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See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
HENRY VI . (1421-1471), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:England, son of Henry V. and See also:Catherine of See also:Valois, was See also:born at See also:Windsor on the 6th of See also:December 1421. He became king of England on the 1st of See also:September 1422, and a few See also:weeks later, on the See also:death of his grandfather See also:Charles VI., was proclaimed king of See also:France also. Henry V. had directed that See also:Richard See also:Beauchamp, See also:earl of See also:Warwick (q.v.), should be his son's See also:preceptor; Warwick took up his See also:charge in 1428; he trained his See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil to be a See also:good See also:man and refined See also:gentleman, but he could not See also:teach him kingship. As See also:early as 1423 the baby king was made to appear at public functions and take his See also:place in See also:parliament. He was knighted by his See also:uncle See also:Bedford at See also:Leicester in May 1426, and on the 6th of See also:November 1429 was crowned at See also:Westminster.
Early in the next See also:year he was taken over to France, and after See also:long delay crowned in See also:Paris on the 16th of December 1431. His return to See also:London on the 14th of See also:February 1432 was celebrated with a See also:great See also:pageant devised by See also:Lydgate.
During these early years Bedford ruled France wisely and at first with success, but he could not prevent the See also:mischief which See also:Humphrey of See also:Gloucester (q.v.) caused both at See also:home and abroad. Even in France the See also:English lost ground steadily after the victory of See also:Joan of Arc before See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans in 1429. The See also:climax came with the death of Bedford, and defection of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip of See also:Burgundy in 1435. This closed the first phase of Henry's reign. There followed fifteen years of vain struggle in France, and growing disorder at home. The determining See also:factor in politics was the conduct of the See also:war. See also:Cardinal See also:Beaufort, and after him See also:Suffolk, sought by working for See also:peace to secure at least See also:Guienne and See also:Normandy. Gloucester courted popularity by opposing them throughout; with him was Richard of See also:York, who stood next in See also:succession to the See also:crown. Beaufort controlled the See also:council, and it was under his guidance that the king began to take See also:part in the See also:government. Thus it was natural that as Henry See also:grew to manhood he seconded heartily the peace policy. That policy was See also:wise, but See also:national See also:pride made it unpopular and difficult. Henry himself had not the strength or knowledge to See also:direct it, and was unfortunate in his advisers. The cardinal was old, his nephews See also:John and See also:Edmund Beaufort were incompetent, Suffolk, though a man of See also:noble See also:character, was tactless. Suffolk, however, achieved a great success by negotiating the See also:marriage of Henry to See also:Margaret of See also:Anjou (q.v.) in 1445. Humphrey of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort both died early in 1447. Suffolk was now all-powerful in the favour of the king and See also:queen. But his home See also:administration was unpopular, whilst the incapacity of Edmund Beaufort ended in the loss of all Normandy and Guienne. Suffolk's fall in 1450 See also:left Richard of York the foremost man in England. Henry's reign then entered on its last phase of dynastic struggle. See also:Cade'srebellion suggested first that popular discontent might result in a See also:change of rulers. But York, as See also:heir to the See also:throne, could abide his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. The situation was altered by the See also:mental derangement of the king, and the See also:birth of his son in 1453. York after a struggle secured the protectorship, and for the next year ruled England. Then Henry was restored to sanity, and the queen and Edmund Beaufort, now See also:Duke of See also:Somerset, to See also:power. Open war followed, with the defeat and death of Somerset at St Albans on the 22nd of May 1455. Nevertheless a hollow peace was patched up, which continued during four years with lack of all governance. In 1459 war See also:broke out again. On the loth of See also:July 146o Henry was taken prisoner at See also:Northampton, and forced to acknowledge York as heir, to the exclusion of his own son. Richard of York's death at See also:Wakefield (Dec. 29, 1460), and the queen's victory at St Albans (Feb. 17, 1461), brought Henry his freedom and no more. See also:Edward of York had himself proclaimed king, and by his decisive victory at See also:Towton on the 29th of See also:March, put an end to Henry's reign. For over three years Henry was a fugitive in See also:Scotland. He returned to take part in an abortive rising in 1464. A year later he was captured in the See also:north, and brought a prisoner to the See also:Tower. For six months in 1470-1471 he emerged to hold a shadowy kingship as Warwick's puppet. Edward's final victory at See also:Tewkesbury was followed by Henry's death on the 21st of May 1471, certainly by violence, perhaps at the hands of Richard of Gloucester.
Henry was the most hapless of monarchs. He was so honest and well-meaning that he might have made a good ruler in quiet times. But he was crushed by the See also:burden of his See also:inheritance.
He had not the See also:genius to find a way out of the See also:French entanglement or the skill to See also:steer a constitutional See also:monarchy between See also:rival factions. So the See also:system and policy which were the creations of Henry IV. and Henry V. led under Henry VI. to the ruin of their See also:dynasty. Henry's very virtues added to his difficulties. He was so trusting that any one could See also:influence him, so faithful that he would not give up a See also:minister who had become impossible. Thus even in the See also:middle See also:period' he had no real See also:control of the government. In his latter years he was mentally too weak for See also:independent See also:action. At his best he was a " good and gentlecreature," but too kindly and generous to See also:rule others. Religious observances and study were his See also:chief occupations. His piety was genuine; See also:simple and pure, he was shocked at any See also:suggestion of impropriety, but his rebuke was only " Fie, for shame! forsooth ye are to blame." For See also:education he was really zealous. Even as a boy he was concerned for the upbringing of his See also:half-See also:brothers, his See also:mother's See also:children by See also:Owen Tudor. Later, the planning of his great See also:foundations at See also:Eton and King's See also:College, See also:Cambridge, was the one thing which absorbed his See also:interest. To both he was more than a royal founder, and the See also:credit of the whole See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme belongs to him. The See also:charter for Eton was granted on the 11th of See also:October 1440, and that for King's College in the following February. Henry himself laid the See also:foundation-stones of both buildings. He frequently visited Cambridge to superintend the progress of the See also:work. When at Windsor he loved to send for the boys from his school and give them good See also:advice.
Henry's only son was Edward, See also:prince of See also:Wales (1453-1471), who, having shared the many journeys and varying fortunes of his mother, Margaret, was killed after the See also:battle of Tewkesbury (May 4, 1471) by some noblemen in attendance on Edward IV.
There is a See also:life of Henry by his See also:chaplain John Waltman (printed at the end of See also:Hearne's edition of Ottcrbourne) ; but it is concerned only with his piety and See also:patience in adversity. English See also:chronicles for the reign are scanty; the best are the Chronicles of London (ed. C. L. See also:Kingsford), with the analogous See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory's See also:Chronicle (ed. J. See also:Gairdner for See also:Camden See also:Soc.) and Chronicle of London (ed. See also:Sir H. N. See also:Nicolas). The Poston Letters, with See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Gairdner's valuable Introductions, are indispensable. Other useful authorities are See also:Joseph See also:Stevenson's Letters and Papers illustrative of the See also:Wars of the English in France during the Reign of Henry VI.; and See also:Correspondence of T. Bekyr{ton (both in " Rolls " See also:series). For the French war the chief See also:sources are the Chronicles of See also:Monstrelet, D'Escouchy and T. See also:Basin. For other documents and See also:modern authorities see under HENRY IV. For Henry's foundations see Sir H. C. See also:Maxwell-See also:Lyte, See also:History of Eton College (London, 1899), and J. B. Mullinger, History of the University of Cambridge (London, 1888), (C. L.
End of Article: HENRY VI
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