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TIOMM See also:lane ~, : i 4 i See also:MEWS NM TO WmTIM anmmon See also:Augustus, See also:Sardinia and See also:Corsica See also:fell to the See also:share of the See also:senate, but in A.D. 6, Augustus, owing to the frequent disturbances, took them over and placed them under a praefectus. Tiberius sent 4000 Jewish and See also:Egyptian freedmen to the See also:island to bring the brigands to sub-See also:mission (Tac. See also:Ann. ii. 85). Later on two cohorts were quartered there and also detachments of the Classis Misenas, as the See also:discharge certificates (tabulae honestae See also:missions) of the former and tombstones of the latter found in the island' show (C.I.L. x. 777). In A.D. 67 See also:Nero restored Sardinia to the senate (but not Corsica) in See also:exchange for See also:Achaea, and the former was then governed by a legatus See also:pro praetore; but See also:Vespasian took it over again before A.D. 78, and placed it under an imperial See also:procurator as praefectus. It returned to the senate, not before A.D. 83 but certainly before the reign of M. Aurelius, when we find it governed by a proconsul, as it was under See also:Commodus; the latter, or perhaps Septimius See also:Severus, took it over again and placed it under a procurator as praefectus once more (D. Vaglieri in Notizie degli scavi, 1897, 280). A See also:bronze tablet discovered in 1866 near the See also:village of Esterzili is inscribed with a See also:decree of the See also:time of See also:Otho with regard to the boundaries of three tribes, the Gallienses, Patulienses and Campani, who inhabited the eastern portion of the island. The former tribe had crossed the boundaries of the other two, and was ordered to with-draw immediately under See also:pain of See also:punishment (Corp. inscr. See also:Lat. x. 7852). See also:Carales was the only See also:city with See also:Roman civic rights in Sardinia in See also:Pliny's time (when it received the See also:privilege is unknown) and by far the most important See also:place in the island; a Roman See also:colony had been founded at Turris Libisonis (See also:Porto Torres) and others, later on, at Usellis and See also:Cornus. We hear little of the island under the See also:Empire, except as a granary and as remarkable for its unhealthiness and the audacity of its brigands. It was not infrequently used as a place of See also:exile. A number of Roman towns are known to us. Besides those already mentioned, including the Phoenician cities (all of which continued to Towns exist in Roman days) the most important were See also:Bosa (q.v.), and See also:Forum Traiani (mod. Fordungianus) (q.v.), Neapolis and tribes. Othoca (mod. See also:Oristano, q.v.). An interesting See also:group of Roman houses was found in 1878 at Bacu Abis, 5 m. W. of See also:Iglesias, but has been covered up again (F. Vivanet in Notizie degli scavi, 1878, 271). The name Barbaria for the mountainous See also:district in the See also:east centre of Sardinia, in the district of See also:Nuoro, which still exists in the See also:form Barbargia, goes back to the Roman See also:period, the civitates Barbariae being mentioned in an inscription of the time of Tiberius (Corp. inscr. Lat. xiv. 2954). The Barbaricini are mentioned in the 6th See also:century A.D. by See also:Procopius, who wrongly derives the name from several thousand See also:Moors and Numidians who were banished to the island by the Vandal See also:kings, while See also:Gregory the See also:Great speaks of them in a See also:letter (iv. 23) to Hospito, their See also:chief, as a still See also:pagan See also:race, worshipping See also:stocks and stones. The towns were connected by a considerable network of roads, with a See also:total length of 958 Roman Roads. See also:miles according to the Itineraries, the most important of which ran from Carales to Turris Libisonis (Porto Torres) through the centre of the island, passing Othoca (Oristano) and Forum Traiani. Its See also:line is followed closely by the See also:modern highroad and railway. A portion of its course, however, between Forum Traiani and the modern Abbasanta, is not so followed, and is still well preserved. Its width is as a See also:rule about 24 ft.; at See also:present its See also:surface is formed of rough cobbling, upon which there was probably a See also:gravel layer, now washed away. Several milestones belonging to it have been discovered, including one of the time of Augustus and one of See also:Claudius near Forum Traiani, and one of Nero near Turris Libisonis, though it was probably not completed right through until a later period (T. See also:Mommsen in Corp. inscr. Lat. x. 833; cf. Eph. epigr. viii. 181-183). A See also:branch from this road ran to See also:Olbia (followed closely by the modern highroad and railway also), and was perhaps the See also:main line of communication, though the itineraries See also:state that the road from Carales to Olbia ran through the centre of the island by Biora, See also:Valentia, Sorabile (near See also:Fonni) and Caput Thyrsi. Many milestones belonging to the road from Carales to Olbia have been found, but all but one of them (which was seen at Valentia) belong to the portion of the road within 12 M. of the latter place, so that they might belong to either line (see O1.BIA). The distance seems to be identical by either route. The itineraries give it as 176 m.—the exact distance in See also:English miles by the modern railway! The difference between English and Roman miles would be compensated for by the more devious course taken by the railway. Turris Libisonis was also connected with Othoca by a road along the See also:west See also:coast, passing through See also:Tharros, Cornus and Bosa; this road went on to Tibula2 (See also:Capo della Testa) at the See also:north extremity of the island and so by the coast to Olbia. From Tibula another road ran inland to join the road from Carales to Olbia some 16 m. west of the latter. The discharge certificates of sailors from the Classis Misenas and Classis Ravennatis belonged to Sardinians who had returned See also:home after service in those fleets. 2 Excavations made in 188o at Tibula and Sorabile resulted in the See also:discovery at the former of a See also:necropolis of the See also:late Empire, in which the dead were buried in See also:long amphorae, while at the latter Roman See also:baths were explored (F. Vivanet in Notizie degli scavi, 1879, 350; 1881, 29 sqq.). Carales was also connected with Olbia by -a road along the east coast. The See also:south-west corner of the island was served by a See also:direct road from Carales westward through Decimomannu (See also:note the name Decimo, a survival, no doubt, of a Roman See also:post-station ad decimum lapidem), where there is a See also:fine Roman See also:bridge over 100 yds. long of fourteen See also:arches, still well preserved. The width of the roadway is only i i ft. There is also a road through See also:Nora and along the coast past See also:Sulci to Metalla and Neapolis, and thence to Othoca. After the time of See also:Constantine, the See also:administration of Sardinia was separated from that of Corsica, each island being governed by a praeses dependent on the vicarius urbis Romae. In 456 it was seized by Genseric. It was retakenpeByzand
oNtine
for a See also:short time by Marcellianus, but was not
finally recovered until the fall of the Vandal See also:kingdom in See also:Africa in 534, by See also:Cyril. In 551 it was taken by See also:Totila, but reconquered after his See also:death by See also:Narses for the See also:Byzantine Empire. Under See also:Byzantium it remained nominally until the loth century, when we find the chief See also:magistrate still bearing the See also:title of apXwv 3
In the 8th century4 (720) the period of Saracen invasion began; but the See also:Saracens never secured a See also:firm footing in the island. In 725 Luidprand See also:purchased and removed to See also:Pavia the See also:body Saracens„ of St See also:Augustine of See also:Hippo from Cagliari, whither it had
been brought in the 6th century by the exiled See also:bishop of Hippo. In 815 Sardinia submitted to See also:
are already mentioned as existing in the See also:account of
the mission sent by See also:Nicholas I. in 864 (See also:Duchesne, See also:Liber pontificalis, ii. 162), as though the single authority of the Byzantine apxwv was already weakened. The three apxovres who appear in the loth-century See also:inscriptions just mentioned See also:bear alternately the names Torcotorius and Salusius; and, inasmuch as this is the See also:case with the judices of Cagliari from the nth to the 13th century, there seems no doubt that they were the successors of these Byzantine apxovres, who were perhaps the actual founders of the See also:dynasty. These names, indeed, continue even after the Pisan See also:family of Lacon-See also:Massa had by See also:marriage succeeded to the judicature. The See also:Greek See also:language occurs in their See also:official See also:seals down to the r3th century. Intermarriage (sometimes illicit) was apparently freely used by the dominant families for the concentration of their power. Thus we find that after the failure of Musat members of the family of Lacon-Unali filled all the four judicatures of the island (Taramelli, See also:Arch. stor. Surd., cit. 105). In the continual struggles between Pisa and See also:Genoa some of these princes.took the See also:side of the latter. In 1164 Barisone, giudice of Arborea, was given the title of See also: Taramelli in Notizie degli scavi (1906), 123 sqq.; cf. Archivio storico Sardo (1907), 92; and there are a few churches of the Byzantine period and See also:style, a considerable number of Byzantine inscriptions, dedications to Greek See also:saints, and other traces of the See also:influence of the Eastern Empire in the island.
4 Some authorities attribute to 774, others to 817, a donation of Sardinia to the papacy; we hear of Pope Nicholas I. sending legates in 865 to quell disturbances and check evil practices in the island.
6 There is no See also:authentic See also:history for the intervening period; the famous " pergamene d'Arborea," published by P. See also:Martini in 1863 at Cagliari, have been shown to be modern forgeries.
remained a prisoner at See also:Bologna until his death. After this the Pisan supremacy of the island seems to have become more of a reality, but Arborea remained See also:independent, and after the defeat of the Pisans by the Genoese at the See also:naval See also:battle of See also:Meloria in 1284 they were obliged to surrender See also:Sassari and Logudoro to Genoa. In 1297 See also:Boniface VIII. invested See also: The Aragonese enjoyed at first the assistance of the See also:giudici of Arborea, who had remained in power; but in 1352 See also:war See also:broke Aragonese out between Mariano IV. and the Aragonese, and was period. carried on by his daughter Eleonora, wife of Branca-
leone See also:Doria of Genoa, until her death in 1403. See also:Peter IV. had meanwhile in 1355 called together the See also:Cortes (See also:parliament) of the three estates (the nobles, the See also:clergy and the representatives of the towns) for the first time after the See also:model of Aragon. After 1403 the Aragonese became masters of Arborea also. The title of giudice was abolished and a feudal marquisate substituted. The carta de logu (del luogo) or See also:code of See also:laws issued by her was in 1421 extended to the whole island by the cortes under the See also:presidency of See also:Alphonso V., who visited Sardinia in that See also:year. In 1478 the marquisate of Oristano was suppressed, and henceforth the island was governed by See also:Spanish viceroys with the feudal regime of the great nobles under them, the Cortes being convoked once every ten years. Many of the churches show characteristic Spanish Late See also:Gothic See also:architecture which survived until a comparatively See also:recent period. The See also:Renaissance had little or no influence on Sardinian architecture and culture.
The island remained a Spanish See also:province until the War of the Spanish See also:Succession, when in 1708 Cagliari capitulated to an Modem English See also:fleet, and the island became See also:Austrian; the history., status quo was confirmed by the See also:peace of See also:Utrecht in
1713. In 1717, however, See also:Cardinal See also:Alberoni retook Cagliari for See also:Spain; but this state of things was short-lived, for in 1720, by the treaty of See also:London, Sardinia passed in exchange for See also:Sicily to the See also:dukes of See also:Savoy, to whom it brought the royal title. The See also:population was at that time a little over 300,000; public See also:security and See also:education were alike lacking, and there were considerable animosities between different parts of the island. Matters improved considerably under See also: The See also:French attacks of 1792-1793 were repelled by the inhabitants, Cagliari being unsuccessfully bombarded by the French fleet, and the refusal by See also:Victor Amadeus III. to See also: See also:Tennant, Sardinia and its Resources (London, 1885) ; G. Strafforello, Sardegna (See also:Turin, 1815); F. Pais-Serra, Relazione del-l' inchiesta sulle condizioni economiche della Sardegna (See also:Rome, 1896) ; G. Pinza, " I Monumenti primitivi della Sardegna " in Monumenti dei Lincei, xi. (1901) ; F. Nissardi, Contributo alla storia dei Nuraghi " in Atli del Congresso delle Scienze Storiche (Rome, 1903), vol. v. (Archeologia) (1904), 651 sqq. ; G. Sergi, La Sardegna (Turin, 1907) ; Archivib storico Sardo from 1905; D. Scano, Storia dell' arte in Sardegna dal XI. at XIV. secolo (Cagliari and Sassari, 1907) ; D. See also:Mackenzie, Ausonia, iii. (Rome, 1908), 18, and See also:Memnon, ii. (Leipzig, 1909) ; and " Dolmens, Tombs of the Giants and Nuraghi of Sardinia," in Papers of the See also:British School at Rome. v. 89 (1910). (T. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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