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See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS XVIII . (Louis LE See also:DESIRE) (1755-1824). Louis-Stanislas-See also:Xavier, See also:comte de See also:Provence, third son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XV., and of Maria Josepha of See also:Saxony, was See also:born at See also:Versailles on the 17th of See also:November 1755. His See also:education was supervised by the devout duc de la Vauguyon, but his own See also:taste was for the writings of See also:Voltaire and the encyclopaedists. On the 14th of May 1771 took See also:place his See also:marriage with See also:Louise-See also:Marie-See also:Josephine of See also:Savoy, by whom he had no See also:children. His position at See also:court was uncomfortable, for though ambitious and conscious of possessing greater abilities than his See also:brother (Louis XVI.), his See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope for See also:action was restricted; he consequently devoted his energies largely to intrigue, especially against Marie Antoinette, whom he hated.' During the See also:long See also:absence of heirs to Louis XVI., " See also:Monsieur," as See also:heir to the See also:throne, courted popularity and took an active See also:part in politics, but the See also:birth of a dauphin (1781) was a See also:blow to his ambitions.2 He opposed the revival of the parlements, wrote a number of See also:political See also:pamphlets,' and at the See also:Assembly of Notables presided, like the other princes of the See also:blood, over a See also:bureau, to which was given the name of the Comite See also:des sages; he also advocated the See also:double See also:representation of the tiers. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he cultivated literature, entertaining poets and writers both at the Luxembourg and at his See also:chateau of Brunoy (see See also:Dubois-Corneau, Le Comte de Provence (i. Brunoy, 1909), and gaining a reputation for wit by his verses and mots in the See also:salon of the charming and witty comtesse de See also:Balbi, one of Madame's ladies, who had become his See also:mistress,' and till 1743 exerted considerable See also:influence over him. He did not emigrate after the taking of the See also:Bastille, but, possibly from motives of ambition, remained in See also:Paris. See also:Mirabeau thought at one time of making him See also:chief See also:minister in his projected constitutional See also:government (see Corr. de Mirabeau et La Marcie, ed. Bacourt, i. 434, 436, 442), but was disappointed by his caution and timidity. The affaire Favras (Dec. 1789) aroused See also:great feeling against Monsieur, who was believed by many to have conspired with Favras, only to abandon him (see See also:Lafayette's Mems. and Corr. of Mirabeau). In See also:June 1741, at the time of the
'See See also:Arneth and See also:Geffroy, Corr. de Marie-Therese avec le comte de See also:Mercy-Argenteau, vol. i., " Mercy to Maria See also:Theresa, June 22nd, 1771," also i. 261, ii. 186, 352, 393. Marie Antoinette says (ii. 393):
. a un caractere tres faible, il See also:joint une See also:marche souterraine, et quelquefois tres basse."
See his letters to Gustavus III. of See also:Sweden in A. Geffroy, Gustave III et la cour de See also:France, vol. ii. appendix.
Two pamphlets at least are ascribed to him: " See also:Les Mannequins, See also:conte ou histoire, comme 1'on voudra " (against See also:Turgot; anon., Paris, 1776) and " Description historique d'un monstre symbolique pris vivant sur les bords du See also:lac Fagua, pres de See also:Santa-Fe, See also:par les coins de Francisco Xaveiro de Neunris " (against See also:Calonne; Paris, 1784) (A. Debidour in La Grande Encyclopedic).
' It has frequently been alleged that his relations with Mme de Balbi, and indeed with See also:women generally, were of a platonic nature. De Reiset (La Comtesse de Balbi, pp. 152-161) produces See also:evidence to disprove this assertion.See also:flight to Varennes, Monsieur also fled by a different route, and, in See also:company with the comte d'Avaray5—who subsequently replaced Mme de Balbi as his confidant, and largely influenced his policy during the See also:emigration—succeeded in reaching See also:Brussels, where he joined the comte d'See also:Artois and proceeded to See also:Coblenz, which now became the headquarters of the emigration.
Here, living in royal See also:state, he put himself at the See also:head of the See also:counter-revolutionary See also:movement, appointing ambassadors, soliciting the aid of the See also:European sovereigns, and especially of See also:Catherine II. of See also:Russia. Out of See also:touch with affairs in France and surrounded by violent See also:anti-revolutionists, headed by Calonne and the comte d'Artois, he followed an entirely selfish policy, flouting the See also:National Assembly (see his reply to the See also:summons of the National Assembly, in See also:Daudet, op. cit. i. 96), issuing uncompromising manifestoes (See also:Sept. 1791, Aug. 1792, &c.), and obstructing in every,way the representatives of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king and queens After Valmy he had to retire to See also:Hamm in See also:Westphalia, where, on the See also:death of Louis XVI., he proclaimed himself See also:regent; from here he went See also:south, with the See also:idea of encouraging the royalist feeling in the south of France, and settled at See also:Verona, where on the death of Louis XVII. (8th of June 1795) he took the See also:title of Louis XVIII. At this time ended his liaison with Mme de Balbi, and the influence of d'Avaray reached its height. From this time onward his See also:life is a See also:record of See also:constant wanderings, negotiations and conspiracies. In See also:April 1796 he joined See also:Conde's See also:army on the See also:German frontier, but was shortly requested to leave the See also:country, and accepted the hospitality of the See also:duke of Bruns-See also:wick at Blanckenberg till 1797, when, this See also:refuge being no longer open to him, the See also:emperor See also:Paul I. permitted him to See also:settle at Mittau in See also:Courland, where he stayed till 18o1. All this time he was in See also:close communication with the royalists in France, but was much embarrassed by the conflicting policy pursued by the comte d'Artois from See also:England, and was largely at the mercy of corrupt and dishonest agents? At Mittau was realized his cherished See also:plan of marrying Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI., to the duc d'See also:Angouleme, See also:elder son of the comte d'Artois. From Mittau, too, was sent his well-known See also:letter to See also:Bonaparte (1799) calling upon him to See also:play the part of See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
Monk, a proposal contemptuously refused (E. Daudet, Hist. de l'emigration, ii. 371, 436), though Louis in turn declined to accept a See also:pension from Bonaparte, and later, in 1803, though his fortunes were at their lowest ebb, refused to abdicate at his See also:suggestion and accept an See also:indemnity.
Suddenly expelled from Mittau in 18or by the capricious Paul I., Louis made his way, in the See also:depth of See also:winter, to See also:Warsaw, where he stayed for three years. All this time he was trying to convert France to the royalist cause, and had a " Conseil royal " in Paris, founded at the end of 1799 by Royer-Collard, Montesquiou and Clermont-Gallerande, the actions of which were much impeded by the activity of the See also:rival See also:committee of the comte d'Artois (see E. Daudet, op. cit. ii., andRemacle, Bonaparte et les Bourbons, Paris, 1899), but after 'Soo, and still more after the failure of the royalist See also:conspiracy of See also:Cadoudal, See also:Pichegru and See also:Moreau, followed by the See also:execution of the duc d'See also:Enghien (See also:March 1804), and the See also:assumption by See also:Napoleon of the title of emperor (May 1804), the royalist cause appeared quite hopeless. In See also:September 1804 Louis met the comte d'Artois at Calmar in Sweden, and they issued a protest against Napoleon's action, but being warned that he must not return to See also:Poland, he gained permission from See also:Alexander I. again to retire to Mittau. After See also:Tilsit, however (1807), he was again forced to depart, and took refuge in England, where he stayed first at Gosfield in See also:Essex, and afterwards (1809 onwards) at Hartwell in See also:Buckinghamshire.
' See also:Antoine-Louis-See also:Francois de Besiade, Comte, afterwards due, d'Avaray. In spite of his See also:loyalty and devotion, the effect of his influence on Louis XVIII. may be gathered from a letter of J. de See also:Maistre to Blacas, quoted by E. Daudet, Hist. de l'imigration, 11. 11 : " celui qui n'a pu clans aucun pays aborder aucun homme politique sans 1'aliener n'est pas fait pour les affaires."
6 See Klinckowstrom, Le Comte de See also:Fersen et la cour de France.
Fersen says (i. 7), " Monsieur ferait mieux seul, mais it est entierement subjugue par I'autre " (i.e. the comte d'Artois, who was in turn under the influence of Calonne). See Daudet, op. cit. vol. i.
' See E. Daudet, La Conjuration de Pichegru (Paris, 1901).
In 18zo his wife died, and in 1811 d'Avaray died, his place as See also:ministry of the See also:day. While See also:Decazes was still in See also:power, the king's policy to a large extent followed his, and was rather liberal and moderate, but after the assassination of the duc de See also:Berry (182o), when he saw that Decazes could no longer carry on the government, he sorrowfully acquiesced in his departure, showered honours upon him, and transferred his support to See also:Richelieu, the head of the new ministry. In the absence of Decazes a new favourite was found to amuse the king's old See also:age, Madame du Cayla (Zoe Talon, comtesse du Cayla), a protegee of the vicomte Sosthene de la Rochefoucauld and consequently a creature of the Ultras. As the king became more and more infirm, his power of resistance to the intrigues of the Ultras became weaker. The birth of a See also:posthumous son to the duc de Berry (Sept. 1820), the death of Napoleon (5th of May 1821) and the resignation of Richelieu See also:left him entirely in their hands, and after See also:Villele had formed a ministry of a royalist See also:character the comte d'Artois was associated with the government, which passed more and more out of the king's hands. He died on the 16th of September 1824, worn out in See also:body, but still retaining flashes of his former clear insight and See also:scepticism. The character of Louis XVIII. may be summed up in the words of Bonaparte, quoted by See also:Sorel (L'See also:Europe et la Rev. fr. viii. 416 footnote), " C'est Louis XVI. avec moins de See also:franchise et plus d'esprit." He had all the See also:Bourbon characteristics, especially their love of power, combined with a certain See also:nobility of demeanour, and a consciousness of his dignity as king. But his nature was See also:cold, unsympathetic and calculating, combined with a See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent for intrigue, to which was added an excellent memory and a ready wit. An interesting See also:judgment of him is contained in See also:Queen See also:Victoria's Letters, vol. i., in a letter of See also:Leopold I., king of the Belgians, to the queen before her See also:accession, dated the 18th of November 1836, "Poor See also:Charles X. is dead. . . . See also:History will state that Louis XVIII. was a most liberal monarch, reigning with great mildness and See also:justice to his end, but that his brother, from his despotic and harsh disposition, upset all the other had done and lost the throne. Louis XVIII. was a See also:clever, hard-hearted See also:man, shackled by no principle, very proud and false. Charles X. an honest man, a See also:kind friend," &c. &c. This seems fairly just as a See also:personal estimate, though it does not do justice to their respective political roles.
favourite being taken by the comte de Blacas.' After Napoleon's defeats in 18'3 the hopes of the royalists revived, and Louis issued a fresh manifesto, in which he promised to recognize the results of the Revolution. Negotiations were also opened with Bernadotte, who seemed willing to support his cause, but was really playing for his own See also:hand.
In March 1814 the See also:Allies entered Paris, and thanks to Talleyrand's negotiations the restoration of the Bourbons was effected, Louis XVIII. entering Paris on the 2nd of May 1814, after issuing the See also:declaration of St Ouen, in which he promised to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant the nation a constitution (octroyer une charte). He was now nearly sixty, wearied by adversity, and a sufferer from See also:gout and obesity. But though clear-sighted, widely read and a See also:good diplomatist, his impressionable and sentimental nature made him too subject to personal and See also:family influences. ,His concessions to the reactionary and clerical party of the emigres, headed by the comte d'Artois and the duchesse d'Angouleme, aroused suspicions of his loyalty to the constitution, the creation of his Maison militaire alienated the army, and the constant presence of Blacas made the formation of a See also:united ministry impossible. After the See also:Hundred Days, during which the king was forced to flee to See also:Ghent, the dismissal of Blacas was made one of the conditions of his second restoration. On the 8th of See also:July he again entered Paris, " in the baggage See also:train of the allied armies," as his enemies said, but in spite of this was received with the greatest See also:enthusiasm 2 by a See also:people weary of See also:wars and looking for constitutional government. He was forced to retain Talleyrand and See also:Fouche in his first ministry, but took the first opportunity of See also:ridding himself of them when the elections of 1815 assured him of a strong royalist See also:majority in the chamber (the chambre introuvable, a name given it by Louis himself). At this time he came into contact with the See also:young comte (afterwards duc) Decazes, See also:prefect of the See also:police under Fouche, and minister of police in Richelieu's ministry, who now became his favourite and gained his entire confidence (see E. Daudet, Louis X VIII. et le duc Decazes). Having obtained a ministry in which he could See also:trust, having as members the duc de Richelieu and Decazes, the king now gave it his loyal support and did his best to See also:shield his ministers from the attacks of the royal family. In September 1816, alarmed at the violence of the chambre introuvable, he was persuaded to dissolve it. An See also:attempt on the part of the Ultras to regain their ascendancy over the king, by conniving at the sudden return of Blacas from See also:Rome to Paris,3 ended in failure.
The events and ministerial changes of Louis XVIII.'s reign are described under the See also:article FRANCE: History, but it may be said here that the king's policy throughout was one of prudence and See also:common sense. His position was more passive than active, and consisted in giving his support as far as possible to the
1 See also:Pierre-Louis-Casimir, comte (afterwards duc) de Blacas d'Aulps, was as rigidly royalist as d'Avaray, but more able. E. Daudet, Hist. de l'imigration, i. 458, quotes a judgment of him by J. de Maistre: " Il est ne homme d'etat et ambassadeur."
2 See See also:account by Decazes in E. Daudet, Louis XVIIL. et le duc Decazes, pp. 48-49, and an interesting " See also:secret and confidential " letter of Castlereagh to See also:Liverpool (July 8, 1815) in the unpublished See also:Foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office records: " The king sent for the duke and me this evening to the Thuilleries. . We found him in a state of great emotion and exaltation at the reception he had met with from his subjects, which appears to have been even more animated than on his former entrance. Indeed, during the long See also:audience to which we were admitted, it was almost impossible to converse, so loud were the shouts of the people in the Thuilleries Gardens, which were full, though it was then dark. Previous to the king's dismissing us, he carried the duke and me to the open window. Candles were then brought, which enabled the people to see the king with the duke by his See also:side. They ran from all parts of the Gardens, and formed a solid See also:mass of an immense extent, rending the See also:air with acclamations. The See also:town is very generally illuminated, and I understand from men who have traversed the See also:principal streets that every demonstration of joy was manifested by the inhabitants."
' It is as yet not proved that Blacas returned from his See also:embassy in response to a summons from the Ultras. But whether it was on his own initiative or not, there can be no doubt as to the hopes which they built on his arrival (see Daudet, Louis XVIIL. et le duc L1ecazes-
See also:General See also:Works.—See the histories of France, the Emigration, the Restoration and especially the very full See also:bibliographies to chapters i., ii. and iii. of See also:Cambridge See also:Modern History, and See also:Lavisse and See also:Rambaud, Hist. generale, vol. x. (C. B.
End of Article: LOUIS XVIII
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