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See also:OTTO I . (912-973), surnamed the See also:Great, See also:Roman See also:emperor, eldest son of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. the See also:Fowler by his second wife See also:Matilda, said to be a. descendant of the Saxon See also:hero See also:Widukind, was See also:born on the 23rd of See also:November 912. Little is known of his See also:early years, but he probably shared in some of his See also:father's See also:campaigns. In 929 he married Edith, daughter of See also:Edward the See also:Elder, king of the See also:English, and See also:sister of the reigning See also:sovereign iEthelstan. It is said that Matilda wished her second son Henry to succeed his father, as this See also:prince, unlike his elder See also:brother, was born the son of a king. However this may be, Henry named Otto his successor, and after his See also:death in See also:July 936 Otto was chosen See also:German king and crowned by dildebert, See also:archbishop of See also:Mainz. This ceremony, according to the historian Widukind, was followed by a banquet at which the new king was waited upon by the See also:dukes of See also:Lorraine, See also:Bavaria, See also:Franconia and See also:Swabia. Otto soon showed his intention of breaking with the policy of his father, who had been content with a nominal superiority over the duchies; in 937 he punished See also:Eberhard, See also:duke of Franconia, for an alleged infringement of the royal authority; and in 938 deposed Eberhard, who had recently become duke of Bavaria. During these years the Bohemians and other See also:Slavonic tribes . ravaged the eastern frontier of See also:Germany, but although one expedition against them was led by the king in See also:person, the See also:defence of this See also:district was See also:left principally to agents. Trouble soon arose in See also:Saxony, probably owing to Otto's refusal to give certain lands to his See also:half-brother, Thankmar, who, although the king's See also:senior, had been passed over in the See also:succession as illegitimate. Thankmar, aided by an influential Saxon See also:noble named Wichmann, and by Eberhard of Franconia, seized
the fortress of Eresburg and took Otto's brother Henry prisoner; but soon afterwards he was defeated by the king and killed whilst taking See also:sanctuary. The other conspirators were pardoned, but in 939 a fresh revolt See also:broke out under the leadership of Henry, and Giselbert, duke of Lorraine. Otto gained a victory near Xanten, which was followed by the surrender of the fortresses held by his brother's adherents in Saxony, but the rebels, joined by Eberhard of Franconia and Archbishop See also:Frederick of Mainz continued the struggle, and Giselbert of Lorraine transferred his See also:allegiance to See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IV., king of See also:France. Otto's See also:precarious position was saved by a victory near See also:Andernach when Eberhard was killed, and Giselbert drowned in the subsequent See also:flight. Henry took See also:refuge with Louis of France, but was soon restored to favour and entrusted with the duchy of Lorraine, where, however, he was unable to restore See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. Otto therefore crossed the See also:Rhine and deprived his brother of authority. Henry then became involved in a See also:plot to See also:murder the king, which was discovered in See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and the See also:good offices of his See also:mother secured for him a See also:pardon at See also:Christmas 941. The deaths of Giselbert of Lorraine and of Eberhard of Franconia, quickly followed by those of two other dukes, enabled Otto to unite the See also:stem-duchies more closely with the royal See also:house. In 944 Lorraine was given to See also:Conrad, surnamed the Red, who in 947 married the king's daughter Liutgard; Franconia was retained by Otto in his own hands; Henry married a daughter of See also:Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, and received that duchy in 947; and Swabia came in 949 to the king's son See also:Ludolf, who had married See also:Ida, a daughter of the See also:late duke, See also:Hermann. During these years the tribes living between the See also:Elbe and the See also:Oder were made tributary, bishoprics were founded in this district, and in 950 the king himself marched against the Bohemians and reduced them to dependence. Strife between Otto and Louis IV. of France had arisen when the See also:French king sought to obtain authority over Lorraine and aided the German rebels in 939; but after the German king had undertaken an expedition into France, See also:peace was made in 942. Afterwards, when Louis became a prisoner in the hands of his powerful See also:vassal See also:Hugh the Great, duke of France, Otto attacked the duke, who, like the king, was his brother-in-See also:law, captured See also:Reims, and negotiated a peace between the two princes; and in subsequent struggles between them his authority was several times invoked.
In 945 Berengar I., See also:margrave of See also:Ivrea, left the See also:court of Otto and returned to See also:Italy, where he soon obtained a mastery over the See also:country. After the death in 950 of See also:Lothair, king of Italy, Berengar sought the See also:hand of his widow See also:Adelaide for his son See also:Adalbert; and Henry of Bavaria and Ludolf of Swabia had already been meddling independently of each other in the affairs of See also:northern Italy. In response to an See also:appeal from Adelaide, Otto crossed the See also:Alps in 951. He assumed the See also:title of king of the See also:Lombards, and having been a widower since 946, married Adelaide and negotiated with See also:pope See also:Agapetus II. about his reception in See also:Rome. The See also:influence of Alberic, prince and senator of the See also:Romans, prevented the pope returning a favourable See also:answer to the king's See also:request. But when Otto returned to Germany in 952 he was followed by Berengar, who did See also:homage for Italy at See also:Augsburg. The See also:chief advisers of Otto at this time were his wife and his brother Henry. Henry's influence seems to have been resented by Ludolf, who in 946 had been formally designated as his father's successor. When Adelaide See also:bore a son, and a See also:report gained currency that Otto intended to make this See also:child his See also:heir, Ludolf See also:rose in revolt and was joined by Conrad of Lorraine and Frederick of Mainz. Otto See also:fell into the See also:power of the rebels at Mainz and was compelled to agree to demands made by them, which, however, he promptly revoked on his return to Saxony. Ludolf and Conrad were declared deposed, and in 953 See also:war broke out in Lorraine and Swabia, and afterwards in Saxony and Bavaria. Otto failed to take Mainz and Augsburg; but an See also:attempt on the See also:part of Conrad and Ludolf to gain support from the See also:Magyars, who had seized the opportunity to invade Bavaria, alienated many of their supporters. Otto's brother See also:Bruno, archbishop of See also:Cologne, was successful in restoring the royal authority in Lorraine, so that when Conrad and Frederick soon afterwards submitted to Otto, the struggle was confined to Bavaria. Ludolf was not See also:long infollowing the example of Conrad; and with the See also:capture of See also:Regensburg in 955 the rising ended.
Conrad and Ludolf retained their estates, but their duchies were not restored to them. Mean-while the Magyars had renewed their ravages and were attacking Augsburg. Otto marched against them, and in a See also:battle fought on the Lechfeld on the loth of See also:August 955 the king's troops gained a brilliant victory which completely freed Germany from these invaders; while in the same See also:year Otto also defeated the Slays who had been ravaging the Saxon frontier.
About this time the king seems to have perceived the See also:necessity of living and ruling in closer See also:union with the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, a See also:change of policy due perhaps to the influence of his brother Bruno, or forced upon him when his plans for uniting the duchies with the royal house brought See also:rebellion in their See also:train. Lands and privileges were granted to prelates, additional bishoprics were founded, and some years later See also:Magdeburg was made the seat of an See also:arch-See also:bishop. In 96o Otto was invited to come to Italy by Pope See also:John XII., who was hard pressed by Berengar, and he began to make preparations for the See also:journey. As Ludolf had died in 957 and Otto, his only son by Adelaide, had been chosen king at See also:Worms, the See also:government was entrusted to Bruno of Cologne, and Arch-bishop See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of Mainz, a natural son of the king. Reaching See also:Pavia at Christmas 961, the king promised to defend and respect the church. He then proceeded to Rome, where he was crowned empqror on the and of See also:February 962. After the ceremony he confirmed the rights and privileges which had been conferred on the papacy, while the Romans promised obedience, and Pope John took an See also:oath of fidelity to the emperor. But as he did not long observe his oath he was deposed at a See also:synod held in St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's, after Otto had compelled the Romans to swear they would elect no pope without the imperial consent; and a nominee of the emperor, who took the name of See also:Leo VIII., was chosen in his See also:stead. A pestilence drove Otto to Germany in 965, and finding the Romans again in arms on his return in 966, he allowed his soldiers to See also:sack the See also:city, and severely punished the leaders of the rebellion. His next move was against the Greeks and See also:Saracens of See also:southern Italy, but seeking to attain his See also:objects by negotiation, sent See also:Liudprand, bishop of See also:Cremona, to the eastern emperor Nicephorus II. to arrange for a See also:marriage treaty between the two empires. Nicephorus refused to admit the validity of Otto's title, and the bishop was roughly repulsed; but the succeeding emperor, John Zimisces, was more reasonable, and See also:Theophano, daughter of the emperor See also:Romanus II., was married to the younger Otto in 972. The same year witnessed the restoration of peace in Italy and the return of the emperor to Germany, where he received the homage of the rulers of See also:Poland, Bohemia and See also:Denmark; but he died suddenly at Memleben on the 7th of May 973, and was buried at Magdeburg.
Otto was a See also:man of untiring perseverance and relentless See also:energy, with a high See also:idea of his position. His policy was to crush all tendencies to See also:independence in Germany, and this led him to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant the stem-duchies to his relatives, and afterwards to ally himself with the church. Indeed the necessity for obtaining See also:complete See also:control over the church was one See also:reason which induced him to obtain the imperial See also:crown. By this step the pope became his vassal, and a divided allegiance was rendered impossible for the German See also:clergy. The Roman See also:empire of the German nation was indeed less universal and less theocratic under Otto, its restorer, than under See also:Charlemagne, but what it lacked in splendour it gained in stability. His See also:object was not to make the See also:state religious but the church See also:political, and the clergy must first be officials of the king, and secondly members of an ecclesiastical order. He shared the piety and superstition of the See also:age, and did much for the spread of See also:Christianity. Although himself a stranger to letters he welcomed scholars to his court and eagerly seconded the efforts of his brother Bruno to encourage learning; and while he neither feared nor shirked battle, he was always ready to secure his ends by peaceable means. Otto was of tall and cornmanding presence, and although subject to violent bursts of See also:passion, was liberal to his See also:friends and just to his enemies.
Hrotsuit of See also:Gandersheim, Carmen de gestis Oddonis—all in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Bande iii. and iv. (Han-over and See also:Berlin, 1826 fol.) ; See also:Die Urkunden See also:des Kaisers Ottos I., edited by Th. von Sickel in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Diplomata (See also:Hanover, 1879) ; W. von See also:Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit (See also:Leipzig, 1881) ; R. Kdpke and E. See also:Dummler, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Otto I. (Leipzig, 1876); Th. von Sickel, Das Privilegium Otto I. See also:fur die romische Kirche (See also:Innsbruck, 1883); H. von See also:Sybel, Die deutsche Nation and das Kaiserreich (See also:Dusseldorf; 1862) ; O. von Wydenbrugk, Die deutsche Nation and das Kaiserreich (See also:Munich, 1862); J. Ficker, Das deutsche Kaiserreich in seinen universalen and nationalen Beziehungen (Innsbruck, 1861); and Deutsches Kbnigthum and Kaiserthurn (Innsbruck, 1862) ; G. See also:Maurenbrecher, " Die Kaiserpolitik Otto I." in the Historische Zeitschrift (Munich, 1859); G. See also:Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (See also:Kiel, 1844) ; J. Ficker, Forschungen zur Reichs- and Rechtsgeschichte Italiens (Innsbruck, 1868–1874); F. See also:Fischer, Uber Ottos I. See also:Zug in die Lombardei vom Jahre 951 (See also:Eisenberg, 1891); and K. Kotler, Die Ungarnschlacht auf dem Lechfelde (Augsburg, 1884).
End of Article: OTTO I
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