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ROSMEAD, HERCULES GEORGE ROBERT ROBIN...

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Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 739 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ROSMEAD, See also:HERCULES See also:GEORGE See also:ROBERT See also:ROBINSON, 1ST See also:BARON (1824-1897) , See also:British colonial See also:administrator, was See also:born on the 19th of See also:December 1824. He was of Irish descent on both sides; his See also:father was See also:Admiral Hercules Robinson, his See also:mother a See also:Miss See also:Wood of Rosmead, See also:County See also:Westmeath, from which he afterwards took his See also:title. Passing from See also:Sandhurst into the 87th See also:Foot, he attained the See also:rank of See also:captain; but in 1846, through the See also:influence of See also:Lord Naas, he obtained a See also:post in the See also:Board of Public See also:Works in See also:Ireland, and subsequently became See also:chief See also:commissioner of fairs and markets. His See also:energy in these positions, notably during the See also:famine of 1848, and the clearness and vigour of his reports, secured for him at the See also:age of See also:thirty the See also:office of See also:president of the See also:island of See also:Montserrat. Subsequently he was See also:governor of St See also:Christopher, from 1855 to 1859, when he was knighted in recognition of his services in introducing See also:coolie labour into the island; of Hong-See also:Kong; of See also:Ceylon (K.C.M.G. in 1869); and in 1872 of New See also:South See also:Wales. It See also:fell to his See also:lot to annex the See also:Fiji Islands to the British See also:Empire, and his services were rewarded in 1875 by promotion to G.C.M.G. In 1879 he was transferred to New See also:Zealand, and in 188o he succeeded See also:Sir Bartle See also:Frere as high commissioner of South See also:Africa. He arrived in South Africa shortly before the disaster of See also:Majuba, and was one of the commissioners for negotiating a See also:peace which was personally distasteful to him. It See also:left him with the task of conciliating on the one See also:hand a Dutch party elated with victory, and on the other hand a British party almost ready to despair of the British connexion. He was called See also:home in 1883 to advise the See also:government on the terms of the new See also:convention concluded with the See also:Transvaal Boers in See also:February 1884. On his return to South Africa he found that a See also:critical situation had arisen in See also:Bechuanaland, where See also:Boer commandoes had seized large tracts of territory and proclaimed the "republics" of Stella and See also:Goshen. They refused to retire within the limits of the Transvaal as defined by the new convention, and Robinson, alive to the See also:necessity of preserving this See also:country—the See also:main road to the See also:north—for See also:Great See also:Britain, deter-See also:mined on vigorous See also:action.

See also:

John See also:Mackenzie and later See also:Cecil See also:Rhodes were sent to secure the peaceful submission of the Boers, but without immediate result, partly owing to the attitude of the Cape See also:ministry. Robinson's See also:declaration that the See also:advice of his ministers to patch up a See also:settlement with the filibustering Boers was See also:equivalent to a condonation of See also:crime, led to the expedition of Sir See also:Charles See also:Warren and the See also:annexation of Bechuanaland See also:early in 1885. The difficulties of Robinson's position were illustrated by the dispute which arose between him and Warren, who declared that the high commissioner's duties to the home government were at times in conflict with the action which, as governor of Cape See also:Colony, he was See also:bound to take on the advice of his ministers in the interests of the colony. Sir Hercules Robinson succeeded in winning the confidence of President See also:Kruger by his See also:fair-mindedness, while he seconded Rhodes's efforts to unite the British and Dutch parties in Cape Colony. His mind, however, was that of the administrator as distinguished from the statesman, and he was content to See also:settle difficulties as they arose. In 1886 he investigated the charges brought against Sir John See also:Pope-Hennessy, governor of See also:Mauritius, and decreed his suspension pending the decision of the home authorities, who eventually reinstated Pope-Hennessy. In 1887 Robinson was induced by Rhodes to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty with Lobengula which secured British rights in See also:Matabele and See also:Mashona lands. In May 1889 Robinson retired. In his farewell speech he declared that there was no permanent See also:place in South Africa for See also:direct Imperial See also:rule. This was interpreted to mean that South Africa must ultimately become See also:independent—an See also:idea repugnant to him. He explained in a See also:letter to The Times in 1895 that he had referred to the " direct rule of See also:Downing See also:Street over the See also:crown colonies, as contrasted with responsible colonial government." He was made a See also:baronet in 1891. Early in 1895, when he had entered his 71st See also:year and was not in robust See also:health, he yielded to the entreaties of Lord See also:Rosebery's See also:cabinet, and went out again to South Africa, in See also:succession to Sir H.

See also:

Loch. His second See also:term of office was not fortunate. The See also:Jameson See also:Raid produced a permanent estrangement between him and Cecil Rhodes, and he was out of sympathy with the new colonial secretary, Mr See also:Chamberlain, who had criticized his See also:appointment, and now desired Robinson to take this opportunity of settling the whole question of the position of the Uitlanders in the Transvaal. Robinson answered that the moment was inopportune, and that he must be left to choose his own See also:time. Alarmed at the imminent danger of See also:war, he confined his efforts to inducing the Johannes-See also:burgers to See also:lay down their arms on See also:condition that the raiders' lives were spared, not knowing that these terms had already been granted to Jameson. He came home to confer with the government, and was raised to the See also:peerage as Baron Rosmead. He returned to South Africa later in the year, but was compelled by See also:ill-health, in See also:April 1897, to quit his post, and died in See also:London on the 28th of See also:October 1897, being succeeded in the title by his son. ROSMINI-SERBATI, See also:ANTONIO (1797-1855), See also:Italian philosopher, was born at See also:Rovereto in Italian See also:Tirol on the 25th of See also:March 1797. He belonged to a See also:noble and wealthy See also:family, but at an early age decided to enter the priesthood. After studying at See also:Pavia and See also:Padua, he took orders in 1821. In 1828 he founded a new religious See also:order, the See also:Institute of the Brethren of Charity, known in See also:Italy generally as the Rosminians. The members might be priests or laymen, who devoted themselves to preach.. See also:ing, the See also:education of youth, and works of charity—material, moral and intellectual.

They have branches in Italy, See also:

England, Ireland, See also:France and See also:America. In London they are attached to the See also:church of St Etheldreda, See also:Ely Place, See also:Holborn, where the See also:English See also:translation of Rosmini's works is edited. His works, The Five Wounds of the See also:Holy Church and The Constitution of Social See also:Justice, aroused great opposition, especially among the See also:Jesuits, and in 1849 they were placed upon the See also:Index. Rosmini at once declared his submission and retired to See also:Stresa on Lago See also:Maggiore, where he died on the 1st of See also:July 1855. Before his See also:death he had the See also:satisfaction of learning that the works in question were dismissed, that is, proclaimed See also:free from censure by the See also:Congregation of the Index. Twenty years later, the word " dismissed " (dimittantur) became the subject of controversy, some maintaining that it amounted to a direct approval, others that it was purely negative and did not imply that the books were free from See also:error. The controversy continued till 1887, when See also:Leo XIII. finally condemned See also:forty of his See also:pro-positions and forbade their being taught. In 1848 Rosmini took See also:part in the struggle which had for its See also:object emancipation from See also:Austria, but he was not an initiator of the See also:movement which ended in the freedom and unity of Italy. In fact, while eager for the deliverance of Italy from Austria, his aim was to bring about a See also:confederation of the states of the country, which was to be under the See also:control of the pope. The most comprehensive view of Rosmini's philosophical stand-point is to be found in his Sistema filosofico, in which he set forth the conception of a See also:complete See also:encyclopaedia of the human knowable, synthetically conjoined, according to the order of ideas, in a perfectly harmonious whole. Contemplating the position of See also:recent See also:philosophy from See also:Locke to See also:Hegel, and having his See also:eye directed to the See also:ancient and fundamental problem of the origin, truth and certainty of our ideas, he wrote: " If philosophy is to be restored to love and respect, I think it will be necessary, in part, to return to the teachings of the ancients, and in part to give those teachings the benefit of See also:modern methods " (Theodicy, n. 148).

He examined and analysed the fact of human knowledge, and obtained the following results: (I) that the notion or idea of being or existence in See also:

general enters into, and is presupposed by, all our acquired cognitions, so that, without it, they would be impossible; (2) that this idea is essentially See also:objective, inasmuch as what is seen in it is as distinct from and opposed to the mind that See also:sees it as the See also:light is from the eye that looks at it; (3) that it is essentially true, because " being " and " truth " are convertible terms, and because in the See also:vision of it the mind cannot err, since error could only be committed by a See also:judgment, and here there is no judgment, but a pure See also:intuition affirming nothing and denying nothing; (4) that by the application of this essentially objective and true idea the human being intellectually perceives, first, the See also:animal See also:body individually conjoined with him, and then, on occasion of the sensations produced in him not by himself, the causes of those sensations, that is, from the action See also:felt he perceives and affirms an See also:agent, a being, and therefore a true thing, that acts on him, and he thus gets at the See also:external See also:world,—these are the true See also:primitive judgments, containing (a) the subsistence of the particular being (subject), and (b) its essence or See also:species as deter-mined by the quality of the action felt from it (predicate); (5) that reflection, by separating the essence or species from the subsistence, obtains the full specific idea (universalization), and then from this, by leaving aside some of its elements, the abstract specific idea (See also:abstraction) ; (6) that the mind, having reached this See also:stage of development, can proceed to further and further abstracts, including the first principles of reasoning, the principles of the several sciences, complex ideas, See also:groups of ideas, and so on without end; (7) finally, that the same most universal idea of being, this generator and formal See also:element of all acquired cognitions, cannot itself be acquired, but must be innate in us, implanted by See also:God in our nature. Being, as naturally shining to our mind, must therefore be what men See also:call the light of See also:reason. Hence the name Rosmini gives it of ideal being; and this he laid down as the fundamental principle of all philosophy and the supreme criterion of truth and certainty. This he believed to be the teaching of St See also:Augustine, as well as of St See also:Thomas, of whom he was an ardent admirer and defender. Of his numerous works, of which a collected edition in 17 volumes was issued at See also:Milan (1842–44), supplemented by Opere postume in 5 vols. (See also:Turin, 1859–74), the most important are the New See also:Essay on the Origin of Ideas (Eng. trans., 1883) ; The Principles of Moral See also:Science (1831); The Restoration of Philosophy in Italy (1836); The Philosophy of Right (1841–45). The following have also been translated into English: A See also:Catholic See also:Catechism, by W. S. Agar (1849) ; The Five Wounds of the Holy Church (abridged trans. with introd. by H. P. See also:Liddon, 1883) ; See also:Maxims of See also:Christian Perfection, by W. A.

John-son (1889) ; See also:

Psychology (See also:Anonymous) (1884–88) ; See also:Sketch of Modern Philosophy, by See also:Lockhart (1882); The Ruling Principle of Method Applied to Education, by Mrs W. See also:Grey (See also:Boston, See also:Mass., 1887) ; Select. Letters, by D. Gazzola. Rosmini's Sistema filosofico has been translated into English by Thos. See also:Davidson (Rosmini's Philosophical See also:System, 1882, with a See also:biographical sketch and complete bibliography) ; see also Lives by G. S. Macwalter (1883) and G. B. Pagani (1907); C. See also:Werner, See also:Die Italienische Philosophie See also:des 19. Jahrhunderts (1884); F.

X. Kraus, " Antonio Rosmini: sein Leben, See also:

seine Schriften," in Deutsche Ruedschau, liv. Iv. (1888) ; " Church See also:Reformation in Italy " in the See also:Edinburgh See also:Review, cxiv. (July 1861); and numerous recent Italian works, for which See also:Baldwin's See also:Dictionary of Philosophy or Pagliani's Catalogo Generale (Milan, 1905) should be consulted.

End of Article: ROSMEAD, HERCULES GEORGE ROBERT ROBINSON, 1ST BARON (1824-1897)

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