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SEATTLE
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SEATTLE , the See also:county-seat of See also: The surface of the city is hilly, the greatest height being 500 ft. above See also:sea-level. The higher hills, the better residential parts of the city, are reached by See also:cable railways or by electric railways following winding routes. Many of the higher hills, especially in the business See also:district, have been removed by See also:hydraulic See also:power and large parts regraded. Lake Washington, to the E., is 22 M. long, and x to 4 M. wide, with an area of 50 sq. m., a See also:shore line of 8o m. and a maximum See also:depth of 225 ft; its See also:waters are deep and clear and never freeze. In the north-central part of the city is See also:Green Lake, about r m. long and 2 m. wide. On Puget Sound and Lake Union and about these two lakes, both with well-wooded shores and both furnishing excellent boating andcanoeing, are the See also:principal parks of the city. In 1910 the See also:total See also:park acreage under the park commissioners was Io58 acres. Immediately S. of Green Lake is Woodland Park (1.99 acres) with athletic See also:fields and a zoological collection. On the southern shore of Union Bay (a circular, nearly landlocked arm of Lake Washing-ton) in the See also:east-central part of the city is Washington Park (163 acres). Farther S. near Lake Washington are Madrona Park (9 acres), Frink Park (20 acres), which adjoins Leschi Park (4 acres), and See also:Mount See also:Baker Park (12 acres). Near Lake Union is Volunteer Park (48 acres) on Capitol See also: See also:Seward by See also:Richard See also:Brooks. Schmitz Park (30 acres) is woodland on the See also:West Seattle See also:peninsula, overlooking the Sound; and between Volunteer Park and Washington Park is See also:Interlaken (46 acres). Kinnear Park (14 acres) is near the entrance to the harbour. Nearly all these parks command views of the Cascade and Olympic ranges. The city owns large areas which are to be improved as parks, including See also:Ravenna Park, which has a See also:noble native See also:fir and See also:cedar See also:forest and See also:sulphur springs. Private parks include the See also: In See also:Georgetown, immediately S. of the See also:main part of Seattle and nearly hemmed in by parts of the city, is the county See also:hospital. The city has many churches, including See also:Chinese, See also:Japanese, Finnish, Scandinavian, See also:German and See also:Russian. Seattle is the see of a See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:bishop, and St See also: The Ladies' See also:Hebrew Benevolent Society, the Ladies' See also:Montefiore Aid Society and the Hebrew Benevolent Association are Jewish charities. Other charities are the Seattle See also:Seamen's Friend Society, the See also:Florence Crittenton Home, the See also:Lebanon See also:Rescue See also:Mission, the Japanese Women's Home, the Seattle See also:Fruit and See also:Flower Mission, and the Kenny Home for Old Ladies (Presbyterian). The principal hospitals are the Pacific (1899), the Seattle See also:General (1894, under the Deaconess Home Association), the See also:Providence (1877, under the Sisters of Charity), the See also:Minor, the Wayside Emergency (1900), the Municipal and the County. The situation of Seattle makes it important commercially and industrially. For its manufactories electric power is derived from Snoqualmie Falls (N.E. of Seattle) from Puyallup river (S.W.) and from Cedar river. The total value of the factory product in 1905 (excluding Ballard) was $25,406,574 (nearly one-fifth of that of the state), or 65.8 % more than in 1900. The increase was particularly marked in the value of See also:flour, $4,593,566, or 253.9 % more than in 1900. Other important manufactures in 1905 were: packed meats and slaughter house See also:pro-ducts ($3,419,085); See also:malt liquors ($2,121,631); foundry and See also:machine See also:shop products ($I,971.571)—there is a large manufactory of nuts and bolts; See also:lumber and See also:timber ($1,519,247) ; See also:confectionery ($821,123) ; canned and preserved See also:fish ($610,356) ; and See also:ships and boats. In what was formerly Ballard, now the 13th ward, on Salmon Bay, there are large See also:mills for the manufacture of red cedar shingles. Seattle is the most important seaport of the state, being the commercial and See also:industrial centre for the customs district of Puget Sound. In 1909 the See also:net See also:tonnage of vessels entering the harbour (See also:local figures) was 2,467,351 tons. The foreign exports in 1908 (Harbour See also:Master's See also:Report) were valued at $18,413,735, the foreign imports at $23,805,727. Its exports and imports make up the greater part of the See also:commerce of the district, which has Port Townsend as its port of entry, and the city is rivalled only by San Francisco among the cities of the Pacific coast in the amount of its water-See also:borne See also:traffic. The See also:chief exports are See also:wheat, flour, timber, See also:hay, potatoes, live stock, fruit, fish (salmon), oats, See also:coal (from the mines E. of Lake Washington), hops, See also:cotton (from the Southern States), See also:dairy products and general merchandise; and the imports include See also:silk, See also:rice, See also:coffee, See also:tea, See also:sugar, spices, See also:indigo and other See also:Oriental products. Practically all the See also:gold from Alaska and the See also:Yukon territory is received here, and nearly 8o% of the Alaskan See also:trade is done through Seattle. The foreign trade is with China, Japan, Siberia, Hawaii, the Philippines, Australia, Mexico, South America and See also:Europe. The Chamber of Commerce has an excellent commercial museum. The city was chartered in 1880, and under the See also:charter of 1896 (as amended since) elections are biennial. By an See also:amendment of 1908 the initiative and See also:referendum were introduced; an initiative See also:petition must be signed by so % of the voters at the preceding municipal See also:election; a petition for a referendum on any See also:ordinance passed by the city See also:council must be signed by 8 % of the voters at the preceding municipal election. The city council is composed of one councilman elected for a two-See also:year See also:term from each ward (in 1910 there were 14 wards), and two councilmen elected at large and serving for four years. The See also:municipality owns the water-See also:supply system with its source at Cedar Lake and Cedar river, 28 m. S.E., and an electric See also:lighting plant (for which power is derived from the falls of the Cedar river), but most of the lighting is supplied by private companies. The city has undertaken the regrading necessitated by the hilly site of Seattle. In 1909 the assessed valuation of the city was $185,317,470 and the city's See also:debt was $8,570,380 (bonded) and $8,933,973 (net debt for local improvements). The first permanent See also:settlement here was made in 1852 by settlers who a year before had established New See also:York, a See also:village at Alki Point, on the W. See also:side of Elliott Bay and in the See also:present city limits. The name Seattle was given to the settlement in See also:honour of a Dwamish chief of that name, who died in 1866 and who was friendly to the whites. In 1853 a See also:town plat was filed, King county was erected, and Seattle became the county seat. In 1855 Seattle had a population of 300. In See also:January 1856 in an See also:attempt to exterminate the whites the neighbouring See also:Indians unsuccessfully attacked 'Seattle, which was defended by the U.S. See also:sloop-of-See also:war " See also:Decatur." The first railway reached Seattle in 1884. In 1885-1886, when there were See also:anti-Chinese riots here led by the Knights of Labour, See also:martial See also:law was declared by the See also:governor and the Chinese were defended by local vigilance committees. A destructive See also:fire in 1889 and the See also:financial depression of 1893 checked the city's growth, which, however, received a new impulse from the See also:discovery of gold in Alaska and the Yukon territory in 1897, as Seattle became the outfitting place for prospectors and the port to which gold was shipped. The town of South Seattle was annexed in 1905; and the city of South-east Seattle, the town of Ravenna, the town of South Park, the city of Columbia, the city of Ballard, the city of West Seattle, and Dunlap, Rainier See also:Beach and See also:Atlantic City were ;annexed in 1907. From the 1st of See also:June to the 15th of See also:October 1909 the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition was held in Seattle on grounds which now See also:form part of the university campus, between Lake Union and Lake Washington; of the twelve central Exposition buildings some were afterwards turned over to the university. The purpose of the Exposition was to exploit Washington, the Yukon and the entire north-west on the Pacific slope. SEA-URCHIN. These animals belong to the great See also:group of Echinoderms (see ECIINODERMA) and to its class Echinoidea. Both the scientific and the See also:English names denote their resemblance to the urchin or See also:hedgehog, the resemblance lying in the prickles with which the skin is covered. The skin itself is stiffened by a See also:deposit of See also:calcite (crystalline carbonate of See also:lime) in the form of plates. If the prickles be scraped away, these plates will be seen to form a hard See also:shell or test, in which are two openings, for the mouth and the anus. According to the position of these openings the urchins are described as See also:Regular or Irregular. In the Regular urchins, of which See also:Echinus esculentus, the edible See also:egg-urchin (fig. I), and Dorocidaris papillate, the See also:piper (fig. 2), are See also:familiar examples, the test is spheroidal with the mouth at the See also:lower See also:pole and the anus at the upper. In the Irregular urchins, of which Spat- FIG. s.---A Regular Sea-urchin, Echinus See also:angus purpureus, esculentus. The test is still covered with spines, the See also:purple heart between which the suckers of the podia are seen in ten rows. urchin (fig. 3), is a See also:common type, the test has been See also:drawn out into an See also:oval or heart shape, with the mouth shifted towards the front end and the anus towards the hinder end. The greater part of the test of a Regular urchin is divided, as a globe by meridians of See also:longitude, into ten areas, each composed of two columns of plates. In five of these areas the plates are pierced by pairs of pores (fig. 2, Ambulacrum), and in See also:life there issues front each pair a tubular See also:process with a sucking disk at its end (fig. I). Within the test these processes or podia are connected with five tubes arising from a tubular See also:ring See also:round the mouth and See also:running upwards to the See also:apex, where each passes out as a single process through a See also:special See also:plate at the end of the area to which it belongs. Since this terminal process is sometimes surrounded by pigment, as are See also:organs susceptible to See also:light, it has been regarded as an See also:eye and the plate through which it passes called an ocular (fig. 2). From the ring-canal round the mouth a single See also:tube passes straight through the body-cavity to the apex, where it opens through a See also:sieve-like plate—the madreporite (fig. 2). Thus all this system of tubes is placed in connexion with the See also:outer sea-water, and is filled with it. Within the test the bottom of each See also:podium is swollen into a little bag—See also:ampulla—likewise full of water, and when the muscles with which it is provided pull the sides of the bag together, the Water is squeezed into the podium and dilates it, so that it is stretched far out (see See also:ECHINODERMA, fig. 12 D). The podium can then See also:wave about and attach its sucker to any smooth See also:object within reach. Each of these five areas, with the podia on each side of it extended and waving, looks like a See also:garden See also:avenue—Latin ambulacrum—and the areas are therefore called ambulacral areas, the plates composing them ambulacrals, and the whole system of water-vessels the ambulacral system. This system forms perhaps the most characteristic feature of all living Echinoderms, but it reaches its highest development in the urchins. The five areas alternating with the ambulacral areas are called interambulacral (fig. 2, Interambulacrum) ; their plates are not pierced by pores but are generally ornamented by large tubercles bearing big prickles (spines or radioles), between and around which are smaller prickles (fig. 2). The madreporite is one of five plates that surround the anal opening and alternate in position with the oculars. Each of these plates is pierced by a See also:pore, connected on the inside with one of the five generative glands, and giving passage to the eggs or milt when they are ripe; hence these plates are called genitals (fig. 2). The five genitals and five oculars together form the apical system of plates (see ECHINODERMA, fig. 3, A.B.). From the mouth to the anus the gut follows a coiled course, first going round the cavity of the test in one direction and then turning back on itself, while the two limbs of the See also:loop thus formed are themselves thrown into festoons attached by strands to the See also:wall of the test. The lower coil, next the mouth, is the See also:stomach in which See also:food accumulates, while the upper coil is the See also:intestine proper. In Echinus, but not in the Cidarids, a narrow tube branches from the gut at the beginning of the first coil, runs alongside the stomach, and re-enters the gut at the end of the coil; this, which is called the See also:siphon, permits a flow of water through the gut however full of food the stomach may be. Round the gullet is a See also:jaw-apparatus, consisting essentially of five hard, pointed See also:teeth, the ten jaw-pieces in which they are held, five struts between the pairs of jaws, and five cambered stays for the See also:attachment of ligaments to keep the whole apparatus in position. The jaws are worked by muscles in such a way as to draw the teeth together or apart, inwards or out-wards. This apparatus is often called "See also:Aristotle's See also:lantern," though it is extremely doubtful whether Aristotle (Hist. Anim. iv. 5) was alluding to this structure. The whole of it is covered by the membrane lining the body-cavity, and from the space thus enclosed there from above, with most of the spines removed. Natural See also:size. pass to the exterior five pairs of hollow branched appendages, the See also:external gills; the five notches through which the gills passed can be seen in the dried test of an Echinus from which the mouth-membrane has been removed, but not in the test of the piper-urchin or other Cidarid, because there the gills are not See also:developed. The prickles that See also:cover the test are better studied in the piper-urchin (fig. 2), where some of them are very large and, from their resemblance to the drones of a bagpipe, have suggested the name of the See also:animal. Each of these large spines or radioles is attached to a rounded tubercle by an enclosing See also:ligament and outer coat of muscles, the See also:base of the radiole being hollowed to See also:fit on the tubercle. Thus the radiole can be moved in any direction. The attachment of the larger radioles is protected by a ring of smaller ones. These and the other small spines protect the sea-urchin, as its prickles protect a hedgehog; the larger ones may also help the animal to move or to See also:fix itself firmly against the See also:shock of waves. Some urchins, especially the purple egg-urchin, See also:bore holes even in very hard rocks, and by stretching out their radioles they can hold themselves immovably in their holes; how they bore the holes is not known with certainty. Besides radioles, small pincer-like appendages called pedicellariae are attached to the test by similar See also:ball-and-socket See also:joints. Each consists of a long stalk bearing three See also:blades which can meet at their points; on the inner surface of each blade is a See also:cushion of sensitive565 skin, and often a gland which secretes a See also:poison. The pedicellariae were once supposed to be parasites, but they are really organs of the urchin of the same nature as the radioles; they are of four different forms, three of which undoubtedly serve for See also:defence, while the shortest ones clean the test from impurities and See also:sand-grains that fall between the radioles. Sea-urchins other than Cidarids also See also:bear on the test See also:minute sensory organs called sphaeridia, each consisting of a small hard knob, supported by a stalk which may be partly calcified but always contains many See also:nerve-See also:fibres. It is generally supposed that they are sensitive to vibrations in the water, and to any See also:change from the normal position which the animal may assume or be forced into. Such a regular urchin as has here been described lives with the mouth downwards, preferring a hard See also:floor, on which it creeps by its podia and its radioles, constantly scraping the See also:algae and seaweeds from the See also:rock with its teeth and so feeding itself. If it does not bore a hole, or is not protected by long See also:needle-like radioles, it may grasp bits of sea-See also:weed or other See also:objects with its pedicellariae and hide beneath them from the fish that seek it for food. The Irregular urchins (fig. 3) have been modified for another way of life. Some of them live in mud or See also:ooze, through which they creep. The mouth has moved forward, has lost its jaws and often has a See also:lip, projecting so as to See also:scoop up the mud. The prickles have become smaller, often almost silky, and are generally directed back-wards so as not to oppose the passage of the body. The podia of the under surface still aid locomotion, but those of the upper surface, which are concentrated in five petal-shaped areas, See also:act mainly as gills. These urchins often assume a heart shape, owing to the greater development and sinking in of the front petal. The sand-dollars and their See also:allies, which live See also:half-buried in sand without moving through it, retain a more or less circular outline, as well as the central position of the mouth, which has not lost its jaws; the anus, however, has moved to the side, while the podia of the upper surface are concentrated in petals and many of them modified into branched gills. The sand-dollars proper are very thin and See also:flat, but the See also:shield-urchins (Clypeaster, &c.) have the central region of the upper surface raised in a See also:boss, which reaches above the sand, so that the animal can still breathe though the whole body is hidden. In many Irregular urchins the petals of the ambulacra are deeply sunk, and serve as a nursery for the See also:young, which are covered by the spines of the See also:parent. Sea-urchins live only in the sea, from between See also:tide-marks down to all but the greatest depths. The abyssal forms have very thin tests, which are often flexible. Urchins eat all kinds of animal and See also:vegetable food, and are themselves attacked by fish, by See also:star-fish, and even by other urchins. The ripe egg-bunches are a favourite See also:article of See also:diet with dwellers round the Mediterranean; in other respects sea-urchins are of small importance to See also:man, being neither useful nor harmful. In olden times the larger radioles were recommended to be powdered and taken as a remedy for the See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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