Online Encyclopedia

heath or grass. The Moorfoot Hills, in the south-east, are a continuation of the Lammermuirs, and attain in Blackhope Scar a height of 2136 ft. Of more or less isolated eminences there are the See also:

BRAID (from the O. Eng. bregdan, to move quickly to and fro, hence to weave)

Braid Hills (698 ft.), Blackford Hill (5oo), See also:

Arthur's Seat ($22), Corstorphine Hill (5oo)—all practically within Edinburgh—and Dalmahoy See also:

Craig (800), 7 M. south-west of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. Of the See also:

rivers the Gala rises on the south-east of the Moorfoot Hills and flows south to join the See also:

TWEED

Tweed, and the See also:

TYNE

Tyne after a course of 7 M. passes into See also:

HADDINGTONSHIRE, or EAST LOTHIAN

Haddingtonshire. All the others flow into the Firth of Forth. Of these the Esk, which is the longest, drains the See also:

DISTRICT

district between the Pentlands and the Moorfoot Hills, and empties into the sea at See also:

MUSSELBURGH

Musselburgh. The See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch has its source near Blackhope Scar, receives on its right See also:

Gore See also:

WATER

Water and, on its See also:

LEFT

left, See also:

Dalhousie See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn, and flows past Newbattle See also:

Abbey; the See also:

NORTHERN

northern rises in the Pentlands, and proceeds through much picturesque scenery past Penicuik, Roslin, Hawthornden and Lasswade; the two streams uniting within the grounds of See also:

DALKEITH

Dalkeith See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace.

Braid Burn from Capelaw Hill passes between the Braid Hills and Blackford Hill, and reaches the sea at Portobello. The Water of See also:

LEITH

Leith, with its See also:

head streams on the western slope of the Pentlands, flows past Balerno, See also:

Currie, See also:

JUNIPER

Juniper See also:

Green, Colinton, See also:

EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and Leith. The See also:

ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

Almond, rising in See also:

LANARK

Lanark-See also:

SHIRE

shire, and its right-See also:

hand tributary, Breich Water, form the boundary between Midlothian and Linlithgowshire. Several of these streams, especially the Esk and the Water of Leith, furnish much water See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. The only See also:

LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

loch is that at Duddingston, but there are several large reservoirs connected with the water See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of Edinburgh. Cobbinshaw See also:

RESERVOIR

reservoir, situated at the head of See also:

BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

Bog Burn, a tributary of the Almond, is used for the supply of the See also:

Union See also:

Canal connecting the Forth with the See also:

Clyde. See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The southern portion of the county. embracing the Moorfoot Hills and a large See also:

PART

part of the catchment See also:

basin of the Gala Water, lies within the See also:

SILURIAN

Silurian tableland of the south of Scotland. From Howland northwards to See also:

CROOKSTON

Crookston in the Gala valley the Silurian strata are mainly of Tarannon See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and consist of greywackes, grits, flags and shales, with thin dark seams which yield See also:

GRAPTOLITES

graptolites sparingly. To the See also:

north of this area, older sediments, comprising Arenig cherts, See also:

black shales, greywackes and grits of Llandeilo and Caradoc age, rise from underneath the Tarannon strata and spread over the hills north to the margin of the tableland. In some of the folds of Arenig cherts See also:

DIABASE

diabase lavas appear, which occupy small lenticular areas. All the Silurian strata are repeated by folds striking north-east and south-west and frequently dipping in one direction, to the north-west as in the Gala valley. North of the Silurian tableland and within the area occupied by, the younger Palaeozoic rocks of the Pentland Hills, there are various inliers of Upper Silurian strata.

These isolated patches occur (I) in the North Esk See also:

section, (2) at Loganlee reservoir, (3) near Bavelaw See also:

Castle, and (4) in Bavelaw Burn. The section in the North Esk is by far the most See also:

COMPLETE

complete, as the strata embrace See also:

WENLOCK

Wenlock, See also:

Ludlow and Downtonian rocks with a north-east strike similar to that of the beds in the Silurian tableland. The Wenlock rocks have yielded a See also:

rich See also:

SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of organic remains. In the Pentland Hills the folded and denuded Silurian strata are covered unconformably by See also:

LOWER

Lower Old Red See also:

SANDSTONE

Sandstone rocks, comprising conglomerates and red sandstones, which are succeeded by a See also:

GREAT

great volcanic See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, the latter extending from the West Kip Hill to the Braid Hills. The pebbles of the basal conglomerates are derived chiefly from the underlying See also:

PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of greywackes and shales and from the Radiolarian cherts and volcanic rocks in the tableland to the south. The contemporaneous igneous rocks include See also:

OLIVINE

olivine basalts, andesites, trachytes, rhyolites and tuffs, which are pierced by the microgranite of the Black Hill and by several vents filled with See also:

AGGLOMERATE (from the Lat. agglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris)

agglomerate, as near Swanston. The Upper Old Red Sandstone rests unconformably on all older formations. The red sandstones and cornstones of this See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division form the Cairn Hills, and are traceable north-eastwards along the north-west slope of the Pentland Hills towards the Clubbiedean reservoir, where they are overlapped by Carboniferous strata. They occupy the south part of the city of Edinburgh, they occur in the lower slope of See also:

Salisbury Crags, and south by Craigmillar and Liberton towards Mortonhall. Recently the See also:

HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon of these beds has been proved by the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

fish remains (Holoptychius), a zonal form of the Upper Old Red Sandstone. The See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the county embracing the fertile See also:

low ground west of the city of Edinburgh and along the basin of the Esk is occupied by Carboniferous strata and various igneous rocks associated with that formation. The Pentland Hills, formed of older Palaeozoic deposits, appear as a prominent See also:

ridge, throwing off the Carboniferous beds to the north-west and south-east.

In the former direction only the Calciferous Sandstone series is represented, and in the latter all the Carboniferous divisions are well See also:

DEVELOPED

developed. The lowest subdivision of the Calciferous Sandstone series, consisting of sandstones, red and green shales, marls and See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement-stones, appears in the ridge of the old part of the city between the Castle and Holyrood, in the See also:

Hunter's Bog and on the north-west See also:

side of the Pentland Hills. Intercalated in this series near the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, there are interbedded volcanic rocks, comprising olivine basalts, mugearites, tuffs and agglomerates, which form conspicuous features on Arthur's Seat, on Calton Hill, at Craiglockhart and Corston Hill south of See also:

Mid See also:

Calder. Next in See also:

order come the Granton sandstones and Wardie shales, which are best seen on the See also:

SHORE

shore at Granton, and extend up the Water of Leith in the direction of Colinton, where they are succeeded by the See also:

HAILES, DAVID DALRYMPLE, LORD (1726-1792)

Hailes sandstone. The upper portion of the Calciferous Sandstone series, overlying the Hailes sandstone, embraces the valuable oil-shales, which give rise to one of the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries of the Lothians. Recently, however, it has been proved that some of the bands in the Wardie shales give a low yield of oil and sulphate of See also:

AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia. The oil-shale-See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields in the county See also:

lie partly along its west margin from Mid Calder south to Breich andalso on the south-east-side of the Pentland Hills between Straiton and Carlops along the west side of the Midlothian basin. From an economic point of view the Midlothian coalfield is of See also:

SPECIAL

special importance, the strata being arranged in a syncline, the See also:

long See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of which trends north-north-east and south-south-west. In the centre of the basin lie the See also:

COAL

Coal-See also:

MEASURES

Measures covered by the barren red sandstone of Dalkeith, probably on the same horizon as the red sandstones of See also:

Wemyss in See also:

Fife (See also:

MIDDLE

Middle Coal-Measures). The underlying Millstone Grit and Carboniferous See also:

LIMESTONE

Limestone series with its middle-coal-See also:

HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing See also:

GROUP

group rise from underneath the Coal-Measures, forming parallel bands curving See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the basin. Along the west side of the syncline, the strata See also:

DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip at high angles to the south-east, are sometimes See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical and even in some cases inverted, while in the centre they become See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and rise at See also:

GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle angles towards the east. The Coal Measures and the coal-bearing group of the Carboniferous Limestone series contain numerous valuable coals and ironstones, and there still remains a large See also:

field for development.

The intrusive igneous rocks forming prominent features in the county are divisible into two See also:

main See also:

groups, which are separated from each other by a considerable See also:

INTERVAL

interval of See also:

time. The coarse agglomerate filling the old See also:

VOLCANO

volcano on the top of Arthur's Seat is associated with the eruption of the volcanic rocks of Calciferous Sandstone age near Edinburgh. The See also:

FINE

fine grained See also:

BASALT

basalt appearing as a plug on the Castle See also:

Rock closely resembles the basalt on the top of Arthur's Seat, and is likewise of the same age. The intrusive sheets of Salisbury Crags and Corstorphine Hill composed of olivine-See also:

DOLERITE (from Gr. SoXepos, deceptive)

dolerite belong to the same See also:

general See also:

period. But the See also:

QUARTZ

quartz-dolerites represented by the Ratho See also:

sill are in all See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of See also:

LATE

late Carboniferous age. See also:

CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

Agriculture.—In the hill See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the See also:

AVERAGE

average rainfall is 37.4 in., but on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast only 28.4 in. The average temperature ranges from 38° F. in See also:

JANUARY

January to 590.5 in See also:

JULY

July, the mean for the See also:

YEAR

year being 47.7. The north-east and easterly winds prevailing in See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring are, especially in Edinburgh and its vicinity, remarkable for their See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and blighting See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character. Excepting in the uplands, See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow seldom lies long, but frosts sometimes occur at See also:

NIGHT

night as late as the beginning of See also:

JUNE

June, and severe enough to destroy the See also:

young shoots of seedling trees in nurseries. But the See also:

winter is often astonishingly mild. The See also:

COMMON

common See also:

SNOWDROP

snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) blossoms as See also:

early as the 25th of January, the See also:

KIDNEY

kidney liverleaf (Hepatica triloba) by the 3rst of January and the See also:

RHODODENDRON

rhododendron (R. nobleanum) by the 25th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February. On the shores of the Forth along the Almond and the Esk, and on some of the richer flats, See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops ripen early; 2 M. nearer the hills and 200 ft. higher the See also:

HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest is ten days later; and at boo ft. still another See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later.

High farming is the See also:

RULE

rule in the three Lothians. All the area on which See also:

wheat can be profitably grown is so occupied; oats, however, is the predominant grain See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, though See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley is also raised. Turnips and potatoes are the chief roots, and beans are grown to a limited extent. A large area is occupied by pasture and sown See also:

GRASSES

grasses, See also:

FALLOW

fallow See also:

LAND

land having practically disappeared. Near Edinburgh sewage farming has been largely developed. There are 200 acres at Craigentinny between Restalrig and the Forth, besides smaller tracts under similar treatment at Lochend, See also:

DAIRY

Dairy and the See also:

GRANGE (through the A.-Fr. graunge, from the Med. Lat. granea, a place for storing grain, granum)

Grange. The produce consists principally of natural grasses. See also:

Sheep and See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle raising is an important pursuit. In the neighbourhood of the See also:

capital dairy farming is conducted on an extensive See also:

scale. See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse breeding flourishes, several of the studs being of excellent character, Clydesdales predominating. See also:

Pig-keeping has grown considerably and poultry-farming is carried on near Edinburgh. The nursery gardens are extensive, and, besides See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market gardening, which prospers near the capital, there are many orchards.

Other Industries.—Though as a whole not a See also:

MINING

mining county, Midlothian possesses some See also:

MINERAL

mineral See also:

WEALTH

wealth. Coal is extensively See also:

MINED

mined at various points on the North Esk, like Penicuik, Loanhead, Bonnyrigg, Eskbank and at Gorebridge, Newbattle, Newbigging, Niddrie, Gilmerton, Mid and West Calder. See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron-See also:

stone is obtained chiefly at Lasswade and Penicuik and See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

clay occurs at various points. In the vicinity of West Calder there is a large amount of valuable oil-bearing shale. Limestone is of frequent occurrence—at Esperston, Cousland, See also:

CRICHTON, JAMES (156o-? 1582)

Crichton near Dalkeith, Burdiehouse, Gilmerton near Edinburgh, the Camps in Kirknewton See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, and at Muirieston and See also:

Leven Seat in the south-west. Freestone is quarried at Craigleith, Hailes, Redhall and Craigmillar. It is used for pavements and stairs, and for the great docks at Leith. Barnton See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount supplies large blocks 946 of whinstone, also used for docks and for fortifications; the See also:

CAUSEWAY

causeway stones for the streets of Edinburgh are mainly procured from the quarries at Ratho; and a number of smaller quarries for the supply of road-material are scattered throughout the county. Owing no doubt to the growth of See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

PUBLISHING

publishing in the See also:

METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis, the chief manufacturing See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in Midlothian is See also:

paper-making. Most of the See also:

mills are extensive and equipped with the most See also:

MODERN

modern processes and have an enormous yearly output. The most important mills, some of them dating from the beginning of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, are situated on the North Esk between Penicuik and Musselburgh, and on the South Esk at Newbattle. At Balerno, Currie, Colinton and elsewhere on the Water of Leith there are several mills, as well as near Mid Calder and at Portobello.

The See also:

ancient vat-See also:

mill called Peggy's Mill, at Cramond, produces handmade papers. There are See also:

CARPET

carpet factories on the Esk at Roslin and at Lasswade. The manufacture of See also:

GUNPOWDER

gunpowder is also carried on at Roslin, the See also:

WORKS

works being distributed in recesses on the Esk. Iron foundries exist at Dalkeith, See also:

WESTFIELD

Westfield, Loanhead, Penicuik, Millerhill and in the suburbs of Edinburgh; See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works at Portobello, Millerhill,, Newbattle, Bonnyrigg and Rosewell; and See also:

CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle works at Dalkeith and Loanhead. See also:

Leather also is tanned at Edinburgh and Dalkeith. The See also:

SHIPPING

shipping See also:

trade is concentrated at Leith and Granton, and See also:

NEWHAVEN

Newhaven is still an important See also:

FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery centre, while there are also fleets at Fisherrow and Granton. See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and Goverment.—The population in 1891 was 434,276, and in 19or 488,796, of whom 5765 spoke both Gaelic and See also:

ENGLISH

English, and 75 Gaelic only. The chief towns, besides Edinburgh, the capital (pop. in 19o1, 316,837), are Bonnyrigg (1924), Dalkeith (6812), Leith (77,439), Loanhead (3071), Musselburgh (11,711), See also:

Newton Grange (2406), Penicuik (3574), and West Calder (2652). The county forms a single See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency, exclusive of Edinburgh city and Leith burghs. It has been divided by the county See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council into four county districts (Calder, Gala Water, Lasswade, Suburban) for the purposes of the Roads and See also:

Bridges See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1878, and the Public See also:

HEALTH

Health Acts. The management of special districts formed for water supply, drainage and other sanitary purposes is entrusted to sub-committees appointed by the respective district committees. The See also:

grant under the See also:

LOCAL

Local See also:

Taxation (Customs and See also:

EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

Excise) Act is administered by the Technical See also:

EDUCATION

Education See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee appointed by the Council; and, subject to the same authority, the Secondary Education Committee provides for the See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the grant under the Local Taxation (Scotland) Act.

In respect of education the shire is under school-See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

jurisdiction. See also:

HISTORY

History and Antiquities.—Cramond was once a See also:

ROMAN

Roman seaport, and various See also:

OBJECTS

objects of Roman See also:

art and workmanship have been discovered in its vicinity and along the See also:

banks of the Almond. On several heights are remains of early military works—the most important being that on Dalmahoy Hill, See also:

BRAIDWOOD, THOMAS (1715-1806)

Braidwood Castle in the parish of Penicuik, and Castle See also:

GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE (1809–1881)

Greg on the Harburn See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in Mid Calder parish. Picts' houses are found at Crichton Mains, at Borthwick Castle, near See also:

Middleton See also:

House and elsewhere, the first being especially interesting from the fact that some of the stones See also:

bear marks of Roman See also:

MASONRY

masonry. There are hut-circles and a fort on Kaimes Hill, near Ratho; a large See also:

TUMULUS

tumulus, with three upright stones, at Old See also:

Liston; a smaller tumulus at Newbattle; a cistvaen or stone See also:

BURIAL

burial See also:

CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest at Carlowrie; and See also:

STANDING

standing stones at Lochend, at Comiston (the Caiy stone), and the " See also:

Cat Stane" near Kirkliston. See also:

Temple, on the South Esk, was at one time the chief seat of the Knights See also:

TEMPLARS

Templars in Scotland for whom See also:

David I. here built a See also:

church, now in ruins. The history of the county is almost identical with that of the capital. Traces of See also:

CELTIC

Celtic occupation are obvious in such names as Inveresk, Almond, Leith, See also:

DALRY (Gaelic, " the field of the king ")

Dalry, Dalmahoy, Dalkeith and others; though most of the villages, hamlets and castles received their See also:

PRESENT

present designation from Saxon possessors. The termination ton is very frequent. Following upon the withdrawal of the See also:

Romans the land was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of intertribal strife, but it was in a measure subdued by the See also:

SAXONS

Saxons and passed under the rule of the Northumbrian See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, who held it till 1020, when the Lothians were handed over to the Scottish See also:

king, See also:

Malcolm II. The See also:

PEOPLE

people of the Lothians, however, stipulated that they were to retain their See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs, and in this way the south-eastern lowlands became the centre from which Anglo-Saxon and See also:

Norman See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization gradually spread throughout Scotland, and hence, too, was assured the pre-See also:

EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence of Edinburgh. Within the county lie the battlefields of Roslin, where (in 1303) the English suffered three reverses in one See also:

day; Burghmuir, where the English were defeated by the See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

MORAY

Moray in 1334; Pinkie near Inveresk, where (in 1547) the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Somerset inflicted heavy loss upon the Scots; and Rullion Green, on the eastern slopes of the Pentlands, where (in 1666) the See also:

COVENANTERS

Covenanters were routed by the royal troops under General Dalziel.

See See also:

James Grant, Old and New Edinburgh (See also:

LONDON

London, 188o etseq.) ; See also:

MISS

Miss Warrender, Walks near Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 189o); J. C. See also:

Oliphant, Rambles round Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1892) ; M. See also:

Bell, Castles of the Lothians (Edinburgh, 1893) ; W. See also:

Baird, See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of Duddingston and Portobello (Edinburgh, 1898) ; J. Geddie, The Water of Leith (Edinburgh, 1896) ; Rev. J. See also:

Dickson, Ruined Castles of Midlothian (Edinburgh, 1895) ; The Islands of the Forth (Edinburgh 1899).

End of Article: EDINBURGHSHIRE, or MIDLOTHIAN

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