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See also: CHRONOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE , See also:LITERARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEADING DIALECTS.
Divisions. Subdivisions. See also:Dates. See also:Northern See also:English. Midland English. See also:Southern E n g l i s h.
to O 500 • Ctedmon, 66o. p
C7 O 600 Bella, 734. (See also:Charter Glosses), 679-770.
Z 700 See also:Leiden Riddle. (CharterGlosses),736-800. (Charter Glosses),692-780.
e-1 See also: EARLY OLD ENGLISH. See also:Cynewulf, c. 750. See also:Beowulf (?) (See also:Laws of Ire, 700).
O V 860 . Charters, Soy-840.
-°---... ° p t (Charter Glosses), 805-. Lorica See also:Prayer.
900 a t 7 See also:Vespasian Ps., c. 825. Charter, 847. See also: Psalm 50, C. 86o.
TYPICAL OLD ENGLISH, Charters, 836-84o. See also:Alfred, 885.
Or •, '< See also:Judith, 900-910.
ANGLO-SAXON. Lorica Glosses. Poems in O. E. Chron.,
a G 937-979•
See also:Durham Glosses, 950-975. g See also:Battle of See also:Maldon, 993•
LindisfarneGospel See also:Gloss. ' Rushwarth Gloss, St.
See also:Matthew, ? 975-1000.
See also: I000---; N See also:iElfric, x000.
See also:LATE OLD ENGLISH P See also:Wulfstan, lox 6.
and OLD ENGLISH 1100 See also:Peterborough See also:Chronicle, O. E. Chron., See also:Parker MS.
TRANSITION. 1123-31. ends, 1070.
r~i 5 Chronicle, 1154. N Colton Homilies, 116o. ' See also:Hat/anGospels, 1170.
EARLY See also:MIDDLE ENGLISH .1200 v e n See also:Layamon, 1203.
m
Z a. Ormulum, xsoo. g'
a
.+-i Ul M Ancren Riwle, N
1220.
o 1250-- g Genesisb'See also: Exodus, c.1250. C a Kentish Sermons, 1250.
,.a •}, o • Procl.of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III., 1258. ~,
C7 u See also:Cursor Mundi (?). a,Harrowing of See also:Hell, xa80. P.
Z C 1300 Bs Ps Robt. See also:Gloucester, 13oo.
W MIDDLE ENGLISH - Robt. of Brume, 1303-30. See also:Shoreham, 1320.
(typical). Ayenbite, 1340.
Q ; See also: Ham le, 1350. - See also:Pearl, See also:Sir C¢wa
a Po ~. yne.
y See also:Barbour, 1375. Wycliffe. •
Q O See also:Chaucer, See also:Gower. Trevisa, 1387.
,~ 140o- m See also:Mandeville(Northern See also:vet- .
LATE MIDDLE ENGLISH See also:Wyntoun, 1420. [See also:sion). See also:Lydgate.
and MIDDLE ENGLISH See also:Townley Mysteries.
TRANSITION. See also: Henryson, 1470. See also:Caxton, 14 7-90.
1485
See also:Dunbar, 1500-.
tn .-. EARLY See also:MODERN ENGLISH L ndesa Tyndal, 1525• i Cornishman in A. See also:Boorde, (in sir. T. More.)
(Tudor English). ? y y 5
161 I - 0 Archbp. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton, 1552. 1547.
r h] Homilies, 1547-63. Gammer Gurton, 1575. C . (See also: Edgar in See also:Lear, 16o5.)
See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James VI., 1590. tie See also:ea: (in See also:Ben Janson.)
5. See also:Montgomery, c. 1600. 7 Shakspere, 1590-1613. n Kentish Wooing See also:Song,
.. 1611.
Somersetsh. See also:Man's Com-
playnt, C. 1645.
See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King James's See also:Bible, 1611.
Sir W. See also: Mure, 1617-57. co",
See also:Milton, 1626-71. 7
TRANSITIONAL MODERN,
or
,•~ m 17TH See also:CENTURY ENGLISH. YorkshireDialogue, 1673.
2 1689...7 See also:Dryden, 1663-1700:
.......................................
• -N
airne, See also:Ken/ash Tales,
z a See also:Addison, x71 1700.
W See also:Allan See also:Ramsay, 1717. See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson, 7 i
Z ti 5750. Exmoor Scolding, 1746.
o 8 C
W/•~ CURRENT ENGLISH. 1800 ''•
I-~I See also:Burns, 1790.
i--1
Q ~. o See also: Coleridge, ISoS. See also:Dick and Sal, 1821.
See also:Scott, 1815• ?7 See also:Macaulay, 1825. See also:Barnes, 1844.
See also:Tennyson, 183o.
a 7
1900 h1 Ian See also:Maclaren, See also:Barrie, Elworthy, 1875-88.
Is See also:Crockett, etc.
U
The See also:vertical lines represent the f our leading forms of English-Northern, Midland, Southern, and Kentish-and the names occurring down the course of each are those of writers and See also:works in that See also:form of English at the given date. The thickness of the See also:line shows the See also:comparative literary position of this form of speech at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time : thick indicating a literary See also:language ; See also:medium, a literary See also:dialect ; thin, a popular dialect or See also:patois ; a dotted line shows that this See also:period is unrepresented by specimens. The See also:horizontal lines See also:divide the periods; these (after the first two) refer mainly to the Midland English ; in inflectional decay the Northern English was at least a century in advance of the Midland, and the Southern nearly as much behind it.
it will be found that some of the lines of each intersect some of the lines of the other, and that the passing of one dialect into another is not effected by the formation of intermediate or blended forms of any one characteristic, but by the overlapping or intersecting of more or fewer of the features of each. Thus a definite border See also:village or See also:district may use to of the 20 features of dialect A and to of those of B, while a village on the one See also:side has 12 of those of A with 8 of those of B, and one on the other side has 7 of those of A with 13 of those of B. Hence a dialect boundary line can at best indicate the line within which the dialect has, on the whole, more of the features of A than of B or C; and usually no single line can be See also: drawn as a dialect boundary, but that without it there are some features of the same dialect, and within it some features of the contiguous dialects.
Beyond the limits of the See also:British Isles, English is the language of extensive regions, now or formerly colonies. In all these countries the presence of numerous new See also:objects and new conditions of See also:life has led to the supplementing of the vocabulary by the See also:adoption of words from native See also:languages, and See also:special See also:adaptation and See also:extension of-the sense of English words. The use of a See also:common literature, however, prevents the overgrowth of these See also:local peculiarities, and also makes them more or less See also:familiar to Englishmen at See also:home. It is only in the older states of the See also:American See also:Union that anything like a local dialect has been produced; and even there many of the so-called Americanisms are quite as much archaic English forms which have been lost or have become dialectal in See also:England as developments of the American See also:soil.
The steps by which English, from being the language of a few thousand invaders along the eastern and southern seaboard of See also:Britain, has been diffused by See also:conquest and colonization over its See also:present See also:area form a subject too large for the limits of this See also:article. It need only be remarked that within the confines of Britain itself the See also:process is not yet See also:complete. Representatives of earlier languages survive in See also:Wales and the Scottish See also:Highlands, though in neither See also:case can the substitution of English be very remote. In See also:Ireland, where English was introduced by conquest much later, Irish is still spoken in patches all over the See also:country; though English is understood, and probably spoken after a See also:fashion, almost everywhere. At opposite extremities of Britain, the Cornish of See also:Cornwall and the Norse dialects of See also:Orkney and See also:Shetland died out very gradually in the course of the 18th century. The See also:Manx, or See also:Celtic of Man, is even now in the last See also:stage of See also:dissolution; and in the Channel Isles the See also:Norman patois of See also:Jersey and See also:Guernsey have largely yielded to English.
The table on p. 599 (a revision of that brought before the Philological Society in See also: Jan. 1876) graphically presents the chronological and dialectal development of English. Various names have been proposed for the different stages; it seems only necessary to add to those in the table the descriptive names of Dr See also:Abbott, who has proposed (How to Parse, p. 298) to See also:call the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, the " Synthetical or Inflexional Period "; the Old English Transition (Late ,Anglo-Saxon of Dr See also:Skeat), the " Period of Confusion "; the Early Middle English, " See also:Analytical Period " (1250-1350); the normal Middle English, " See also:National Period" (1350-1500); the Tudor English, "Period of See also:Licence "; and the Modern English, " Period of See also:Settlement."
See also:Grammar, by the same (See also:London, 1874) ; The See also:Sources of See also:Standard English, by T. L. Kington See also:Oliphant, M. A. (London, 1873) ; Modern English, by F. See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall (London, 1873) ; A Shakespearian Grammar, by E. A. Abbott, D.D. (London, 1872) ; How to Parse, by the same (London, 1875) ; Early English See also:Pronunciation, &c., by A. J. See also: Ellis (London, 1869) ; The See also:History of English Sounds, by Henry Sweet (London, 1874, 2nd ed. 1888); as well as many See also:separate papers by various authors in the Transactions of the Philological Society, and the publications of the Early English See also:Text Society.
Among more See also:recent works are: M. Kaluza, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache (See also:Berlin, 1890) ; See also:Professor W. W. Skeat, Principles of English See also:Etymology (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1887–1891); Johan See also:Storm, Englische Philologie (See also:Leipzig, 1892–1896) ; L. Kellner, See also:Historical Outlines of English Syntax (London, 1892) ; O. F. See also:Emerson, History of the English Language (London and New See also:York, 1894) ; See also:Otto Jespersen, Progress in Language, with special reference to English (London, 1894) ; Lorenz Morsbach, Mittelenglische Grammatik, See also:part i. (See also:Halle, 1896) ; See also:Paul, " Geschichte der englischen Sprache," in Grundriss der See also:german. Philologie (See also:Strassburg, 1898) ; Eduard Sievers, Angelsachsische Grammatik (3rd ed., Halle, 1898) ; Eng. transl. of same (2nd ed.), by A. S. See also: Cook (See also:Boston, 1887) ; K. D. Bulbring, Altenglisches Elementarbuch (See also:Heidelberg, 19(32); See also:Greenough and Kittredge, Words and their Ways in English Speech (London and New York, 1902) ; Henry See also:Bradley, The Making of English (London, 1904). Numerous contributions to the subject have also been made in Englische Studien (ed. Kolbing, later Hoops; Leipzig, 1877 onward); Anglia (ed. Wiilker, See also:Flugel, &c.; Halle, 1878 onward); publications of Mod. See also:Lang. Assoc. of See also:America (J. W. See also:Bright ; See also:Baltimore, 1884 on-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward), and A. M. See also: Elliott, Modern Language Notes (Baltimore, 1886 onward). (J. A. H. M.; H. M. R.
End of Article: CHRONOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
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