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See also:OLDENBARNEVELDT, JOHAN See also:VAN (1547-1619) , Dutch statesman, was See also:born at See also:Amersfoort on the 14th of See also:September 1547. The See also:family from which he claimed descent was of See also:ancient lineage. After studying See also:law at See also:Louvain, See also:Bourges and See also:Heidelberg, and travelling in See also:France and See also:Italy, Oldenbarneveldt settled down to practise in the law courts at the See also:Hague. In See also:religion a moderate Calvinist, he threw himself with ardour into the revolt against See also:Spanish tyranny and became a zealous adherent of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Silent. He served as a volunteer for the See also:relief of See also:Haarlem (1573) and again at See also:Leiden (1574). In 1576 he obtained the important See also:post of See also:pensionary of See also:Rotterdam, an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office which carried with it See also:official membership of the States of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. In this capacity his See also:industry, singular grasp of affairs, and persuasive See also:powers of speech speedily gained for him a position of See also:influence. He was active in promoting the See also:Union of See also:Utrecht (1579) and the See also:acceptance of the courtship of Holland and See also:Zeeland by William (1584) On the assassination of See also:Orange it was at the proposal of Oldenbarneveldt that the youthful See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau was at once elected stadholder, See also:captain-See also:general and See also:admiral of Holland. During the governorship of See also:Leicester he was the See also:leader of the strenuous opposition offered by the States of Holland to the centralizing policy of the See also:governor. In 1586 he was appointed, in See also:succession to See also:Paul See also:Buys, to the post of See also:Land's See also:Advocate of Holland. This See also:great office, which he held for 32 years, gave to a See also:man of commanding ability and industry unbounded influence in a many-headed See also:republic without any central executive authority. Though nominally the servant of the States of Holland he made himself politically the personification of the See also:province which See also:bore more than See also:half the entire See also:charge of the union, and as its See also:mouthpiece in the states-general he practically dominated that See also:assembly. In a brief See also:period he became entrusted with such large and far-reaching authority in all the details of See also:administration, as to be virtually " See also:minister of all affairs."
During the two See also:critical years which followed the withdrawal of Leicester, it was the statesmanship of the advocate which kept the See also:United Provinces from falling asunder through their own inherent separatist tendencies, and prevented them from becoming an easy See also:conquest to the formidable See also:army of See also:Alexander of See also:Parma. Fortunately for the See also:Netherlands the See also:attention of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip was at their See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of greatest weakness riveted upon his contemplated invasion of See also:England, and a See also:respite was afforded which enabled Oldenbarneveldt to See also:supply the lack of any central organized See also:government by gathering into his own hands the See also:control of administrative affairs. His task was made the easier by the whole-hearted support he received from Maurice of Nassau, who, after 1589, held the Stadholderate of five provinces, and was likewise captain-general and admiral of the union. The interests and ambitions of the two men did not clash, for Maurice's thoughts were centred on the training and leadership of armies and he had no See also:special capacity as a statesman or inclination for politics. The first rift between them came in 1600, when Maurice was forced against his will by the states-general, under the advocate's influence, to undertake an expedition into See also:Flanders, which was only saved from disaster by desperate efforts which ended in victory at Nieuwport. In 1598 Oldenbarneveldt took See also:part in special embassies to See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. and See also:Elizabeth, and again in 16o5 in a special See also:mission sent to congratulate See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I. on his See also:accession.
The opening of negotiations by See also:Albert and See also:Isabel in 16o6 for a See also:peace or See also:long truce led to a great See also:division of See also:opinion in the Netherlands. The archdukes having consented to treat with the United Provinces " as See also:free provinces and states over which they had no pretensions," Oldenbarneveldt, who had with him the States of Holland and the See also:majority of burgher regents throughout the See also:county, was for peace, provided that See also:liberty of trading was conceded. Maurice and his See also:cousin William See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis, stadholder of Frisia, with the military and See also:naval leaders and the Calvinist See also:clergy, were opposed to it, on the ground that the Spanish See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king was merely seeking an See also:interval of repose in which to recuperate his strength for a renewed attack on the See also:independence of the Netherlands. For some three years the negotiations went on, but at last after endless parleying, on the 9th of See also:April 1609, a truce for twelve years was concluded. All that the Dutch asked was directly or indirectly granted, and Maurice See also:felt obliged to give a reluctant and somewhat sullen assent to the favourable conditions obtained by the See also:firm and skilful See also:diplomacy of the advocate.
The immediate effect of the truce was a strengthening of Oldenbarneveldt's influence in the government of the republic, now recognized as a "free and See also:independent See also:state"; See also:external peace, however, was to bring with it See also:internal strife. For some years there had been a See also:war of words between the religious parties, known as the Gomarists (strict Calvinists) and the Arminians (moderate Calvinists). In 16ro the Arminians See also:drew up a See also:petition, known as the Remonstrance, in which they asked that their tenets (defined in five articles) should be submitted to a See also:national See also:synod, summoned by the See also:civil government. It was no See also:secret that this See also:action of the Arminians was taken with the approval and connivance of the advocate, who was what was styled a libertine, i.e. an upholder of the principle of See also:toleration in religious opinions. The Gomarists in reply drew up a Contra-Remonstrance in seven articles, and appealed to a purely See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church synod. The whole land was henceforth divided into See also:Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants; the States of Holland under the influence of Oldenbarneveldt supported the former, and refused to See also:sanction the summoning of a purely church synod (1613). They likewise (1614) forbade the preachers in the Province of Holland to treat of disputed subjects from their pulpits. Obedience was difficult to enforce without military help, riots See also:broke out in certain towns, and when Maurice was appealed to, as captain-general, he declined to See also:act. He did more, though in no sense a theologian; he declared himself on the See also:side of the Contra-Remonstrants, and established a preacher of that persuasion in a church at the Hague (1617).
The advocate now took a bold step. He proposed that theStates of Holland should, on their own authority, as a See also:sovereign province, raise a See also:local force of 4000 men (waardgelders) to keep the peace. The states-general meanwhile by a See also:bare majority (4 provinces to 3) agreed to the summoning of a national church synod. The States of Holland, also by a narrow majority, refused their assent to this, and passed (See also:August 4, 1617) a strong See also:resolution (Sckerpe Resolutie) by which all magistrates, officials and soldiers in the pay of the province were required to take an See also:oath of obedience to the states on See also:pain of dismissal, and were to be held accountable not to the See also:ordinary tribunals, but to the States of Holland.
It was a See also:declaration of sovereign independence on the part of Holland, and the states-general took up the See also:challenge and determined on decisive action. A See also:commission was appointed with Maurice at its See also:head to compel the disbanding of the waardgelders. On the 31st of See also:July 1618 the stadholder appeared at Utrecht, which had thrown in its See also:lot with Holland, at the head of a See also:body of troops, and at his command the local levies at once laid down their arms. His progress through the towns of Holland met with no opposition. The states party was crushed without a See also:blow being struck. On the 23rd of August, by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the states-general, the advocate and his See also:chief supporters, de See also:Groot and Hoogerbeets, were arrested.
Oldenbarneveldt was with his See also:friends kept in the strictest confinement until See also:November, and then brought for examination before a commission appointed by the states-general. He appeared more than sixty times before the commissioners and was examined most severely upon the whole course of his official See also:life, and was, most unjustly, allowed neither to consult papers nor to put his See also:defence in See also:writing. On the loth of See also:February 1619 he was arraigned before a special See also:court of twenty-four members, only half of whom were Hollanders, and nearly all of them his See also:personal enemies. It was in no sense a legal court, nor had it any See also:jurisdiction over the prisoner, but the protest of the advocate, who claimed his right to be tried by the sovereign province of Holland, whose servant he was, was disregarded. He was allowed no See also:advocates, nor the use of documents, See also:pen or See also:paper. It was in fact not a trial at all, and the packed See also:bench of See also:judges on See also:Sunday, the 12th of May, pronounced See also:sentence of See also:death. On the following See also:day the old statesman, at the See also:age of seventy-one, was beheaded in the Binnenhof at the Hague. Such, to use his own words, was his See also:reward for serving his See also:country See also:forty-three years.
The accusations brought against Oldenbarneveldt of having been a traitor to his country, whose interests he had betrayed for See also:foreign See also:gold, have no basis in fact. The whole life of the advocate disproves them, and not a shred of See also:evidence has ever been produced to throw suspicion upon the patriot statesman's conduct. All his private papers See also:fell into the hands of his foes, but not even the bitterest and ablest of his personal enemies, See also:Francis See also:Aarssens (see AARSSENS), could See also:extract from them anything to show that Oldenbarneveldt at any time betrayed his country's interests. That he was an ambitious man, fond of See also:power, and haughty in his attitude to those who differed from him in opinion, may be granted, but it must also be conceded that he sought for power in order to confer invaluable services upon his country, and that impatience of opposition was not unnatural in a man who had exercised an almost supreme control of administrative affairs for upwards of three decades. His high-handed course of action in defence of what he conceived to be the sovereign rights of his own province of Holland to decide upon religious questions within its See also:borders may be challenged on the ground of inexpediency, but not of illegality. The harshness of the treatment meted out by Maurice to his See also:father's old friend, the faithful counsellor and See also:protector of his own See also:early years, leaves a stain upon the stadholder's memory which can never be washed away. That the See also:prince should have felt compelled in the last resort to take up arms for the Union against the See also:attempt of the province of Holland to defy the authority of the Generality may be justified by the plea reipublicae sales suprema lex. To eject the advocate from power was one thing, to execute him as a traitor quite another. The condemnation of Oldenbarneveldt was carried out with Maurice's consent and approval, and he
cannot be acquitted of a prominent See also:share in what posterity has pronounced to be a judicial See also:murder.
Oldenbarneveldt was married in 1575 to Maria van Utrecht. He See also:left two sons, the lords of Groeneveld and Stoutenburg, and two daughters. A See also:conspiracy against the life of Maurice, in which the sons of Oldenbarneveldt took part, was discovered in 1623. Stoutenburg, who was the chief See also:accomplice, made his See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape and entered the service of See also:Spain; Groeneveld was executed.
End of Article: OLDENBARNEVELDT, JOHAN VAN (1547-1619)
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