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MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871)

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 599 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MANSEL, See also:HENRY See also:LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871) , See also:English philosopher, was See also:born at Cosgrove, See also:Northamptonshire (where his See also:father, also Henry Longueville Mansel, See also:fourth son of See also:General See also:John Mansel, was See also:rector), on the 6th of See also:October 182o. He was educated at See also:Merchant Taylors' School and St John's See also:College, See also:Oxford. He took a See also:double first in 1843, and became See also:tutor of his college. He was appointed reader in moral and metaphysical See also:philosophy at Magdalen College in 1855, and See also:Waynflete See also:professor in 1859. He was a See also:great opponent of university reform and of the Hegelianism which was then beginning to take See also:root in Oxford. In 1867 he succeeded A. P. See also:Stanley as professor of ecclesiastical See also:history, and in 1868 he was appointed See also:dean of St See also:Paul's. He died on the 31st of See also:July 1871. The philosophy of Mansel, like that of See also:Sir See also:William See also:Hamilton, was mainly due to See also:Aristotle, See also:Kant and See also:Reid. Like Hamilton, Mansel maintained the purely formal See also:character of See also:logic, the duality of consciousness as testifying to both self and the See also:external See also:world, and the See also:limitation of knowledge to the finite and " conditioned." His doctrines were See also:developed in his edition of See also:Aldrich's Artis logicae rudimenta (1849)—his See also:chief contribution to the reviving study of Aristotle—and in his Prolegomena logica: an Inquiry into the Psychological Character of Logical Processes (1851, 2nd ed. enlarged 1862), in which the limits of logic as the " See also:science of formal thinking " are rigorously deter-See also:mined. In his See also:Bampton lectures on The Limits of Religious Thought (1858, 5th ed.

1867; Danish trans. 1888) he applied to See also:

Christian See also:theology the metaphysical See also:agnosticism which seemed to result from Kant's See also:criticism, and which had been developed in Hamilton's Philosophy of the Unconditioned. While denying all knowledge of the supersensuous, Mansel deviated from Kant in contending that See also:cognition of the ego as it really is is itself a fad of experience. Consciousness, he held—agreeing thus with the See also:doctrine of " natural See also:realism " which Hamilton developed from Reid—implies knowledge both of self and of the external world. The latter Mansel's See also:psychology reduces to consciousness of our organism as extended; with the former is given consciousness of See also:free will and moral See also:obligation. A See also:summary of his philosophy is contained in his See also:article " See also:Meta-physics " in the 8th edition of the See also:Encyclopaedia Britannica (separately published, 186o). Manserwrote also The Philosophy of the Conditioned (1866) in reply to See also:Mill's criticism of Hamilton; Letters, Lectures, and Reviews (ed. See also:Chandler, 1873), and, The Gnostic Heresies (ed. J. B. See also:Lightfoot, 1875, with a See also:biographical See also:sketch by See also:Lord See also:Carnarvon). He wrote a commentary on the first two gospels in the See also:Speaker's Commentary.

See J. W. See also:

Burgon, Lives of Twelve See also:Good Men (1888—188e) ; See also:James See also:Martineau, Essays, Reviews and Addresses (See also:London,1891), 117 seq. ; A. W. See also:Bean, History of See also:Rationalism (1906), ii. 100—112; See also:Masson, See also:Recent See also:British Philosophy (3rd ed., London, 1877), pp. 2g2 seq. ; Sir See also:Leslie See also:Stephen in Dict. Nat. Biog.of See also:Cologne from 1558 to 1562. A See also:scion of another See also:branch of the Mansfelds was See also:Peter See also:Ernst, See also:Furst von See also:Mansfeld (1517-1604), See also:governor of See also:Luxemburg, who unlike his kinsmen was loyal to See also:Charles V.

He went with the See also:

emperor to See also:Tunis and fought for him in See also:France. He was equally loyal to his son, See also:Philip II. of See also:Spain, whom he served at St Quentin and in the See also:Netherlands. He distinguished himself in the See also:field and found See also:time to See also:lead a See also:body of troops to aid the See also:king of France against the See also:Huguenots. In this capacity he was See also:present in 1569 at the See also:battle of Moncontour, where another member of his See also:family, See also:Count Wolrad of Mansfeld (d. 1578) was among the Huguenot leaders. The Mansfeld family became See also:extinct in 1780 on the See also:death of Josef See also:Wenzel See also:Nepomuk, See also:prince of See also:Fondi, the lands being divided between See also:Saxony and See also:Prussia. See L. F. Niemann, Geschichte der Grafen von Mansfeld (See also:Aschersleben, 1834). M'ANSFELD, ERNST, See also:GRAF VON (c. 158o-1626), See also:German soldier, was an illegitimate son of Peter Ernst, Furst von Mansfeld, and passed his See also:early years in his father's See also:palace at Luxemburg. Ile gained his earliest military experiences in See also:Hungary, where his See also:half-See also:brother Charles (1543–1595) also a soldier of renown, held a high command in the imperial See also:army.

Later he served under the See also:

Archduke See also:Leopold, until that prince's ingratitude, real or fancied, drove him into the arms of the enemies of the See also:house of See also:Habsburg. Although remaining a See also:Roman See also:Catholic he allied himself with the See also:Protestant princes, and during the earlier See also:part of the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War he was one of their foremost champions. He was despatched by Charles See also:Emmanuel, See also:duke of See also:Savoy, at the See also:head of about 2000 men to aid the revolting Bohemians when war See also:broke out in 1618. He took See also:Pilsen, but in the summer of 1619 he was defeated at Zablat; after this he offered his services to the emperor See also:Ferdinand II. and remained inactive while the titular king of Bohemia, See also:Frederick V., elector See also:palatine of the See also:Rhine, was driven in headlong rout from See also:Prague. Mansfeld, however, was soon appointed by Frederick to command his army in Bohemia, and in 1621 he took up his position in the Upper See also:Palatinate, successfully resisting the efforts made by See also:Tilly to dislodge him. From the Upper he passed into See also:tile Rhenish Palatinate. Here he relieved See also:Frankenthal and took See also:Hagenau; then, joined by his See also:master, the elector Frederick, he defeated Tilly at Wiesloch in See also:April 1622 and plundered See also:Alsace and See also:Hesse. But Mansfeld's ravages were not confined to the lands of his enemies; they were ruinous to the districts he was commissioned to defend. At length Frederick was obliged to dismiss Mansfeld's troops from his service. Then joining Christian of See also:Brunswick the count led his army through See also:Lorraine, devastating the See also:country as he went, and in See also:August 1622 defeating the Spaniards at See also:Fleurus. He next entered the service of the See also:United Provinces and took up his quarters in See also:East See also:Friesland, capturing fortresses and inflicting' great hardships upon the inhabitants. A See also:mercenary and a See also:leader of mercenaries, Mansfeld often interrupted his See also:campaigns by journeys made for the purpose of raising See also:money, or in other words of selling his services to the highest See also:bidder, and in these See also:diplomatic matters he showed considerable skill.

About 1624 he paid three visits to London, where he was hailed as a See also:

hero by the populace, and at least one to See also:Paris. James I. was anxious to furnish him with men and money for the recovery of the palatinate, but it was not until See also:January 1625 that Mansfeld and his army of " raw and poor rascals " sailed from See also:Dover to the Netherlands. Later in the See also:year, the Thirty Years' War having been renewed under the leadership of Christian IV., king of See also:Denmark, he re-entered See also:Germany to take part therein. But on the 25th of April 1626 See also:Wallenstein inflicted a severe defeat upon him at the See also:bridge of See also:Dessau. Mansfeld, however, quickly raised another army, with which he intended to attack the hereditary lands of the house of See also:Austria, and pursued by Wallenstein he pressed forward towards, Hungary, where he hoped to accomplish his purpose .by the aid of Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania. But when Gabor changed his policy and made See also:peace with the emperor; Mansfeld was compelled to disband his troops.

End of Article: MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871)

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