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MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-1884)

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 788 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MARTENSEN, HANS See also:LASSEN (1808-1884) , Danish divine, was See also:born at Flensburg on the 19th of See also:August 18o8. He studied in See also:Copenhagen, and was ordained in the Danish See also:Church. At Copenhagen he was lektor in See also:theology in 1838, See also:professor extraordinarius in 184o, See also:court preacher also in 1845, and professor ordinarius in 185o. In 1854 he was made See also:bishop of Seeland. In his studies he had come under the See also:influence of See also:Schleiermacher, See also:Hegel and See also:Franz See also:Baader; but he was a See also:man of See also:independent mind, and See also:developed a See also:peculiar speculative theology which showed a disposition towards See also:mysticism and See also:theosophy. His contributions to theological literature included See also:treatises on See also:Christian See also:ethics and dogmatics, on moral See also:philosophy, on See also:baptism, and a See also:sketch of the See also:life of See also:Jakob See also:Boehme, who exercised so marked an influence on the mind of the See also:great See also:English theologian of the 18th See also:century, See also:William See also:Law. Martensen was a distinguished preacher, and his See also:works were translated into various See also:languages. The " See also:official " eulogy he pronounced upon Bishop Jakob P. Mynster (1775-1854) in 1854, brought down upon his See also:head the invectives of the philosopher Soren See also:Kierkegaard. He died at Copenhagen on the 3rd of See also:February 1884. Amongst his works are: Grundriss See also:des Systems der Moralphilosophie (1841; 3rd ed., 1879 ; See also:German, 1845), See also:Die christl. Taufe and die baptistische Frage (2nd ed., 1847; German, 2nd ed., ,86o), Den Christelige Dogmatile (4th ed., 1883; Eng. trans., 1866; German by himself, 4th ed., 1897) ; Christliche Ethik (1871; Eng. trans., See also:Part I.

1873, Part II. 1881 seq.); Hirtenspiegel (1870-1872); Katholizismus and Protestantismus (1874); See also:

Jacob Bohme (1882; Eng. trans., 1885). An autobiography, Aus meinem Leben, appeared in 1883, and after his See also:death the Briefwechsel zwischen Martensen and Darner (1888). MARTHA'S VINEYARD, an See also:island including the greater part of See also:Dukes See also:county, See also:Massachusetts, U.S.A., lying about 3 M. off the See also:southern See also:coast of that See also:state. Its extreme length (See also:east to See also:west) is about 20 m., and its extreme width (See also:north to See also:south) about 92 M. Along its north-west and a portion of its north-east See also:shore lies Vineyard See also:Sound. Its See also:principal bays are Vineyard Haven Harbor, a deep indentation at the northernmost See also:angle of the island; and, on the eastern coast, Edgartown Harbor and Katama See also:Bay, both formed by the juxtaposition of Chappaquiddick Island. The See also:surface is mainly See also:flat, excepting a See also:strip about 2 M. broad along the north-western coast, and the two western townships (Chilmark and See also:Gay Head), which are hilly, with several eminences of 200 to 300 ft.—the highest, Prospect See also:Peak, in Chilmark township, 308 ft. Gay Head See also:Light; a See also:beacon near the western extremity, stands among picturesque cliffs, 145 ft. above the See also:sea. Along the southern coast are many ponds, all shut off from the ocean by a narrow strip of See also:land, excepting Tisbury Great See also:Pond, which has a small outlet to the sea. Others are Sengekontacket Pond on the eastern coast; See also:Lagoon Pond, which is practically an See also:arm of Vineyard Haven Harbor; and, about a mile east of the Harbor, Chappaquonsett Pond. Martha's Vineyard is divided into the following townships (from east to west): Edgartown (in the south-eastern part of the island), pop.

(191o), 1191; See also:

area, 29'7 sq. m.; See also:Oak Bluffs (north-eastern portion), pop. (191o), 1084; area, 7'9 sq. m.; Tisbury, pop. (191o), 1196; area, 7'1 sq. m.; West Tisbury, pop. (1910), 437; area, 3o'5 sq. m.; Chilmark, pop. (1910), 282; area, 19.4 sq. m.; and Gay Head, pop. (1910), 162; area 5.2 sq. m. The See also:population of the county, including the See also:Elizabeth Ids. (See also:Gosnold See also:town, pop. 152), N. W. of Martha's Vineyard; Chappaquiddick Island (Edgartown township), and No Man's Land (a small island south-west of Martha's Vineyard), was 4561 in 1900 (of whom 645 were See also:foreign-born, including 79 Portuguese and 72 English-Canadians, and 154 See also:Indians), and in 191o, 4504. The principal villages are Oak Bluffs on the north-See also:cast coast, facing Vineyard Sound; Vineyard Haven, in Tisbury township, beautifully situated on the west shore of Vineyard Haven Harbor, and Edgartown on See also:Edgar-town Harbor—all summer resorts. No Man's Land, included politically in Chilmark township, lies about 62 in. south of Gay Head.

It is about 11 m. See also:

long (east and west) and about 1 in. wide, is composed of treeless swamps, and is used mainly for See also:sheep-grazing; the neighbouring See also:waters are excellent fishing ground. Martha's Vineyard is served by steamship lines from See also:Wood's Hole and New See also:Bedford to Vineyard Haven, Oak Bluffs, and Edgartown. The Martha's Vineyard railway (from Oak Bluffs to the south-east extremity of the island, by way of Edgartown), opened in 1874, was not a See also:financial success, and had been practically abandoned in 1909, but an electric See also:line from Oak Bluffs to Vineyard Haven provides transit facilities for that part of the island. For more than a century See also:whale fishing was practically the See also:sole See also:industry of Martha's Vineyard. It was carried on at first from the shore in small boats; but by the first See also:decade of the x8th century vessels especially built for the purpose were being used, and by 176o shore fishing had been practically abandoned. The industry, seriously crippled by invasions of See also:British troops during the See also:War of See also:American See also:Independence —especially by a force which landed at See also:Holmes's Hole (Vineyard Haven) in See also:September 1778—and again during the War of 1812, revived and was at its height in 1840-1850, only to receive another setback during the See also:Civil War. In the last part of the 19th century its decline was rapid, not only because of the increasing scarcity of whales, but because of the introduction of the See also:mineral See also:oils, and by the end of the century whaling had ceased to be of any economic importance. See also:Herring fishing, on both the north and the south shore, occupies a small percent-See also:age of the inhabitants, and there is also some deep-sea fishing. Sheep-raising, especially for See also:wool, is an industry of considerable importance, and Dukes county is one of the three most important counties of the state in this industry. Martha's Vineyard was discovered in 1602 by See also:Captain See also:Bartholomew Gosnold, who landed (May 21) on the island now called No Man's Land, and named it Martha's Vineyard,' which name was subsequently applied to the larger island. Captain Gosnold rounded Gay Head, which he named See also:Dover Cliff, and established on what is now Cuttyhunk Island, which he called Elizabeth Island, the first (though, as it proved, a temporary) English See also:settlement in New See also:England. The entire line of sixteen islands, of which Cuttyhunk is the westernmost of the larger ones, have since been called the Elizabeth Islands; they See also:form the dividing line between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound, and in 1864 were incorporated as Gosnold township (pop. in 1905, 161) of Dukes county.

The territory within the See also:

jurisdiction of the See also:Council for New England was parcelled in 1635 among the patentees in such 1 In the 17th century both " Martha's Vineyard " and "See also:Martin's Vineyard " were used, and the latter appears in a See also:book as See also:early as 1638 and in another as See also:late as 1699, and on a See also:map as late as 167o. It seems probable that the See also:original form was Martin, the name of one of Gosnold's See also:crew; according to some authorities the name Martha's Vineyard was adopted by See also:Mayhew in See also:honour his wife or daughter. terms—owing to insufficient knowledge of the See also:geography of the coast—that both William See also:Alexander, See also:earl of See also:Stirling, and See also:Sir Ferdinando See also:Gorges, proprietor of See also:Maine, claimed Martha's Vineyard. In 1641 Stirling's See also:agent, Forrett, sold to See also:Thomas Mayhew (1592-1682),1 of See also:Watertown, Massachusetts, for $200, the island of See also:Nantucket, with several smaller neighbouring islands, and also Martha's Vineyard. It seems probable that Forrett acted without authority, and his successor, Forrester, was arrested by the Dutch in New See also:Amsterdam and sent to See also:Holland before he could confirm the See also:transfer. In 1644 the Commissioners of the See also:United Colonies, apparently at the See also:request of the inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard, annexed the island to Massachusetts, but ten years later the islanders declared their independence of that See also:colony, and apparently for the next decade managed their own affairs. Meanwhile Mayhew had recognized the jurisdiction of Maine; 2 and though the officials of that See also:province showed no disposition to See also:press their claim, it seems that this technical See also:suzerainty continued until 1664, when the See also:Duke of See also:York received from his See also:brother, See also:Charles II., the See also:charter for governing New York, New See also:Jersey, and other territory, including Martha's Vineyard. In 1671 See also:Governor See also:Francis See also:Lovelace, of New York, appointed Mayhew governor for life of Martha's Vineyard; in 1683, the island, with Nantucket, the Elizabeth Islands, No Man's Land, and Chappaquiddick Island were erected into Dukes county, and in 1695 the county was re-incorporated by Massachusetts with Nantucket excluded. Under the new charter of Massachusetts Bay (1691), after some dispute between Massachusetts and New York, Martha's Vineyard became a part of Massachusetts. There is a tradition that the first settlement of Martha's Vineyard was made in 1632, at or near the See also:present site of Edgar-town See also:village, by several English families forming part of a See also:company See also:bound for See also:Virginia, their See also:ship having put in at this See also:harbour on See also:account of heavy See also:weather. It is certain, however, that in 1642, the See also:year after Thomas Mayhew bought the island, his son, also named Thomas Mayhew (c. 1616-1657), and several other persons established a See also:plantation on the site of what is now Edgartown village.

This settlement was at first called " Great Harbor," but soon after Mayhew was appointed governor of the island it was named Edgartown, probably in honour of the only surviving son of the Duke of York. The younger Mayhew, soon after removing to Martha's Vineyard, devoted himself to missionary See also:

work among the Indians, his work beginning at about the same See also:time as that of See also:John See also:Eliot; he was lost at sea in 1657 while on his way to secure financial assistance in England, and his work was continued successfully by his See also:father.3 The township of Edgartown was incorporated in 1671, and is the county-seat of Dukes county. In 1783 several Edgartown families joined the association made up of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, See also:Providence and See also:Newport whalers, who founded See also:Hudson, on the Hudson See also:river, in See also:Columbia county, New York. Oak Bluffs had its origin as a settlement in the See also:camp meetings, which were begun here in 1835, and by 186o had grown to large proportions. As the village See also:expanded ' Mayhew was born at Tisbury, See also:Wiltshire, was a See also:merchant in See also:Southampton, emigrated to Massachusetts about 1633, settled at Watertown, See also:Mass., in 1635; was a member of the Massachusetts See also:General Court in -1636-1644, and after 1644 or 1645 lived on Martha's Vineyard. 2 It appears from a See also:letter from Mayhew to Governor See also:Andros in 1675 that about 1641 Mayhew obtained a See also:conveyance to Martha's Vineyard from See also:Richard Vines, agent of Gorges. See F. B. Hough, Papers See also:Relating to the Island of Nantucket, with Documents Relating to the Original Settlement of that Island, Martha's Vineyard, &c. (See also:Albany, N.Y., 1856). 3 In 1901, a See also:boulder memorial was erected to the younger Mayhew on the West Tisbury road, between the village of that name and Edgartown, marking the spot where the missionary bade farewell to several See also:hundred Indians. The Martha's Vineyard Indians were subject to the Wampanoag tribe, on the mainland, were See also:expert watermen, and were very numerous when the whites first came.

Nearly all of them were converted to See also:

Christianity by the Mayhews, and they were friendly to the settlers during See also:King See also:Philip's war. By 1698 their See also:numbers had been reduced to about See also:i000, and by 1764 to about 300. Soon after this they began to intermarry with negroes, and now only faint traces of them remain.it took the name of Cottage See also:City. In 188o the township was incorporated under that name, which it retained until See also:January 1907, when the name (and that of the village also) was changed to Oak Bluffs. Tisbury township was bought from the Indians in 1669 and was incorporated in 1671. Its principal village, Vineyard Haven, was called " Holmes's Hole " (in honour of one of the early settlers) until 1871, when the present name was adopted. West Tisbury township was set off from Tisbury, and incorporated in 1892. Chilmark township was incorporated in 1694. Gay Head township was set off from Chilmark, and incorporated in 187o. See C. See also:Gilbert Hine, The See also:Story of Martha's Vineyard (New York, 19o8); Charles E. See also:Banks, " Martha's Vineyard and the Province of Maine " in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine See also:Historical Society, 2nd See also:series, vol. ix. p.

123 (See also:

Portland, Maine, 1898); and See also:Walter S. See also:Tower, A See also:History of the American Whale See also:Fishery (See also:Philadelphia, 1907). (G.

End of Article: MARTENSEN, HANS LASSEN (1808-1884)

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