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See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES See also:BRUCE , 8th See also:earl of See also:Elgin (1811-1863), See also:British statesman, eldest son of the 7th earl by his second See also:marriage, was See also:born in 1811, and succeeded to the See also:peerage as 8th earl of Elgin and 12th of Kincardine in 1841. He was educated at See also:Eton and at See also:Christ See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, where he had as companions and rivals his younger predecessors in the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of See also:governor-See also:general of See also:India, See also:Dalhousie and See also:Canning. He began his See also:official career in 1842 at the See also:age of See also:thirty, as governor of See also:Jamaica. During an See also:administration of four years he succeeded in winning the respect of all classes. He improved the See also:condition of the negroes and See also:con-ciliated the planters by working through them. In 1846 See also:Lord See also:Grey appointed him governor-general of See also:Canada. Son-in-See also:law of the popular earl of See also:Durham, he was well received by the colonists, and he set himself deliberately to carry out the Durham policy. In this his See also:frank and genial See also:manners aided him See also:power-fully. His assent to the See also:local measure for indemnifying those who had suffered in the troubles of 1837 led the See also:mob of See also:Montreal to pelt his See also:carriage for the rewarding of rebels for See also:rebellion, as Mr See also:Gladstone described it. But See also:long before his eight years' See also:term of service expired he was the most popular See also:man in Canada. His relations with the See also:United States, his hearty support of the self-See also:government and See also:defence of the See also:colony, and his See also:settlement of the See also:free-See also:trade and See also:fishery questions, led to his being raised in 1849 to the British peerage as See also:Baron Elgin.
Soon after his return to See also:England in 1854, Lord See also:Palmerston offered him a seat in the See also:cabinet as See also:chancellor of the duchy of See also:Lancaster, which he declined. But when, in 1856 the seizure of the " Arrow " by See also:Commissioner Yeh plunged England into See also:war with See also:China, he at once accepted the See also:appointment of See also:special See also:envoy with the expedition. On reaching Point de See also:Galle he was met by a force summoned from Bombay to See also:Calcutta by the See also:news of the See also:sepoy See also:mutiny at See also:Meerut on the 11th of May. His first See also:idea, that the somewhat meagre intelligence would justify most energetic See also:action in China, was at once changed when urgent letters from Lord Canning reached him at See also:Singapore, the next See also:port, on the 3rd of See also:June. H.M.S. " See also:Shannon " was at once sent on to Calcutta with the troops' destined for China, and Lord Elgin himself followed it, when gloomier letters from India reached him. The arrival of the " Shannon " gave new See also:life to the handful of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white men fighting for See also:civilization against fearful odds, and before the reinforcements from England arrived the back of the mutiny had been broken. Nor was the position in China seriously affected by the want of the troops. Lord Elgin sent in his See also:ultimatum to Commissioner Yeh at See also:Canton on the same See also:day, the 12th of See also:December, that he learned the See also:relief of See also:Lucknow, and he soon after sent Yeh a prisoner to Calcutta. By See also:July 1858, after months of See also:Chinese deception, he was able to leave the Gulf of Pechili with the See also:emperor's assent to the Treaty of See also:Tientsin. Subsequently he visited See also:Japan, and obtained less considerable concessions from its government in the Treaty of Yeddo. It is true that the negotiations were confined to the really subordinate Tycoon or See also:Shogun, but that visit proved the beginning of British See also:influence in the most progressive See also:country of See also:Asia. Unfortunately, the Chinese difficulty was not yet at an end. After tedious disputes with the See also:tariff commissioners as to the See also:opium See also:duty, and a visit to the upper See also:waters of the Yang-tzse, Lord Elgin had reached England in May 1859. But when his See also:brother and the allied forces attempted to proceed to See also:Peking with the ratified treaty, they were fired on from the Taku forts at the mouth of the Peiho. The Chinese had resolved to try the See also:fortune of war once more, and Lord See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell again sent out Lord Elgin as See also:ambassador extraordinary to demand an See also:apology for the attack, the See also:execution of the treaty, and an See also:indemnity for the military and See also:naval See also:expenditure. See also:Sir See also:Robert See also:Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of See also:Magdala) and Sir See also:Hope See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
Grant; with the See also:French, so effectuallyrouted the Tatar troops and sacked the Summer See also:Palace that by the 24th of See also:October r86o a See also:convention was concluded which was " entirely satisfactory to Her See also:Majesty's government." Lord Elgin had not been a See also:month at See also:home when Lord Palmerston selected him to be See also:viceroy and governor-general of India. He had now attained the See also:object of his See also:honourable ambition, after the office had been filled in most See also:critical times by his juniors and old See also:college companions, the See also:marquis of Dalhousie and Earl Canning. He succeeded a statesman who had done much to reorganize the whole administration of India, shattered as it had been by the mutiny. But, as the first viceroy directly appointed by the See also:Crown, and as subject to the secretary of See also:state for India, Lord Elgin at once gave up all Lord Canning had fought for, in the co-See also:ordinate See also:independence, or rather the stimulating responsibility, of the governor-general, which had prevailed from the days of See also:Clive and See also:Warren See also:Hastings. On the other See also:hand, he loyally carried out the See also:wise and equitable policy of his predecessor towards our feudatories with a firmness and a dignity that in the See also:case of See also:Holkar and See also:Udaipur had a See also:good effect. He did his best to check the aggression of the Dutch in See also:Sumatra, which was contrary to treaty, and he supported Dost Mahommed in See also:Kabul until that aged See also:warrior entered the then neutral and disputed territory of See also:Herat. Determined to maintain inviolate the integrity of our own See also:north-See also:west frontier, Lord Elgin assembled a See also:camp of exercise at See also:Lahore, and marched a force to the See also:Peshawar border to punish those branches of the Yusufzai tribe who had violated the engagements of 1858.
It was in the midst of this " little war " that he died. Soon after his arrival at Calcutta, he had projected the usual tour to See also:Simla, to be followed by an inspection of the See also:Punjab and its warlike See also:ring-fence of Pathans. He even contemplated the summoning of the central legislative See also:council at Lahore. After passing the summer of 1863 in the cool See also:retreat of Peterhoff, Simla, Lord Elgin began a See also:march across the hills from Simla to See also:Sialkot by the upper valleys of the See also:Beas, the See also:Ravi and the See also:Chenab, chiefly to decide the two allied questions of See also:tea cultivation and trade routes to See also:Kashgar and See also:Tibet, The climbing up to the Rotung Pass (13,000 ft.) which separates the Beas valley from that of the Chenab, and the See also:crossing of the frail twig See also:bridge across the Chundra torrent, prostrated him by the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he had descended into the smiling See also:English-like See also:Kangra valley. Thence he wrote his last See also:letter to Sir See also:Charles See also:Wood, still full of hope and not free from anxiety as to the Sittana expedition. At the lovely See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill station of See also:Dharmsala, " the See also:place of piety," he died of fatty degeneration of See also:heart on the loth of See also:November 1863.
For his whole career see Letters and See also:Journals of James, Eighth Earl of Elgin, edited by Walrond, but corrected by his brother-in-law, See also:Dean See also:Stanley; for the China See also:missions see Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's See also:Mission to China and Japan, by Laurence See also:Oliphant, his private secretary; for the brief See also:Indian administration see the Friend of India for 1862-1863.
End of Article: JAMES BRUCE
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