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SELKIRKSHIRE , a See also:southern See also:county of See also:Scotland, bounded N. by the shires of See also:Peebles and Midlothian, E. and S.E. by See also:Roxburghshire, S. and S.W. by See also:Dumfriesshire and W. by Peebles-See also:shire. Its See also:area is 170,762 acres or 266.8 sq. m. Almost the whole of the See also:surface is hilly, the only See also:low-lying ground occurring in the valleys of the larger streams. The highest hills are found in the extreme See also:west and See also:south-west. On the confines of Peebles-shire the See also:chief heights are Dun Rig (2433 ft.), See also:Black See also:Law (2285), Broad Law (2723) and Lochcraig See also:Head (2625); and on the Dumfriesshire See also:borders, Bodesbeck Law (2173), See also:Capel See also:Fell (2223), See also:Wind Fell (218o) and See also:Ettrick See also:Pen (2269). In the See also:north, See also:close to the Midlothian boundary, is Windlestraw Law (2161). The See also:principal See also:rivers are the Ettrick (32 m.) and its See also:left-See also:hand affluent the See also:Yarrow (14 m.), but for a few See also:miles the See also:Tweed traverses the north of the county. Gala See also:Water (21 m.), though it joins the Tweed a little below See also:Galashiels, belongs rather to Midlothian, since it rises in the Moorfoot Hills and for most of its course flows in that shire. St See also:Mary's See also:Loch and its See also:adjunct, the Loch of the Lornes, in the uplands, are the chief lakes, and of numerous small lakes in the south-See also:east the two lochs of Shaws, Clearburn, Akermoor and Essenside may be mentioned. The vales of the Tweed and Yarrow and Ettrickdale are the principal valleys.
See also:Geology.—This county is entirely occupied by See also:Silurian and Ordovician rocks which are very much folded and crumpled; the axes of the folds run in a south-See also:westerly, north-easterly direction. The Ordovician rocks, represented by the Glenkiln and Hartfell shales, appear in the crests of the anticlinal folds; in the western See also:part of the county they are frequently sandy in See also:character. Above the black Ordovician shales come the Birkhill graptolitic shales followed by the See also:Queensberry grits, a See also:series of greywackes, grits, flags and shales, which pass upwards into the See also:Hawick rocks, shales with See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown-weathering greywackes. Some of the Queensberry grits and under-lying greywackes in the Ordovician are used as See also:building stones. Igneous rocks are represented by the See also:Tertiary See also:basalt dikes of See also:Bower-See also:hope Law and dikes of See also:quartz-See also:felsite near Windlestraw Law and Caddon Water; dikes of minette occur near Todrig. A See also:great See also:deal of See also:boulder-See also:clay covers the older rocks; the See also:ice-See also:borne material travelled from west to east, and many of the hills show steep and See also:bare slopes towards the west, but have See also:gentle slopes covered with glacial deposits on the eastern See also:side.
See also:Climate and See also:Agriculture.—The rainfall for the See also:year, based on observations at Bowhill, between the confluence of the Yarrow and Ettrick, at a height of 537 ft. above the See also:sea, averages 33.65 in. The mean temperature for the year, calculated at Galashiels (416 ft. above the sea), is 46.3° F., for See also:January 36.2° F., and for See also:July 58.2° F. The climate is thus See also:cold and wet on the whole, and as the See also:soil is mostly thin, over a subsoil of clayey till, agriculture is carried on at a disadvantage. About one-See also:sixth of the surface is under cultivation, oats being almost the only See also:grain See also:crop and turnips the chief See also:green crop. Live stock is pursued more profitably, the See also:sheep walks carrying heavy See also:stocks. Blackfaced are the principal breed on the higher ground, but on the See also:lower pure Cheviots and a See also:cross of Cheviot with See also:Leicester are See also:common. See also:Cattle also are raised, and horses (mainly for agricultural operations) and pigs to only a moderate extent. There are comparatively few small holdings, farms between too and 300 acres being the most usual. More than one-third of the county (upwards of 6o,000 acres) belongs to the See also:duke of See also:Buccleuch. The See also:land between the Ettrick and the Tweed was formerly covered with See also:forest to such an extent that the sheriffdom was described as Ettrick
Forest. The chief trees were See also:oak, See also:birch and See also:hazel; and the See also:wood being well stocked with the finest breed of red See also:deer in the See also:kingdom became the See also:hunting-ground of the Stuarts. See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James V., however, to increase his revenues, let the domain for grazing, and it was soon converted into pasture for sheep, with the result that now only about 5000 acres in the shire are under wood.
Manufactures and Communications.—Woollen manufactures (tweeds, tartans, plaiding, See also:yarn and See also:hosiery) are the predominant See also:industry at Galashiels and See also:Selkirk. Tanning, See also:dyeing, See also:engineering, See also:iron-See also:founding and bootmaking also are carried on at Galashiels, and there are large vineries at Clovenfords.
The only railway communication is in the north, where there is a See also:branch See also:line from Galashiels to Selkirk, besides part of the track of the Waverley route from See also:Edinburgh.to the south and the line from Galashiels to Peebles. There are coaches from Selkirk to St Mary's Loch and periodically to See also:Moffat.
See also:Population and See also:Administration.—In 1891 the population numbered 27,712, and in 1901 it was 23,356, or 88 to the sq. m., a decrease of 15.78 %, much the largest for the See also:decade in Scotland. Fifty-seven persons spoke Gaelic and See also:English, none Gaelic only. The chief towns are Galashiels (pop. 13,615) and Selkirk (6292).
Selkirkshire combines with See also:Peeblesshire to return a member to See also:Parliament, and the county See also:town and royal See also:burgh of Selkirk and the municipal burgh of Galashiels See also:united with Hawick (in Roxburghshire) to constitute the Border or Hawick See also:group of See also:parliamentary burghs. The shires of Selkirk, Roxburgh and See also:Berwick See also:form a sheriffdom, and a See also:resident See also:sheriff-substitute sits at Selkirk and Galashiels. There is a See also:combination poorhouse at Galashiels. The county is under school See also:board See also:jurisdiction, and there are high See also:schools at Selkirk and Galashiels, while some of the other schools in the shire See also:earn grants for higher See also:education. Part of the " See also:residue" See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant is spent in supporting See also:short courses of instruction in dairying, and Selkirk town See also:council subsidizes popular See also:science classes in the burgh school.
See also:History and Antiquities.—There are no See also:Roman remains in Selkirkshire, the natives probably being held in check from the station at Newstead near the Eildons. The See also:Standing See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone near Yarrow See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church bearing a Latin inscription is ascribed to the 5th or 6th See also:century and is only a quasi-Roman relic. No so-called See also:British camps have been found on the upper and See also:middle See also:waters of the Ettrick and Yarrow, and of the few situated in the lower valleys of these streams the most important is the large See also:work on Rink See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill in the See also:parish of Galashiels, the See also:district containing various interesting prehistoric remains. At Torwoodlee, 2 m. north-west of Galashiels, are the ruins of the only example of a broch (See also:round See also:tower) in the Border counties. The See also:diameter of the structure See also:measures 75 ft., and that of the enclosed See also:court 40 ft., giving a thickness for the See also:wall of 172 ft. The broch stands in an enclosure of mounds and a ditch, the whole being protected by an See also:outer entrenchment at a considerable distance, of which only a fragment survives. Locally the See also:works are called Torwoodlee Rings, or See also:Eye See also:Castle. The barrier known as the Catrail, or Picts' Work, starts near Torwoodlee, whence it runs southwards to Rink Hill. There it sweeps round to the south-west as far as Yarrow church, from which it again takes a due south direction to the valley of the Rankle, where it passes into Roxburghshire. Some Arthurian See also:romance touches the shire at points, for the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of the See also:battle of Coit Celidon (the Wood of Celidon) was probably in Ettrick Forest, and that of Guinnion in the vale of Gala. The history of the shire for six centuries following the See also:retreat of the See also:Romans is that of the whole of south-eastern Scotland. The See also:country formed part, first, of the British kingdom of See also:Strathclyde, then of the Saxon kingdom of See also:Northumbria, and finally, about 1020, was annexed to Scotland. The first sheriff of whom there is See also:record was See also:Andrew de Synton, appointed by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the See also:Lion (d. 1214). After See also:Edward I. nad overrun Scotland substantial burgesses of Selkirk were among those who took the See also:oath of See also:allegiance to him at Berwick in 1296, but next year William See also:Wallace sought the covert of the forest to organize resistance. To the north of Hangingshaw in the country between the Yarrow and Tweed he constructed an earthwork, still called Wallace's See also:Trench, loon ft. See also:long and deep enough to conceal a See also:moss See also:horse and his rider, and paved in part with See also:flat whinstones laid on edge. At the higher end on the See also:top of a hill it terminated in a large square enclosure. Herehe See also:lay till his plans were completed and at last departed, his forces including a See also:body of Selkirk archers, for a See also:raid into the - north of See also:England. During the prolonged strife that followed the See also:death of See also:Robert See also:Bruce (1329) the foresters were constantly fighting, and the county suffered more heavily at See also:Flodden (1513) than any other district. The lawlessness of the Borderers was at length put down by James V. with a strong hand. He parcelled out the forest in districts, and to each appointed a keeper to enforce See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and protect See also:property. In 1529 the ringleaders, including William See also:Cockburn of Henderland, See also:Adam See also:Scott of Tushielaw and the notorious Johnnie See also:Armstrong, were arrested and promptly executed. This severity gradually had the desired effect, though after the See also:union of the crowns in 1603 the freebooters and mosstroopers again threatened to be troublesome, until James VI.'s lieutenants ruthlessly stamped out disaffection. The See also:Covenanters held many conventicles in the uplands, and their See also:general, See also:David See also:Leslie, routed the See also:marquis of See also:Montrose at Philiphaugh in 1645.
The manufacture of woollen goods was introduced into Selkirk and Galashiels and attained great success, thus adding largely to the prosperity of the neighbourhood. In another direction the beauty and romance of Yarrow and Ettrick have proved a most stimulating force in See also:modern Scottish literature.
End of Article: SELKIRKSHIRE
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