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THE See also:MEDIEVAL See also:PERIOD
With the 5th See also:century the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church was confronted with number-less hordes, which were now precipitated over the entire See also:face of See also:Europe. Having for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time learnt to be aggressive, she girded herself for the difficult See also:work of 'teaching the nations a higher faith than a See also:savage See also:form of nature-See also:worship; and of fitting them to become members of an enlightened Christendom.
(a) The See also:Celtic Missionaries.—The first pioneers who went forth to engage in this difficult enterprise came from the secluded Celtic Churches of See also:Ireland and the Scottish See also:Highlands. Of many who deserve mention in connexion with this period, the most prominent were: See also:Columba, the founder of the famous monastery of See also:Iona in 563 and the evangelizer of the Albanian Scots and See also:northern Picts; See also:Aidan, the apostle of See also:Northumbria; Columbanus, the apostle of the Burgundians of the See also:Vosges (590); Callich or See also:Gallus (d. 646), the evangelizer of See also:north-eastern See also:Switzerland and Alemannia; See also:Kilian, the apostle of Thuringia; and Trudpert, the See also:martyr of the See also:Black See also:Forest. The zeal of these- men seemed to take the See also:world by See also:storm. Travelling generally in companies, and carrying a See also:simple outfit, these Celtic pioneers flung themselves on the See also:continent of Europe, and, not content with reproducing at Annegray or Luxeuil the See also:willow or brushwood huts, the See also:chapel and the See also:round See also:tower, which they had See also:left behind in Derry or in the See also:island of Hy (Iona), they braved the dangers of the northern seas, and penetrated as far as the Faroes and even far distant See also:Iceland.4 "Their zeal and success," to quote the words of See also:Kurtz, " are witnessed to by the fact that at the beginning of the 8th century, throughout all the See also:district of the See also:Rhine, as well as See also:Hesse, Thuringia, See also:Bavaria and Alemannia, we find a network of flourishing churches bearing the impress of Celtic institutions."
(b) The See also:English Missionaries.—Thus they laid the See also:foundations, aweing the See also:heathen tribes by their indomitable spirit of self-See also:sacrifice and the sternness of their See also:rule of See also:life. But, marvellous as it was, their work lacked the See also:element of permanence; and it
1 See also:Socrates, H.E. i. 15; See also:Sozomen ii. 24; See also:Theodoret i. 22.
2 Socrates, H.E. i. 20; Sozomen ii. 7; Theodoret i. 24.
Theodoret, H.E., v. 30.
4 See A. W. Haddan, " Scots on the Continent," Remains, p. 256.[MEDIEVAL
became clear that a more See also:practical See also:system must be devised and carried out. The men for this work were now ready, and the sons of the newly evangelized English Churches were ready to go forth. The See also:energy which warriors were accustomed to put forth in their efforts to conquer was now " exhibited in the enterprise of See also:conversion and teaching " 5 by See also:Wilfrid on the See also:coast of See also:Friesland,6 by See also:Willibrord (658–715) in the neighbourhood of See also:Utrecht,' by the martyr-See also:brothers Ewalct er Hewald amongst the " old " or See also:continental See also:Saxons,5 by Swidbert the apostle of the tribes between the See also:Ems and the Yssel, by Adelbert, a See also:prince of the royal See also:house of Northumbria, in the regions north of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, by Wursing, a native of Friesland, and one of the disciples of Willibrord, in the same region, and last, not least, by the famous Winfrid or See also:Boniface, the " apostle of See also:Germany " (68o-755), who went forth first to assist Willibrord at Utrecht, then to labour in Thuringia and Upper Hessia, then with the aid of his kinsmen Wunibald and Willibald, their See also:sister Walpurga, and her See also:thirty companions, to consolidate the work of earlier missionaries, and finally to See also:die a martyr on the See also:shore of the Zuider Zee.
(c) Scandinavian See also:Missions.—Devoted, however, as were the labours of Boniface and his disciples, all that he and they and the See also:emperor See also:Charlemagne after them achieved for the fierce untutored world of the 8th century seemed to have been done in vain when, in the 9th " on the north and north-See also:west the See also:pagan Scandinavians were See also:hanging about every coast, and pouring in at every inlet; when on the See also:east the pagan Hungarians were swarming like locusts and devastating Europe from the Baltic to the See also:Alps; when on the See also:south and south-east the See also:Saracens were pressing on and on with their victorious hosts. It seemed then as if every See also:pore of life were choked, and Christendom must be stifled and smothered in the fatal embrace." 9 But the devoted Anskar (8or–865) went forth and sought out the Scandinavian See also:viking, and handed on the See also:torch of self-denying zeal to others, who saw, after the See also:lapse of many years, the See also:close of the monotonous See also:tale of burning churches and pillaged monasteries, and taught the fierce Northman to learn respect for civilized institutions.10 The See also:gospel was first introduced into See also:Norway in the loth century by an Englishman named Hacon, though the real conversion of the See also:country was due to See also:Olaf Tryggvason. About the same time, and largely owing to the exertions of Olaf, Iceland, See also:Greenland and the See also:Orkney and See also:Shetland islands were also evangelized.
(d) See also:Slavonic Missions.—Thus the " gospel of the See also:kingdom" was successively proclaimed to the See also:Roman, the Celtic, the See also:Teutonic and the Scandinavian world. A contest still more stubborn remained with the Slavonic tribes, with their triple and many-headed divinities, their See also:powers of See also:good and powers of evil, who could be propitiated only with human sacrifices. See also:Mission work commenced in See also:Bulgaria during the latter See also:part of the 9th century; thence it extended to See also:Moravia, where in 863 two See also:Greek missionaries—See also:Cyril and See also:Methodius-provided for the See also:people a Slavonic See also:Bible and a Slavonic See also:Liturgy; thence to Bohemia and See also:Poland, and so onwards to the See also:Russian kingdom of Ruric the Northman, where about the close of the loth century the Eastern Church " silently and almost unconsciously See also:bore into the world her mightiest offspring." 11 But, though the See also:baptism of See also:Vladimir (c. 956–1015) was a heavy See also:blow to Slavonic See also:idolatry, mission work was carried on with but partial success; and it taxed all the energies of See also:Adalbert, See also:bishop of See also:Bremen, of Vicilin, bishop of See also:Oldenburg, of Bishop See also:Otto of See also:Bamberg the apostle of the Pomeranians, of Adalbert the martyr-apostle of See also:Prussia, to spread the word in that country, in Lithuania, and in the territory of the See also:Wends. It was not till 1168 that the gigantic four-headed See also:image of Swantevit was destroyed at Arcona, the See also:capital of the island of Riigen, and this See also:Mona of Slavonic superstition was included in the advancing circle of See also:Christian
5 Church, Gifts of See also:Civilization, p. 330. ° See also:Bede, H.E. v. 19. 1 " Annal. Xantenses," See also:Pertz, Mon.
Germ. ii. 220.
8 Bede, H.E. v. To.
9 See See also:Lightfoot, See also:Ancient and See also:Modern Missions.
to See Hardwick, See also:Middle Ages, pp. 109-114.
11 See also:Stanley, Eastern Church, p. 294.
civilization. As See also:late as 3230 human sacrifices were still being offered up in Prussia and Lithuania, and, in spite of all the efforts of the Teutonic Knights, idolatrous practices still lingered amongst the people, while amongst the Lapps, though successful missions had been inaugurated as See also:early as 1335, See also:Christianity cannot be said to have become the dominant See also:religion till at least two centuries later.
(e) Moslem Missions.—The mention of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the Teutonic Knights reminds us how the crusading spirit had affected Christendom. Still even then Raimon See also:Lull protested against propagandism by the See also:sword, urged the See also:necessity of missions amongst the Moslems, and sealed his testimony with his See also:blood outside the See also:gates of Bugiah in northern See also:Africa (See also:June 30, 1315). Out of the See also:crusades, however, arose other efforts to develop the work which Nestorian missionaries from See also:Bagdad, See also:Edessa and See also:Nisibis had already inaugurated along the See also:Malabar coast, in the island of See also:Ceylon, and in the neighbourhood of the See also:Caspian See also:Sea. In 1245 the Roman pontiff sent two embassies—one, a party of four See also:Dominicans, sought the See also:commander-in-See also:chief of the Mongol forces in See also:Persia; the second, consisting of See also:Franciscans, made their way into Tartary, and sought to convert the successor of Oktai-See also:Khan. Their exertions were seconded in 1253 by the labours of another Franciscan whom See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IX. of See also:France sent forth from See also:Cyprus,' while in 1274 the celebrated traveller Marco See also:Polo, accompanied by two learned Dominicans, visited the See also:court of .Kublai-Khan,, and at the commencement of the 14th century two Franciscans penetrated as far as See also:Peking, even translating the New Testament and the Psalter into the Tatar See also:language, and training youths for a native See also:ministry?
(f) Missions to See also:India and the New World.—These tentative missions were now to be supplemented by others on a larger See also:scale. In 1488 the Cape of Good See also:Hope was rounded by See also:Diaz, and in 1508 the foundations of the Portuguese See also:Indian See also:empire were laid by See also:Albuquerque. See also:Columbus also in 1492 had landed on See also:San See also:Salvador, and the voyages of the Venetian See also:Cabot along the coast of North See also:America opened up a new world to missionary enterprise, Thus a See also:grand opportunity was given to the churches of See also:Portugal and See also:Spain. But the zeal of the Portuguese took too often a one-sided direction, repressing the Syrian Christians on the Malabar coast, and interfering with the Abyssinian Church,3 while the fanatic See also:temper of the Spaniard consigned, in See also:Mexico and See also:Peru, multitudes who would not renounce their heathen errors to indiscriminate See also:massacre or abject See also:slavery.4. See also:Las Casas has See also:drawn a terrible picture of the oppression he strove in vain to prevent .° Some steps indeed were taken for disseminating Christian principles, and the See also:pope had induced a See also:band of missionaries, chiefly of the mendicant orders, to go forth to this new mission See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field.° But only five bishoprics had been established by 1520, and the number of genuine converts was small. However, every vestige of the Aztec worship was banished from the See also:Spanish settlements.'
(g) The Jesuit Missions.—It was during this period that the See also:Jesuits came into existence. One of the first of See also:Loyola's associates, See also:Francis See also:Xavier, encouraged by the See also:joint co-operation of the pope and of See also:John III. of Portugal, disembarked at See also:Goa on the 6th of May 1542, and before his See also:death on the Isle of St John (Hiang-Shang), on the 2nd of See also:December 1552, roused the See also:European Christians of Goa to a new life, laboured with singular success amongst the Paravars, a See also:fisher See also:caste near Cape See also:Comorin, gathered many converts in the kingdom of See also:Travancore, visited Malacca, and fqunded a mission in See also:Japan.
The successor of Xavier, See also:Antonio Criminalis, was regarded by the ,Jesuits as the first martyr of their society (1562). Matteo See also:Ricci, an See also:Italian by See also:birth, was also an indefatigable missionary in See also:China for twenty-seven years, while the unholy See also:compromise ' See also:Neander vii. 69 ; See also:Hakluyt 171; Huc i. 207.
2 Neander vii. 79; See also:Gieseler iv. 259, 260; Hardwick, Middle Ages,
P. 337•
a See also:Geddes, See also:History of the Church of Malabar, p. 4; See also:Neale, Easternwith Brahminfsm in India followed by See also:Robert de' See also:Nobili was fatal to the vitality of his own and other missions. Others of the same order evangelized See also:Paraguay in 1582, while the See also:Huguenots sent forth under a See also:French See also:knight of See also:Malta a See also:body of devoted men to See also:attempt the formation of a Christian See also:colony at Rio Janeiro. By the close of the 16th century a See also:committee .of cardinals was appointed under the name of the " Congregatio de propaganda fide," to give unity and solidity to the work of missions. The See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme originated with See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XIII., but was not fully organized till See also:forty years afterwards, when Gregory XV. gave it plenary authority by a See also:bull dated the 2nd of June 1622. Gregory's successor, See also:Urban VIII., supplemented the See also:establishment of the See also:congregation by See also:founding a See also:great missionary See also:college, where Europeans might be trained for See also:foreign labours, and natives might be educated to undertake mission work. At this college is the missionary See also:printing-See also:press of the Roman Church, and its library contains an unrivalled collection of See also:literary treasures bearing on the work.
End of Article: THE MEDIEVAL
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