JUVENILE OFFENDERS . In See also:

• MODERN

The substantial See also:

• MOVEMENT

Wiser legislation has followed, and an act of 1899 abolished preliminary imprisonment. Existing reformatories, or " See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

The first Industrial School Act was passed in 1856 and applied only to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

The See also:

• BRITISH

For industrial schools, including truant and day schools, the total admissions, up to the 31st of December 1907, were 153,893, or 120,955 boys and 32,938 girls. The total discharges to the same date (excluding transfers) were 136,961, or 108,398 boys and 28,563 girls. The results as tested by those discharged in 1904, 1905 and 1906 were as follow :- Boys.-89o9 were placed out, of whom 118 had since died, leaving 8791 to be reported on; of these it was found that 7547 (or about 86%) were in regular employment; 415 (or about 4. 7%) were in casual employment; 419 (or about 4.7%) convicted or re-committed; and 410 or about 4.6%) unknown. Girls. 25o5 placed out, of whom 5o had died, leaving 2455; of these 218o (or about 89 %) were in regular employment; 112 (or about 4 %) were in casual employment; 21 (or about i %) convicted or re-committed; and 142 (or about 6 %) unknown. These results are of course wholly See also:

• INDEPENDENT

The See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

Belgium.—The law of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

The public or private See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

Demetz conceived the idea of an agricultural colony, and in 1840 organized a small " society paternelle," as it was called, of which he became See also:

• VICE

There are several female colonies, especially that of Darnetal at Rouen. It is for the See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

Youths between twelve and eighteen may be convicted, but their offences are passed over if they are proved to have acted without discretion. There are many kinds of correctional institutions and a number of schools not of a correctional character. These last are generally very small, the largest taking barely a See also:

• HUNDRED

They take See also:

• PART

None of these is exclusively agricultural; ten are industrial, seven industrial and agricultural combined. In Italy the age of responsibility is nine, below which no child can be charged with an offence. The See also:

• ITALIAN

If their conduct at school or at home is such that a more severe correctional treatment is necessary for their rescue. Under this law the state is also to provide special schools to take all above ten who have shown See also:

• PECULIAR

It was based upon the principle that crime ought to be attacked in its beginnings by other than ordinary punitive and prison methods. Under this view, the right of society to defend itself by See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

The exact measure of reformation achieved can never be exactly known, from the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

This at once differentiates the class of women from that in ordinary penal establishments. At the same time we find that other women guilty of serious crime are sent by the courts to this prison with a view to their reform. Thus of 352 inmates, while no fewer than 200 were convicted of drunkenness, there were also 63 cases of offences against chastity and 30 of See also:

• LARCENY (an adaptation of Fr. larcin, O. Fr. larrecin, from Lat. latrocinium, theft, latio, robber)

The original features of the institution are that the motto " Nothing without labour " is rigidly enforced, and that self-government is carried to a point that, with See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

They were to be divided on arrival into three separate classes, penal, ordinary and special, with promotion by See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

In the next year it was adopted for all offenders between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one committed to prison, as far as the length of sentence would permit. The commissioners of prisons, in their Report for the year 1908 (Cd. 4300) thus expressed themselves on the working of the experiment: " Experience soon began to point to the probable success of this general application of the principle, in spite of the fact that the prevailing shortness of sentences operated against full benefit being derived from reformatory effort. The success was most marked in those localities where magistrates, or other benevolent persons, personally co-operated in making the scheme a success. Local Borstal committees were established at all prisons, and it was arranged that those members of the local committees should become ex officio honorary members of the Central Borstal Association, which it was intended should become, what it now is, the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

The licence is issued on condition that he is placed under the supervision or authority of some society or person willing to take charge of him. Supervision is introduced after the expiration of the term of sentence, and power is given to transfer to prison incorrigibles or those exercising a bad influence on the other inmates of a Borstal institution. The act marks a noteworthy advance in the endeavour to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)