (Paris, 18o6, 8 vols.) introduced the improvement of See also:chronological See also:order; this was re.-printed in 12 vols. (Paris,.1819) with some more unpublished letters which had separately appeared meanwhile. In the same yeas. appeared the first edition of M. de Monmerque. From that data continual additions of unpublished letters were made, in great part by the same editor, and at last the whole was remodelled on manuscript copies (the originals unfortunately are available for but few) in the edition called Des Grands Ecrivains, which M. de Monmerque began, but which owing to his death had to be finished by MM. See also:Regnier, See also:Paul Mesnard and See also:Sommer (Paris, 1862-1868). This, which supersedes all others (even a handsome edition published during its See also:appearance by M. See also:Silvestre de Sacy), consists of twelve volumes of See also:text, notes, &c., two volumes of See also:lexicon and an See also:album of plates. It contains all the published letters to and from Madame de S€See also:vigne, with the replies where they exist, with all those letters to and from Madame de Simiane (many of which had been added to the See also:main See also:body) that contain any interest. To it must be added two volumes (printed uniformly) of Lettres inidites, published by M. Ch. Capmas in 1876 and containing numerous variants and additions from a MS. copy discovered in an old curiosity See also:shop at See also:Dijon. Of less elaborate and costly editions that in the collection See also:Didot (6 vols., Paris v.d.) is the best, though, in common with all others except the brands Ecrivains edition, it contains an adulterated text. Works on Madame de Sevigne are innumerable. Besides essays by nearly all the great French critics from Sainte-Beuve (Portraits de femmes) to M. Brunetiere (Etudes critiques), the work of F. See also:Combes, Madame de Sevigne, historien (1885), and G. See also:Boissier's volume in the Grands Ecrivains Francrais (1881), should be consulted. The See also:biography by Paul Mesnard is nearly exhaustive, but the most elaborate See also:biographical See also:book is that of Walckenaer (3rd ed., Paris, 1856, 5 vols.), to which should be added the remarkable Histoire de Mme de Sevigne of See also:Aubenas (Paris and St See also:Petersburg, 1842). In English an excellent little book by See also:Miss See also:Thackeray (Lady See also:Ritchie) (1881) may be recommended, and also See also:Janet Aldis's Mme de Sevigne: The Queen of Letter-writers (1907). Most of the editions have portraits. (G. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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