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CIRCLEVILLE

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Originally appearing in Volume V06, Page 389 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CIRCLEVILLE , a See also:

city and the See also:county-seat of Pickaway county, See also:Ohio, U.S.A., about 26 m. S. by E. of See also:Columbus, on the Scioto See also:river and the Ohio See also:Canal. Pop. (1890) 6556; (1900) 6991 (551 negroes); (191o) 6744. It is served by the See also:Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley (See also:Pennsylvania lines) and the See also:Norfolk & Western See also:railways, and by the Scioto Valley electric See also:line. Circleville is situated in a farming region, and its leading See also:industries are the manufacture of See also:straw boards and agricultural imple- ' On the calculations made before Shanks, see See also:Lehmann, " Beitrag zur Berechnung der Zahi a," in Grunert's Archiv, xxi. 121-174. 2 See See also:Montucla, Hist. See also:des rech. sur la quad. du cercle (See also:Paris, 1754, 2nd ed. 1831); de See also:Morgan, See also:Budget of Paradoxes (See also:London, 1872). ' " Sur la fonction exponentielle," Comptes rendus (Paris), lxxvii. 18, 74, 226, 285. ' See Crelle's See also:Journal, Ixxvi.

342. ' See " Uber See also:

die Zahl tr," in Math. See also:Ann. xx. 213. 388 is grouped with See also:Cambridge; on the Midland, See also:Rutland is grouped with See also:Lincoln; on the See also:Northern, See also:Westmorland is grouped with See also:Cumberland; and the See also:North See also:Wales and See also:South Wales circuits are See also:united, and no assizes are held at some of the smaller towns. At these assizes criminal business only is taken, except at See also:Manchester, See also:Liverpool, See also:Swansea, See also:Birmingham and See also:Leeds. The See also:Easter assizes are held in See also:April and May on two circuits only, viz. at Manchester and Liverpool on the Northern and at Leeds on the North-Eastern. Both See also:civil and criminal business is taken at Manchester and Liverpool, but criminal business only at Leeds. Other changes were made, with a view to preventing the See also:complete interruption of the London sittings in the See also:common See also:law See also:division by the See also:absence of the See also:judges on See also:circuit. The assizes were so arranged as to commence on different See also:dates in the various circuits. For example, the summer assizes begin in the South-Eastern and Western circuits on the 29th of May; in the Northern circuit on the 28th of See also:June; in the Midland and See also:Oxford circuits on the 16th of June; in the North-Eastern circuit on the 6th of See also:July; in the North Wales circuit on the 7th of July; and in the South Wales circuit on the rrth of July. Again, there has been a continuous development of what may be called the single-See also:judge See also:system.

In the See also:

early days of the new See also:order the members of the See also:court of See also:appeal and the judges of the See also:chancery division shared the circuit See also:work with the judges in the common law division. This did not prove to be a satisfactory arrangement. The See also:assize work was not See also:familiar and was uncongenial to the chancery judges, who had but little training or experience to See also:fit them for it. Arrears increased in chancery, and the appeal court was shorn of much of its strength for a considerable See also:part of the See also:year. The practice was discontinued in or about the year 1884. The appeal and chancery judges were relieved of the See also:duty of going on circuit, and an arrangement was made by the See also:treasury for making an See also:allowance for expenses of circuit to the common law judges, on whom the whole work of the assizes was thrown. In order to See also:cope with the assize work, and at the same See also:time keep the common law sittings going in London, an experiment, which had been previously tried by See also:Lord See also:Cairns and Lord See also:Cross (then See also:home secretary) and discontinued, was revived. Instead of two judges going together to each assize See also:town, it was arranged that one judge should go by himself to certain selected places—practically, it may be said, to all except the more important provincial centres. The only places to which two judges now go are See also:Exeter, See also:Winchester, See also:Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, See also:Nottingham, See also:Stafford, Birmingham, See also:Newcastle, See also:Durham, See also:York, Leeds, See also:Chester, and See also:Cardiff or Swansea. It could scarcely be said that, even with the amendments introduced under orders in See also:council, the circuit system was altogether satisfactory or that the last word had been pronounced on the subject. In the first See also:report of the Judicature See also:Commission, dated See also:March 25th, 1869, p. 17 (See also:Pail.

Papers, 1868-1869), the See also:

majority report that " the See also:necessity for holding assizes in every county without regard to the extent of the business to be trans-acted in such county leads, in our See also:judgment, to a See also:great See also:waste of judicial strength and a great loss of time in going from one circuit town to another, and causes much unnecessary cost and inconvenience to those whose attendance is necessary or customary at the assizes." And in their second report, dated July 3rd, 1872 (Part. Papers, 1872, vol. xx.), they dwell upon the advisability of grouping or a discontinuance of holding assizes " in several counties, for example, Rutland and Westmorland, where it is manifestly an idle waste of time and See also:money to have assizes." It is thought that the grouping of counties which has been effected for the autumn assizes might be carried still further and applied to all the assizes; and that the system of holding the assizes alternately in one of two towns within a county might be extended to two towns in adjoining counties, for example, See also:Gloucester and See also:Worcester. The facility of railway communication renders this reform comparatively easy, and reforms in this direction have been approved by the judges, but See also:ancient See also:custom and See also:local patriotism, interests, or susceptibility See also:bar the way. The Assizes and See also:Quarter Sessions See also:Act r9o8 contributed something to reform by dispensing with the See also:obligation to hold assizes at a fixed date if there is no business to be transacted. Nor can it be said that the single-judge system has been altogether a success. When there is only one judge for both civil and criminal work, he properly takes the criminal business first. He can See also:fix only approximately the time when he can See also:hope to be See also:free for the civil business. If the See also:calendar is exceptionally heavy or one or more of the criminal cases prove to be unexpectedly See also:long (as may easily happen), the civil business necessarily gets squeezed into the See also:short See also:residue of the allotted time. Suitors and their solicitors and witnesses are kept waiting for days, and after all perhaps it proves to be impossible for the judge to take the See also:case, and a " remanet " is the result. It is the See also:opinion of persons of experience that the result has undoubtedly been to drive to London much of the civil business which properly belongs to the provinces, and ought to be tried there, and thus at once to increase the See also:burden on the judges and jurymen in London, and to increase the See also:costs of the trial of the actions sent there. Some persons See also:advocate the continuous sittings of the high court in certain centres, such as Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Birmingham and Bristol, or (in fact) a de-centralization of the judicial system. There is already an excel-See also:lent court for chancery cases for See also:Lancashire in the county See also:palatine court, presided over by the See also:vice-See also:chancellor, and with a local bar which has produced many men of great ability and even See also:eminence.

The Durham chancery court is also capable of development. Another See also:

suggestion has been made for continuous circuits throughout the legal year, so that a certain number of the judges, according to a See also:rota, should be continuously in the provinces while the remaining judges did the London business. The value of this suggestion would depend on an estimate of the number of cases which might thus be tried in the See also:country in See also:relief of the London See also:list. This estimate it would be difficult to make. The opinion has also been expressed that it is essential in any changes that may be made to retain the occasional See also:administration by judges of the high court of criminal See also:jurisdiction, both in populous centres and in remote places. It promotes a belief in the importance and dignity of See also:justice and the care to be given to all matters affecting a See also:citizen's See also:life, See also:liberty or See also:character. It also does something, by the example set by judges in country districts, to check any tendency to undue severity of sentences in offences against See also:property. Counsel are not expected to practise on a circuit other than that to which they have attached themselves, unless they receive a See also:special See also:retainer. They are then said to " go special," and the See also:fee in such a case is one See also:hundred guineas for a See also:king's counsel, and fifty guineas for a junior. It is customary to employ one member of the circuit on the See also:side on which the counsel comes special. Certain rules have been See also:drawn up by the Bar See also:Committee for regulating the practice as to retainers on circuit. (r) A special retainer must be given for a particular assize (a circuit retainer will not, however, make it compulsory upon counsel retained to go the circuit, but will give the right to counsel's services should he attend the assize and the case be entered for trial); (2) if the See also:venue is changed to another See also:place on the same circuit, a fresh retainer is not required; (3) if the See also:action is not tried at the assize for which the retainer is given, the retainer must be renewed for every subsequent assize until the action is disposed of, unless a brief has been delivered; (4) a retainer may be given for a future assize, without a retainer for an intervening assize, unless See also:notice of trial is given for such intervening assize.

There are also various regulations enforced by the discipline of the circuit bar See also:

mess. In the United States the See also:English circuit system still exists in some states, as in See also:Massachusetts, where the judges sit in See also:succession in the various counties of the See also:state. The See also:term circuit courts applies distinctively in See also:America to a certain class of inferior federal courts of the United States, exercising jurisdiction, concurrently with the state courts, in certain matters where the United States is a party to the litigation, or in cases of See also:crime against the United States. The circuit courts act in nine judicial circuits, divided as follows: 1st circuit, See also:Maine; Massachusetts, New See also:Hampshire, Rhode See also:Island; 2nd circuit, See also:Connecticut, New York, See also:Vermont; 3rd circuit, See also:Delaware, New See also:Jersey, Pennsylvania; 4th circuit, See also:Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, See also:Virginia, See also:West Virginia; 5th circuit, See also:Alabama, See also:Florida, See also:Georgia, See also:Louisiana, See also:Mississippi, See also:Texas; 6th circuit, See also:Kentucky, See also:Michigan, Ohio, See also:Tennessee; 7th circuit, See also:Illinois, See also:Indiana, See also:Wisconsin; 8th circuit, See also:Arkansas, See also:Colorado, See also:Oklahoma, See also:Iowa, See also:Kansas, See also:Minnesota, See also:Missouri, See also:Nebraska, New See also:Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, See also:Utah, See also:Wyoming; 9th circuit, See also:Alaska, See also:Arizona, See also:California, See also:Idaho, See also:Montana, See also:Nevada, See also:Oregon, See also:Washington, and See also:Hawaii. A circuit court of appeals is made up of three judges of the circuit court, the judges of the See also:district courts of the circuit, and the judge of the Supreme Court allotted to the circuit. In See also:Scotland the judges of the supreme criminal court, or high court of See also:justiciary, See also:form also three See also:separate circuit courts, consisting of two judges each; and the country, with the exception of the Lothians, is divided into corresponding districts, called the Northern, Western and See also:Southern circuits. On the Northern circuit, courts are held at See also:Inverness, See also:Perth, See also:Dundee and See also:Aberdeen; on the Western, at See also:Glasgow, See also:Stirling and Invcraray; and on the Southern, at See also:Dumfries, See also:Jedburgh and See also:Ayr. See also:Ireland is divided into the North-See also:East and the North-West circuits, and those of See also:Leinster, See also:Connaught and See also:Munster.

End of Article: CIRCLEVILLE

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