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UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND I...

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Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 608 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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UNITED See also:KINGDOM OF See also:GREAT See also:BRITAIN AND See also:IRELAND 605 I 1890. 1895. 1900. 1905, 1909, Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. See also:Total ( Entered 36,835,712 40,001,691 49,913,223 55,623,974 66,309,519 Cleared 37,448,157 40,537,483 50,182,439 56,416,760 66,958,163 See also:British Entered 26,777,955 29,175,282 32,135,745 35,200,869 39,661,660 ) ' Cleared 27,195,157 29,516,644 32,147,060 35,762,218 40.102,311 See also:German } Entered 2,161,536 1,940,358 2,966,426 4,298,769 6,766,591 t Cleared 2,230,419 1,948,284 3,060,782 4,346,284 6,754,026 See also:Norwegian Entered 2,477,936 2,604,049 3,839,6022 3,392,216 4,315,870 Cleared 2,522,865 2,660,795 3,821,969 3,387,152 4,308,221 See also:Swedish Entered 783,045 990,728 1,788,844 2,114,028 2,456,144 . . 792;767 1,003,634 1,808,354 2,117,717 2,478,534 Cleared Danish Entered 901,819 961,730 1,735,288 2,106,717 2,889,986 Cleared 952,183 990,006 1,759,509 2,123,830 2,886,731 Dutch Entered 952,695 1,150,098 1,600,317 1,949,161 2,272,075 i t Cleared 948,196 1,156,936 1,613,450 1,957,107 2,294,584 See also:French Entered 834,039 929,250 1,417,128 1,574,395 1,640,466 ' Cleared 852,935 909,493 1,405,247 1,587,762 1,663,147 S ish Entered 631,629 645,210 1,309,915 1,462,488 1,477,199 See also:pan . 3 Cleared 644,431 682,184 1,399,332 1,471,300 1,499,319 Belgian Entered 449,470 551,513 804,472 936,918 1,355,135 ) ' Cleared 423,639 537,969 797,134 920,597 1,357,668 U.S.A. Entered 146,721 323,700 282,152 664,360 274,241 .

3 Cleared 145,212 332,825 277,400 675,096 280,464 Not far from a fresh trebling took See also:

place in the course of the next quinquennial See also:period, and at the end of 185o there were 6621 m. of See also:railways, constructed at the cost of £240,270,745. The construction of railways (especially in See also:England) was undertaken originally by a vast number of small companies, each under See also:separate acts of See also:parliament. But it was soon discovered that there could be neither harmonious nor profitable working of a great many systems, and this led to a See also:series of amalgamations (see under ENGLAND; IRELAND; See also:SCOTLAND). The number of passengers carried per mile in 1832 was 486o, but before ten more years were past the number of passengers had not only increased in proportion with the opening of new lines, but more than doubled per mile, and, instead of being under 5000, had in 1842 come to be near 12,000. In 1861 the number of passengers carried per mile of railway was 15,988; in 1876 it was 31,928; and in 1900 it was over 52,000. The two following tables illustrate the further development of railways in the United Kingdom:- In 1909 the percentage of working expenses to total receipts was 63 in England and See also:Wales, 57 in Scotland and 62 in Ireland. Tramways.-An See also:act passed in 1870 to facilitate the construction of tramways throughout the coun-' try marks the beginning of their See also:modern development. It led to the laying down of " See also:street See also:rail-ways " in many large towns. According to a return laid before the See also:House of See also:Commons in the session of 1878, the total length of tramways authorized by parliament up to the 3oth of See also:June 18f7 was 363 m., and the total length opened for See also:traffic 213 m., comprising 125 M. of See also:double lines and 88 m. of single lines. On the 3oth of June 1900 there were in the United Kingdom 70 See also:tramway undertakings with 585 m. of See also:line belonging to See also:local authorities, while 107 with 592 m. of line belonged to other than local authorities. The See also:capital See also:expenditure on the former amounted to £10,203,604, on the latter to £11,532,384. The development of tramway enterprise in the United Kingdom, as shown by the mileage open, the paid-up capital, See also:gross receipts, working expenses and number of passengers carried, has been as follows Years See also:Miles Gross Passengers ending Paid-up Receipts.

Working carried during Capital. June 3o. open. Expenses. See also:

year. £ £ £ 1890 948 13,502,026 3,214,743 2,402,800 526,369,328 1 895 982 14,111,521 3,733,690 2,878,490 661,760,461 1900 1177 20,582,692 5,445,629 4,075,352 1,065,374,347 1905 2117 51,501,410 9,917,026 6,565,049 2,068,913,226 1909 2526 70,345,155 12,641,437 8,045,658 2,659,981,136 In the next table further details are given for 1909: 1909. England and Scotland. Ireland. Wales. Mileage of Double or more lines . 10,746 1,58o 670 Single lines . . . 5,299 2,264 2,721 £ [Passenger traffic 43,919,702 5,080,603 2,204,756 Traffic Total goods traffic . 50,647,426 6,836,920 1,992,859 Receipts Including- 24,837,682 3,286,074 0 281,634 Minerals See also:General merchandise .

24,885,494 3,299,588 1,392,600 Working expenditure 65,169,619 7,200,173 2,667,796 See also:

Net receipts 37,979,313 5,489,579 1,667,572 by I. M. Eaden (See also:London, 1891) ; Etudes de See also:droit constitutionel, See also:France, Angleterre, Btats-Unis (See also:Paris, 1885; Eng. trans. by E. M. See also:Dicey, London, 1891) ; See also:Brassey, The See also:Naval See also:Annual (See also:Portsmouth, 1886 onwards) ; See also:Cassell's Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1899) ; W. L. Clowes and other writers, See also:History of the Royal See also:Navy (London, 1896-1901) W. See also:Cunningham, Growth of See also:English See also:Industry and See also:Commerce (4th ed., London, 1904) ; A. V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the See also:Law of the Constitution (5th ed., London, 1897) ; R. Donald (edited by) Municipal Year-See also:book (London, annual) ; S. Eardley-See also:Wilmot, Our See also:Fleet To-See also:day and its Development during the Last See also:Half See also:Century (London, 1900) ; Hon.

J. W. See also:

Fortescue, History of the British See also:Army (London, 1906); R. See also:Giffen, Essays in See also:Finance (London, 188o and r886); R. von See also:Gneist, See also:Des'englische Parlament in tausendjahringen Wandelungen (See also:Berlin, 1885; translated into English by A. H. See also:Keane, History of the English Parliament, London, 1889) ; Englische Verfassungsgeschichte (Berlin, 1882 ; Eng. trans. by P. A. Ashworth, London, 1891) ; E. See also:Hull, The Coalfields of Great Britain (London, 1905) ; J. E. T. See also:Rogers, See also:Industrial and Commercial History of England (London, 1892) ; J.

See also:

Holt Schooling, The British See also:Trade Book (London, 1908) ; See also:Sir J. R. See also:Seeley, The Growth of British Policy (2 vols., London, 1895) ; H. See also:Taylor, The Origin and Growth of the English Constitution (2 vols., London, 1889-1899); A. Todd, See also:Parliamentary See also:Government in England (new ed., revised by S. See also:Walpole, 2 vols., London, 1892). British Military Forces. The forces of the British See also:Crown may be classed as (a) the See also:regular, or general service, army, together with the See also:Indian army; and (b) the See also:home territorial force; while there are also certain forces controlled by the governments of the various self-governing dominions. The home government raises, pays, and controls the regular army, its reserves, the territorial force, and some few details such as the See also:militia of the smaller possessions, Indian native battalions 'employed on. imperial service out of See also:India, &c. But the cost of that portion of the regular army which is in India is See also:borne by the Indian government, which is not the See also:case with the regulars serving in other colonies or in the dominions. Consequently the Indian governments unlike the colonial governments, can within limits dispose of the British paid regulars within its See also:sphere. Regular A rmy.-The duties of the regular army are to See also:garrison India and overseas colonies, to .garrison Great Britain and Ire-See also:land, and to find expeditionary forces of greater or less strength for See also:war in See also:Europe or elsewhere.

The principles upon which the reorganization of 1905-1908 was based are: (a) that in See also:

peace the army at home must be maintained at such an effective See also:standard that all necessary drafts for the army abroad shall be forthcoming, without undue depletion of the army at home; (b) the home army on mobilization for service should be brought up to war strength by the recall of reservists in sufficient, but not too great, See also:numbers; (c) the wastage of a See also:campaign shall be made See also:good by drafts partly from the remaining army reserve, but above all from the militia, now converted into the See also:special reserve; and (d) the See also:volunteers and See also:yeomanry, reorganized into the territorial force, shall be responsible, with little regular help, for the See also:defence of the home See also:country, thus freeing the regular army at home for general service. The first of these conditions entirely, the second largely, and even indirectly the third and See also:fourth depend upon the recruiting, establishments and terms of service of the regular army. These last are a See also:compromise between the opposite needs of See also:short service, producing large reserves, and See also:long service, which minimizes the See also:sea-transport of drafts; they are also influenced by the See also:state of the labour See also:market at any given moment, as recruiting is voluntary. To enable the authorities to See also:deal with these conditions, the secretary of state for war may without special legislation vary the terms of enlistment, not only in general but also for the various arms and branches. After the See also:South See also:African War, several different terms were tried for the line See also:infantry and See also:cavalry, but these experiments proved that the terms formerly prevailing, viz. 7 years with the See also:colours and 5 in the reserve, were the most convenient. In the See also:Horse and See also:Field See also:Artillery the See also:term is 6 and 6, in the See also:Household Cavalry and the Garrison Artillery 8 and 4, and in the See also:Foot See also:Guards 3 and 9. See also:Engineers and other specialists are recruited on various terms. A certain number, again varying from year to year, almost from See also:month to month, are allowed to engage for the full 12 years with the colours (long service). Thus in 1907-1908, 1551 men were servingon a 12-year See also:colour engagement, 24,856 on a term of 7 years colours and 5 reserve, 3589 on a 6 and 6'term, 3449 on 3 and 9 engagement, 4529 for other terms, out of a total of 37,974 recruits or soldiers See also:signing fresh engagements. The following figures show the inflow of recruits:- Year. Recruits Recruits Percentage Percentage of Recruits offering. approved. approved. to Strength of Army.

Oct. 1903-Oct. 1904 89,824 42,041 46.8 14.6 Oct. 1904-Oct. 1905 81,045 35,551 43'9 13.05 Oct. 1905-Oct. 1906 83,155 36,38o 43'5 14 Oct. 1906-Oct. 1907 72,855 34,710 47.6 14.25 Oct.1907-Oct.1908 77,526 37,222 47'9 14.05 Oct. 1908-Oct. 1909 75,630 33,766 44'7 13'6 The army consists of about 250,000 See also:

officers and men of the regular forces on full pay, distributed (See also:October 1909) as follows:- Strength. See also:Establishment.

See also:

Staff and departments, &c. 3,293 3,392 On regimental strength: 128,412 130,714 Home India 77,866 76,009 Colonies 47,127 44,981 Total . . . 253,004 253,405 By See also:units, it is composed of 3 regiments of Household Cavalry, 7 regiments of See also:Dragoon Guards, 3 of Dragoons, 6 of Lancers and 12 of Hussars (total cavalry, 31 regiments) ; 4 regiments of Foot Guards of 9 battalions, 51 English and Welsh, to Scottish and 8 Irish line infantry and See also:rifle regiments (total infantry, 149 battalions) ; the Royal See also:Regiment of Artillery, divided into Royal Horse and Field Artillery, and Royal Garrison Artillery-the R.H.A. consisting of 28 batteries, the R.F.A. of 15o batteries, the R.G.A. of too companies (told off to garrisons, See also:siege See also:train and heavy field batteries) and 8 batteries See also:mountain guns; the See also:Corps of Royal Engineers, organized into mounted field troops, field companies, fortress, See also:telegraph, railway, searchlight, See also:balloon, wireless companies and bridging train; the Army Service Corps, divided into transport, See also:supply, See also:mechanical-transport and other companies and sections; the Royal Army Medical Corps of 35 companies; the Army See also:Ordnance Corps; the Army Veterinary Corps; Army See also:Post See also:Office Corps (formed on mobilization only) and Army Pay Corps. In addition, there are the following colonial troops under the home government :-See also:West India Regiment, 2 battalions; Royal See also:Malta Artillery, 2 garrison companies; West African Frontier Force, 2 batteries, t garrison See also:company, t See also:battalion M.I., 6 battalions infantry; and See also:King's African Rifles (See also:East See also:Africa), 5 battalions, besides the Indian troops in imperial services. The army reserve, formed of men who have served with the colours, consists of four classes. Sections A, B and C consist of men who are fulfilling the reserve portion of their See also:original twelve years' liability. See also:Section A, which receives extra allowances, is liable to be called up in a See also:minor emergency; section B is the general reserve; section C, also See also:part of the general reserve, consists of men who have been sent to the reserve prematurely; section D (which is often suspended) consists of men who at the' expiry of their twelve years' engagement undertake a further four years' reserve liability. Strength and Ages of the Army Reserve (Oct. t, 1909). Section. A. I B & C.

D. Total. Infantry 4,051 70,998 9,608 84,657 Cavalry - 8,894 1,229 10,123 R.H. & F.A 604 13,849 1,571 16,024 R.G.A - 7,748 642 8,189 R.E 415 4,200 406 5,021 Others 427 9,356 558 10,341 5,497 115,045 14,014 134,556 Under 30 98,146 201 98,347 30-35 21,730 10,758 32,488 Over 35 666 3,055 3,721 120,542 14,014 134, 556 The special reserve, converted from the militia, consists of Infantry, field and garrison artillery, the Irish Horse (See also:

late Yeomanry), engineers, and a few A.S.C. and R.A.M.C. Its See also:object is to make good on mobilization deficiencies (so far as they may exist after the calling in of the army reserve) in the expeditionary or regular forces, and to repair the losses of a campaign. It also acts as a feeder co the regular army. Its establishment and strength on the 1st of October 1909 were 90,664 and 69,954 respectively, without counting in the latter figure 6172 militia and militia reserve men not then absorbed into the new organization. The war organization of the home establishment, with its general and special reserves, aimed at the mobilization and despatch overseas of 6 army divisions, each of 12 battalions in 3 brigades; 9 field batteries in 3 brigades, a See also:brigade of 3 field See also:howitzer batteries, and a heavy See also:battery, each with the appropriate See also:ammunition columns; 2 field companies and 1 telegraph company R.E.; 2 companies mounted infantry; and ambulances, columns and parks. In addition to these 6 divisions, there are " army troops " at the disposal of the See also:commander-in-See also:chief, consisting of two mixed " mounted brigades " (cavalry, mounted infantry, and horse artillery) serving as the " protective cavalry," and of various technical troops, such as balloon companies and bridging train. The " strategical " cavalry is a See also:division of 4 brigades (12 regiments or 36 squadrons), with 2 brigades (4 batteries) of horse artillery, 4 " field troops " and wireless company R.E., and ambulances and supply columns. The peace organization of the regular forces at home conforms to the prospective war organization. In addition to the field army itself, various lines of communication troops are sent abroad on mobilization.

These number some 20,000 men, the field army about 135,000, with 492 field guns, 7561 other vehicles and 60,769 horses and mules. But the first See also:

condition of employing all the home regulars abroad is perfect See also:security at home. Thus the See also:pivot of the See also:Haldane See also:system is the organization of the Territorial Force as a completely self-contained army. The higher organization—which the volunteers (q.v.) and yeomanry (q.v.) never possessed—varies only slightly from that in See also:vogue in the regular army. The second line army consists of 14 mixed mounted brigades as protective cavalry and 14 army divisions of much the same combatant strength as the regular divisions, the only important variation being that the artillery consists of 4-See also:gun instead of 6-gun batteries. In addition to the divisions and mounted brigades there are " army troops," of which the most important component is the cyclist battalions, recruited in the different See also:coast counties and specially organized as a first line of opposition to an invader. Affiliated to the territorial force are officers' training corps, cadets, " See also:veteran reserves," and some of the other organizations mentioned below, the Haldane See also:scheme having as its See also:express object the utilization of every sort of contribution to See also:national defence, whether combatant or non-combatant, on a voluntary basis. The conditions of enlistment and reserve in the territorial force are a four years' engagement (former yeomen and volunteers being however allowed to extend for one year at a See also:time if they See also:desire to do so), within each year a consecutive training in See also:camp of 14-18 days and a number of " drills " (attendances at company and battalion parades) that varies with the See also:branch and the year of service. The minimum is practically always exceeded, and trebled or quadrupled in the case of the more enthusiastic men, and the chief difficulty with which the officers responsible for training have to contend is the fact that no See also:man can be compelled to attend on any particular occasion. Attendance at the camp training, in so far as the claims of men's See also:civil employment do not infringe upon it, is compulsory, and takes place at one time for all—generally the first half of See also:August. The army troops, divisions and mounted brigades consist of 56 regiments of yeomanry; 14 batteries and 14 ammunition columns R.H.A., 151 batteries and 55 ammunition columns R.F.A., 3 mountain batteries and ammunition See also:column, and 14 heavy batteries and ammunition columns R.G.A.; 28 field companies, 29 telegraph companies, railway battalion, &c., R.E.; 204 battalions infantry (including to of cyclists, the See also:Honourable Artillery Company, and certain corps of the Officers' Training Corps training as territorials) ; 6o units A.S.C.; 56 field ambulances, 23 general hospitals and 2 sanitary companies R.A.M.C. Told off to the defended seaports are '16 See also:groups of garrison artillery companies and 58 fortress and electric See also:light companies R.E.

Establishment and Strength (See also:

April 1, 1910) See also:Arm or Branch. Establishment. Strength. Officers. Men. Officers. Men. Yeomanry 1,345 24,766 1,193 24,219 R.H. & F.A 1,211 32,945 1,015 29,658 R.G.A 450 11,455 406 9,356 R.E 571 14,660 525 12,896 Infantry 5,679 195,297 5,064 173,670 A.S.C 322 8,562 277 7,577 R.A.M.C 1,438 13,664 1,151 11,849 A.V.C 198 14 95 — Total 11,214 301,363 9,726 269,225 The Territorial Force is enlisted to serve at home, but individuals and whole corps may volunteer for service abroad in war if called upon. A See also:register is kept of those who accept this liability before-See also:hand, and about 6000 officers, and men had joined it in April 1910. The force is trained, commanded and inspected exclusively by the military authorities, the regular army finding the higher commanders and staffs. But in accordance both with the growing tendency to separate command and See also:administration and with the desire to enlist local sympathies and utilize local resources, " associations," partly of civilian, partly of military members, were formed in every See also:county and charged by See also:statute with all matters See also:relating to the enlistment, service and See also:discharge of the county's See also:quota in the force, finance (other than pay, &c. in camp), buildings, ownership of regimental See also:property, &c.

To these duties of county associations are added that of supervising and administering See also:

cadet corps of all sorts (other than officers' training corps), and that of providing the extra horses required on mobilization, not, only by the territorial force, but by the expeditionary force as well. There are several groups of more or less military See also:character which are for various reasons outside war office See also:control. These are: (a) boys' brigades—the See also:Church Lads' Brigade, the London Diocesan Brigade, the Jewish Lads' Brigade, &c.; (b) the See also:Legion of Frontiersmen, an organization intended to enroll for " irregular " service men with colonial or frontier experience; (c) rifle clubs, which exist solely for rifle practice, and have no military liabilities; (d) boy scouts, an organization founded in 1908 by Lieut.-General Sir R. S. S. See also:Baden-See also:Powell. Command and Administration.—The secretary of state for war is the See also:head of the army See also:council, which comprises the heads of departments and is the chief executive authority. These departments (see STAFF) are: the general staff; the See also:adjutant-general's See also:department; the quartermaster-general's department; the department of the See also:master-general of the ordnance; the civil member's department; and the finance member's department: In addition to these departments, whose heads See also:form the army council itself, there is the very important department of the inspector-general of the forces, whose duties are to ensure by inspection the See also:maintenance of military efficiency and an adequate standard of instruction, &c. This department is thus in the See also:main a See also:complement of the general staff branch. In 1910 the commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean was appointed inspector-general of the overseas forces other than those in India, and the inspector-general in London supervises therefore only the forces in the home establishment. There are, therefore, three single authorities of high See also:rank for the great divisions of the army—the two inspectors-general and the commander-in-chief in India. The United Kingdom is subdivided into 7 command's and 12 districts, the commands under a See also:lieutenant-general or general as commander-in-chief and the districts under brigadier-generals.

The commands are the eastern, See also:

southern, western, See also:northern, Scottish, Irish and the See also:Aldershot. London is organized as a separate See also:district under a See also:major-general. In the colonial establishment the See also:principal commands are the Mediterranean (including See also:Egypt) and the South African. Except in South Africa, there are no imperial troops quartered in the self-governing colonies. . Since 1904–1905 command and administration have been separated and general officers commanding in chief relieved of administrative details by the See also:appointment to their staffs of major-generals incharge of administration (see STAFF and OFFICERS). Finance.—The army estimates for 1910—1911 show a total sum of £27,760,000 required for the home and colonial establishments, made up as follows (after deducting appropriations in aid) : ' Does not include unattached See also:list of officers, 853, or 736 R.A.M.C. officers not available until mobilization. Regular Army, Pay and Allowances £8,733,000 Special Reserve 833,000 Territorial Force 2,660,000 Medical Services 452,000 Educational Establishments 147,000 Quartering, Transport, Remounts 1,589,000 Supplies, Clothing 4,397,000 Stores and Ordnance Establishment 533,000 Armament and Engineer Stores 1,482,000 See also:Works, Buildings and Land, &c 2,598,000 War Office and See also:Miscellaneous 503,000 See also:Pensions, &c 3,833,000 £27,760,000 The pay of the soldiers has increased since the South African War. Without allowances of any See also:kind, it was in 1910 as follows: See also:Warrant officer, 5s. to 6s. per day; quartermaster-sergeants, colour-sergeants, &c., 3s. 4d. to 4s. 6d.; sergeants, 2s. 4d. to 3s. 4d.; Corporals, Is.

8d. to 2s. 8d.; See also:

lance-corporals, Is. 3d. to Is. 9d.; privates Is. Id. to Is. 9d.; boys, 8d. In addition, all receive a messing See also:allowance of 3d. per day, 2d. for upkeep of See also:kit, and most receive " service " or " proficiency " pay at 3d.-6d a day; and engineers, A.S.C. and R.A.M.C. specialist pay at various rates. Officers' pay, without allowances, is for second lieutenants 5s. 3d. to 7s. 8d.; lieu-tenants, 6s. 5d. to 8s. iod.; captains, Its. 7d. to 15s.; majors, 13s.

7d. to 18s. 6d.; and lieutenant-colonels, 18s. to 24s. 9d. Indian Army.—The forces in India consist of the British army on the Indian establishment and the Indian native army with its dependent local militias, feudatories, contingents, &c. In addition there is a force of See also:

European and See also:Eurasian volunteers, See also:drawn largely from railway employes. The Indian army consists of 138 battalions of infantry, Io regiments of cavalry, 16 mountain batteries, 1 garrison artillery ,company, 32 sapper and miner companies (2 railways companies included). The proportion between British and Indian troops observed since the See also:Mutiny is roughly one British to two native, the Indian army being about 162,000 men. In addition the native army includes supply and transport corps, the medical service, and the veterinary service, officered in the higher ranks by officers of the A.S.C., R.A.M.C. and A.V.C. respectively. The Indian army is recruited from Mahommedans and See also:Hindus of various tribes and sects, and with some exceptions (chiefly in the See also:Madras infantry) companies, sometimes regiments, are composed exclusively of men of one class. The See also:official F.S. See also:Pocket Book 1908 gives the following particulars: Mahommedans (Pathans of the frontier tribes, Hazaras Baluchis, Moplahs, Punjabi Mahommedans, &c.) 350 infantry companies, 76 squadrons. (35% of the army).

Hindus (Sikhs, Gurkhas, Rajputs, See also:

Jats, Dogras, See also:Mahrattas, See also:Tamils, Brahmans, See also:Bhils, Garhwalis, &c.), 727 companies, 79 squadrons (63.3 %)• Enlistment is entirely voluntary, and the army enjoys the highest See also:prestige. Service is for three years, but in practice the native soldier makes the army his career and he is allowed to extend up to 32 years. The native cavalry is almost entirely Silandar, in which the trooper mounts and clothes himself, and practically serves without pay. In the infantry, too, the old system of paying men and requiring them to equip, clothe and feed themselves, is in vogue to some extent. There is a reserve of the native army, numbering some 35,000 men. But it is rather a draft to replace wastage than a means of bringing the army up to a war footing in the European way. Indeed, a See also:cardinal principle of the Indian forces, British and native alike, is that the units are maintained in peace at full war effective, often a little above their field strength. Part of the army, nearest the See also:north-west frontier, has even its transport practically in readiness to move at once. The command is in the hands of British officers assisted by native officers, promoted from the ranks. The number of native officers in a unit is equal to that of the British officers. Besides the regular native army there are: (a) various frontier and other levies, such as the Khyber Rifles and the See also:Waziristan Militia; (b) selected contingents from the armies of the native princes, inspected by British officers, numbering about 20,000 and styled " imperial service troops "; (c) the volunteers, about 32,000 strong; and (d) the military See also:police. The general organization of the forces is into two armies, the northern and the southern, with headquarters at Rawal Pindi and See also:Poona respectively.

Administration.—Under the See also:

governor-general in council the commander-in-chief (himself a member of the council) is the executive authority. Under him in the army department, now divided into higher committees and the headquarter staff, the latter comprising (since the abolition of the military staff department under See also:Lord See also:Kitchener's reorganization) the divisions of the chief of the general staff, the adjutant-general and the quartermaster-general. India has her own staff See also:college at See also:Quetta, and can manufacturerifles, ammunition and field artillery equipment except the actual guns. The cost of the Indian army, and of the British forces on the Indian establishment, borne by the Indian government in 1909 was £20,558,000. Regulars only. Northern Southern i I Army. Army. Total. British 40,608 34,143 74,751 Indian Army, See also:white . 1,534 1,512 3,046 ,, native . 85,189 76,772 161,961 Total . 86,723 78,284 165,007 Total 127,331 112,427 239,758 Forces of the Dominions and Colonies.—Lord Kitchener and Sir See also:John French in 1909-1910 paid visits of inspection to See also:Australia and See also:Canada in connexion with the reorganization by the local governments of their military forces, and a beginning was made of a See also:common organization of the forces of the See also:empire in the colonial military See also:conference of 1909.

Without infringement of local See also:

autonomy and local conditions, a common system of See also:drill, equipment, training and staff administration was agreed on as essential, and to that end the general staff in London was to evolve into an " imperial general staff." The object to be attained as laid down was twofold; (a) See also:complete organization of the territorial forces of each dominion or See also:colony; (b) See also:evolution of contingents of colonial general-service troops with which the dominion governments might assist the army of Great Britain in See also:wars outside the immediate See also:borders of each dominion.

End of Article: UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

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