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grandson of the 1st Lord Herbert in 1691. In 1694, however, it was revived in favour of Henry Herbert (1654-1709), son of Sir Henry Herbert (1595-1673), See also:

BROTHER

brother of the 1st Lord Herbert of Cherbury.

Sir Henry was See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

REVELS, MASTER OF THE

revels to Charles I. and Charles II., being busily employed in See also:

READING

reading and licensing plays and in supervising all kinds of public entertainments. He died in April 1673; his son Henry died in See also:

JANUARY

January 1709, when the latter's son Henry became 2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury of the second creation. He died without issue in April 1738, and again the barony became extinct. In 1743 it was revived for Henry See also:

Arthur Herbert (c. 1703-1772), who five years later was created See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

POWIS, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Powis. This nobleman was a great-grandson of the 2nd Lord Herbert of Cherbury of the first creation, and since his See also:

time the barony has been held by the earls of Powis. Lord Herbert's cousin, Sir Edward Herbert (c. 1591-1657), was a member of parliament under James I. and Charles I. Having become See also:

ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-See also:

general he was instructed by Charles to take proceedings against some members of parliament who had been concerned in the passing of the See also:

GRAND

Grand Remonstrance; the only result, however, was Herbert's own See also:

IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment by the See also:

House of See also:

COMMONS

Commons and his imprisonment. Later in life he was with the exiled royal family in See also:

Holland and in See also:

France, becoming lord keeper of the great See also:

seal to Charles I[., an See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which he had refused in 1645. He died in Paris in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1657. One of Herbert's son was Arthur Herbert, earl of See also:

Torrington, and another was Sir Edward Herbert .

(c. 1648-1698), titular earl of See also:

Portland, who was made chief See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the king's See also:

BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench in 1685 in See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to Lord See also:

JEFFREYS, GEORGE JEFFREYS, 1ST BARON (1648-1689)

Jeffreys. . It was Sir Edward who declared for the royal See also:

PREROGATIVE

prerogative in the See also:

case of Godden v. See also:

Hales, asserting that the See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of England, being See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign princes, could dispense with particular See also:

LAWS

laws in particular cases. After the See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of James II. to France this king made Herbert his lord See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and created him earl of Portland, although he was a See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant and had exhibited a certain amount of See also:

independence during 1687. The first Lord Herbert's real claim to fame and remembrance is derived from his writings. Herbert's first and most important See also:

WORK

work is the De veritate grout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a rossibili, et a falso (Paris, 1624; London, 1633; translated into French 1639, but never into English; a MS. in add. See also:

MSS. 7081. Another, See also:

SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane HISS. 3957, has the author's See also:

DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to his brother See also:

George in his own See also:

hand, dated 1622). It combines a theory of knowledge with a partial See also:

psychology, a methodology for the investigation of truth, and a See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of natural See also:

religion.

The author's method is prolix and often far from clear; the See also:

BOOK

book is no compact See also:

SYSTEM

system, but it contains the See also:

SKELETON

skeleton and much of the soul of a See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy. Giving up all past theories as useless, Herbert professedly endeavours to constitute a new and true system. Truth, which he defines as a just conformation of the faculties with one another and with their objects, he distributed into four classes or stages: (I) truth in the thing or the truth of the See also:

OBJECT

object; (2) truth of the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance; (3) truth of the See also:

APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension (conceptus); (4) truth of the See also:

INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect. The faculties of the mind are as numerous as the See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of their objects, and are accordingly innumerable; but they may be arranged in four See also:

groups. The first and fundamental and most certain See also:

GROUP

group is the Natural See also:

INSTINCT

Instinct, to which belong the ,cocvai gvvoLae, the notitiae communes, which are innate, of divine origin and indisputable. The second group, the next in certainty, is the sensus internus (under which See also:

head Herbert discusses amongst others love, hate, fear, See also:

conscience with its communis notitia, and See also:

FREE

free will); the third is the sensus externus; and the See also:

FOURTH

fourth is discursus, reasoning, to which, as being the least certain, we have recourse when the other faculties fail. The ratiocinative faculties proceed by See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division and See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, by questioning, and are slow and See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual in their See also:

MOVEMENT

movement; they take aid from the other faculties, those of the instinctus naturalis being always the final test. Herbert's categories or questions to be used in investigation are ten in number whether (a thing is), what, of what sort, how much, in what relation, how, when, where, whence, wherefore. No See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, rightly used, can err " even in dreams "; badly exercised, reasoning becomes the source of almost all our errors. The discussion of the notitiae communes is the most characteristic part of the book. The exposition of them, though highly dogmatic, is at times strikingly Kantian in substance. " So far are these elements or sacred principles from being derived from experience or observation that without some of them, or at least some one of them, we can neither experiencenor even observe." Unless ,we See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt driven by them to explore the nature of things, " it would never occur to us to distinguish one thing from another." It cannot be said that Herbert proves the existence of the See also:

COMMON

common notions; he does not deduce them or even give any See also:

list of them.

But each faculty has its common notion; and they may be distinguished by six marks, their priority, independence, universality, certainty, See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity (for the well-being of See also:

man), and immediacy. See also:

Law is based on certain common notions; so is religion. Though Herbert expressly defines the See also:

SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of his book as dealing with the intellect, not faith, it is the common notions of religion he has illustrated most fully; and it is See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that it is in this part of his system that he is chiefly interested.. The common notions of religion are the famous five articles, which became the See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of the English deists (see DE1SM). There is little polemic against the received See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Christiapity, but Herbert's attitude towards the Church's See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine is distinctly negative, and he denies See also:

REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation except to the individual soul. In the De religione gentilium (completed 1645, published See also:

Amsterdam, 1663, translated into English by W. See also:

Lewis, London, 1705) he gives what may be called, in See also:

Hume's words, "a natural See also:

HISTORY

history of religion." By examining the See also:

HEATHEN

heathen religions Herbert finds, to his great delight, the universality of his five great articles, and that these are clearly recognizable under their absurdities as they are under the See also:

RITES

rites, ceremonies and polytheism invented by sacerdotal superstition. The same vein is maintained in the tracts De cansis errorum, an unfinished work on logical fallacies, Religio laici, and Ad sacerdotes de religione laici (1645). In the De veritate Herbert produced the first purely metaphysical See also:

TREATISE

treatise. written by an Englishman, and in the De religione gentilium one of the earliest studies extant in See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

THEOLOGY

theology; while both his metaphysical speculations and his religious views are throughout distinguished by the highest originality and provoked considerable controversy. His achievements in See also:

HISTORICAL

historical See also:

writing are vastly inferior, and vitiated by See also:

PERSONAL

personal aims and his preoccupation to gain the royal favour. Herbert's first historical work is the Expeditio Buckinghami duds (published in a Latin See also:

TRANSLATION

translation in 1656 and in the See also:

ORIGINAL

original English by the earl of Powis for the Philobiblon Society in 186o), a See also:

defence of Buckingham's conduct of the See also:

ill-fated expedition of 1627. Phe Life and Raigne of King Henry VIII.

(1649) derives its chief value from its See also:

composition from original documents, but is ill-proportioned, and the author See also:

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and statesmanship of Henry with too obvious a partiality. His poems, published in 1665 (reprinted and edited by J. Churton See also:

Collins in 1881), show him in general a faithful See also:

DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

DONNE, JOHN (1573–1631)

Donne, obscure and uncouth. His satires are miserable compositions, but a few of his lyrical verses show See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of reflection and true See also:

INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration, while his use of the See also:

METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre afterwards employed by See also:

TENNYSON, ALFRED TENNYSON

Tennyson in his " In Memoriam " is particularly happy and effective. His Latin poems are See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of his scholarship. Three of these had appeared together with the De causis errorum in 1645. To these See also:

WORKS

works must be added A See also:

DIALOGUE

Dialogue between a See also:

TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

Tutor and a See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

Pupil (1768; a treatise on See also:

EDUCATION

education, MS. in the Bodleian Library); a treatise on the king's supremacy in the Church (MS. in the See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record Office and at See also:

Queen's College, Oxford), and his well-known auto-See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, first published by See also:

HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

Walpole in 1764, a naive and amusing narrative, too much occupied, however, with his duels and amorous adventures, to the exclusion of more creditable incidents in his career, such as his contributions to philosophy and history, his intimacy with Donne, See also:

BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

JONSON

Jonson, See also:

SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden and See also:

Carew, See also:

Casaubon, Gassendi and See also:

GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius, or his See also:

EMBASSY

embassy in France, in relation to which he only described the splendour of his See also:

RETINUE (O. Fr. retenue, from retenir, Lat. retenere, hold back, retain)

retinue and his social triumphs.

End of Article: HERBERT OF CHERBURY, EDWARD HERBERT, BARON (1583-1648)

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