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DRAWN W

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 495 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DRAWN W See also:SCALE Length.—Decametre or lo metres; See also:double See also:metre; metre or woo millimetres; decimetre or o•1 metre; centimetre or o•oi metre; millimetre. Capacity.—2o litres; Io litres or decalitre; 5, 2, I, 0.5, 0.2, o. l (decilitre) ; 0.05, 0.02, 0.01 (centilitre) ; 0.005, 0.002, o•001 (millilitre) litres. Cubic See also:Measures.—moo (litre), 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 cubic centimetres, I c.c. or moo cubic millimetres. Weights. 2o, to, 5, 2, I kilograms; 500 to I gramme; 5 to I decigram; 5 to I centigram: 5 to I milligram. (See also:Series 5, 2, 2,1 I, i.e. with a duplicate See also:weight of Y' 2.") 3. Equivalents.—The metric equivalents of the See also:units of the metric See also:system in terms of the imperial system, as recalculated in 1897, are as follows:—1 Metric Equivalents, See also:King's Printers (1898). 2 The See also:equivalent of the litre in gallons may also be derived as follows: Let P(I —p/d) =Pi(' —p/d'), where P is the weight of the See also:water contained in the See also:gallon when weighed in London—g. See also:London=g. See also:Paris (45°) X I.000577• The correction for temperature, 62° F., is —o.o906 in.; hence 29'9094 inches. One See also:inch =25.4 mm.; also 29'9094X25'4 = 759'69876; and 759'698761 • X 1.000577 = 760.137 mm. PI is the weight of the See also:brass weights (to lb) 0 =8.143.

p, the See also:

density (0.001218738) of dry See also:air, containing 4 vols. of carbonic See also:acid in 10,000 vols. ; 1=16.667° C.; B =760.137 mm. of See also:mercury at 9°, See also:lat. 45°, and at See also:sea-level. Coefficient of expansion of air =0'00367; A mercury at o° C. =13'595• d is the density of water at 62° F. (16.667° C.) =0.9988611. d1, the density of the brass as above. to lb =4'5359243 kg. From the above it follows that P=4'5407857 kg. Therefore—' gallon = P/0•9988611=4'5459631 litres. The equivalents of the See also:Russian weights and measures, in terms also of the imperial and metric weights and measures, were re- calculated in 1897.1 The following are the leading equivalents: 10.025 See also:pood. t Russian See also:pound= 96 zolotniks. 9216 dolis. =0.40951240 kg.

=0.902820.18 lb avoir. 0.00066 verst. 0.33 sagene. 16 verchoks. 28o liniias. =0.711200 metre. =0 777778 yard. to schtoffs =1= too tcharkas = 12.299 litres =2.7056 gallons. t tchetverte =8 tchetveriks =20991 hectolitres =5.7719 bushels. 4. See also:

Local See also:Control.—The necessary local inspection and verification of weights and measures in use for See also:trade (as distinct from the verbal and written use of weights and measures) is in the See also:United See also:Kingdom undertaken by inspectors of weights and measures, who are appointed by the local authorities, as the See also:county and See also:borough See also:councils. An inspector is required to hold a certificate of qualification, and for his guidance See also:general regulations are made by his local authority as to modes of testing weights, measures and weighing See also:instruments.' In See also:Europe the local inspection is generally carried out through the See also:State, and a See also:uniform system of local verification is thereby maintained.

5. Errors.—In the verification of weights and measures a margin of See also:

error is permitted to manufacturers and scale-makers, as it is found to be impossible to make two weights, or two measures, so identical that between them some difference may not be found either by the See also:balance or the See also:microscope. For See also:common weights and measures this margin (tolerance, remedy or See also:allowance, as it is also called) has been set out by the See also:Board of Trade for all the various kinds of weights and measures in use for commercial purposes in the United Kingdom, and similar margins of error are recognized in other countries. For instance, on t lb avoir. weight made of brass, 2 grains in excess are allowed; on t oz. See also:troy or apothecaries' weight, +0.2 See also:grain is allowed; on t See also:pint pot, 4 fluid drachms is permitted; on 1 brass yard, 0.05 inch in excess or 0.02 inch in deficiency in length is allowed for See also:ordinary trade purposes. 6. See also:Foreign Weights and Measures.—Throughout the See also:British See also:Empire the imperial system of weights and measures is legal. In See also:Russia, as in the United Kingdom and the United States, the See also:national weights and ,measures are followed (§ 3 above), although the use of metric weights and measures is permissive. In See also:India the native weights, &c., See also:ancient and arbitrary, are still followed. In 188o the British yard was adopted for the whole of India (Measures of Length See also:Act) at a normal temperature of 85° F. as standardized to the imperial yard at 62° F. The metric system was also introduced, mainly for railway purposes, in 1870 and 1871 (See also:Indian Acts). Certified measures of the yard, See also:foot and inch are kept by the Commissioners of See also:Police at See also:Calcutta, See also:Madras and Bombay. In standardizing a weight for use in India, correction has to be made for the weight of air displaced by the material See also:standard, and for such purpose the normal temperature of 85°, atmospheric pressure 29.8 inches, See also:latitude 22° 35' 6.5" (Calcutta), g = - [ 0.99825151 are taken.

The " See also:

Iola " (18o grains) is properly the See also:Government unit of weight for currency; and 8o tolas make the " Government seer." 7. Customary Weights and Measures.—In some districts of the United Kingdom, as well as in provincial districts of other countries, old local and customary denominations of weights and measures are still found to be in use, although their use may have been prohibited by See also:law. So powerful is See also:custom with the See also:people.' 8. Legislation.—In everyday transactions with reference to weights and measures, the British legislature also exercises C.I.P.M. Proces-verbaux (1897), p. 155. s Regulations, See also:Birmingham, See also:Glasgow, London, See also:Manchester, &c. ' See also:Report Select See also:Committee (1892); See also:Merchant's Handbook, W. A. See also:Browne (1892); Reports H.M. Representatives Abroad, Foreign See also:Office, 1900-1901. control in See also:industrial pursuits.

For instance, in weighing live See also:

cattle, owners of markets are now required to provide adequate See also:accommodation.4 Useful statutes have also been passed to protect the working class, as in checking the weighing instruments used in mines in See also:Great See also:Britain, over which instruments See also:wages are paid, and in the inspection of similar instruments used in factories and workshops. The Merchandise Marks Act 1887 makes it an offence also to apply in trade a false description, as to the number, quantity, measure, See also:gauge or weight of goods sold; and this Act appears to reach offences that the Weights and Measures Acts may perhaps not reach. 9. Pharmaceutical Weights and Measures.—By the Medical Act of 1858, and the Act of 1862, the General See also:Council of Medical See also:Education and See also:Registration of the United Kingdom are authorized to issue a " See also:Pharmacopoeia " with reference to the weights and measures used in the preparation and dispensing of drugs, &c. The British Pharmacopoeia issued by the Council in 1898 makes no alteration in the imperial weights and measures required to be used by the Pharmacopoeia of 1864. For all pharmaceutical purposes, however, the use of the metric system alone is employed in all paragraphs See also:relating to See also:analysis, whether See also:gravimetric or volumetric. For measures of capacity the Pharmacopoeia continues to use imperial measuring vessels graduated at the legal temperature of 62° F. The See also:official names of the metric capacity units are defined at 4° C., as generally on the See also:Continent. The new Pharmacopoeia also follows foreign practice, and employs metric measures of capacity and volumetric vessels graduated at 15.5 C., or 6o° F. Specific gravity bottles are also adjusted at 6o° F., the figures indicating specific gravities being quotients obtained by dividing in each instance the weight of the solid or liquid by the weight of an equal bulk of water, both taken at 6o° F.5 1o. Gauges.—" Gauges," as understood at one See also:time, included only those used in the measurement of barrels, casks, &c., and hence the See also:term " gauger." For See also:engineering and manufacturing purposes the more important linear gauges are, however, now used, adjusted to some fundamental unit of measure as the inch; although in certain trades, as for wires and See also:flat metals, gauges continue to be used of arbitrary scales and of merely numerical sizes, having no reference to a legal unit of measure; and such are rarely accurate. A- standard gauge, however, exists (See also:Order in Council, See also:August 1883), based on the inch, but having numbered sizes from 7/0 (0.5 inch) to No.

50 (0.001 inch) to meet the convenience of certain trades .6 1t. Screws.—The See also:

screw is an important productive measuring See also:instrument, whether used as a See also:micrometer-screw of less than an inch in length, or as a See also:master-screw of z0 feet in length. The probable errors and eccentricities of small micrometer-screws have been care-fully investigated to =o•0000t inch; but the accuracy of leading screws used in workshops has not been sufficiently verified. For some engineering purposes it would appear to be desirable to produce master-screws to an accuracy of 3400 of an inch to the foot of screw, so as to serve indirectly for the verification of " guiding screws " for general use in workshops? Attempts in this direction were originally made by See also:Whitworth, See also:Clement, See also:Donkin, See also:Rogers, See also:Bond and others, but we still need a higher accuracy in screw-threads. 12. Educational.—Ordinary See also:arithmetic books often contain references to local and customary weights and measures and to obsolete terms of no See also:practical use to See also:children. It appears to be desirable, as the Committee of Council on Education have done, to recognize only the legal systems of weights and measures—the imperial and metric. The Education See also:Code of Regulations for 1900 prescribes that the tables of weights and measures to be learned include those only which are in ordinary use, viz. in all classes or forms above the third the tables of ( Weight—ton, cwt, See also:stone, lb, oz. and dr., i Length—mile, See also:furlong, See also:rod or See also:pole, See also:chain, yd., ft. and inch, Capacity—quarter, See also:bushel, pk., See also:gall., qt. and pt. In Code See also:standards above the fifth, in addition to the foregoing, the tables of {Area—sq. mile, See also:acre, See also:rood, pole, yd., ft. and inch, Volume—cubic yard, foot and inch. Instruction•in the principles of the metric system, and in the ad-vantages to be gained from uniformity in the method of forming multiples and sub-multiples of the unit, are, under this Code, to be 4 Markets and Fairs (Cattle) Acts 1887, 1891; See also:Coal Mines Regulation Act 1887; Factory and Workshop Act 1878. 5 Pharmacopoeia (1901); See also:Calendar Pharmaceutical Society, 1902.

6 Order in Council, 26th August 1881. Systematique See also:

des vis horlogeres, Thury (See also:Geneva, 1878). Bulletin See also:Soc. d'Encouragement pour 1'Industrie Nationale, Paris, 1894. Report of British Association on Screw-threads, r9oo. t archinne 1 vedro given to the scholars in Standards IV., V., VI. and VII. As a preparation for this it is stated in the Code that it will be useful to give in Standard III. (arithmetic) elementary lessons on the notation of decimal fractions. (See ARITHMETIC.) Table of the See also:Principal Foreign Weights and Measures now in use, and of their Equivalents in Imperial or in Metric Weights and Measures. 16.8 litres. o•699 See also:quarter (dry measure), 5.6o bushels. t metric are, 119.6 sq. yds. new archin (Law 1881) =I metre (39.37 inches) =10 parmaks (decimetres) = Too khats (centimetres), 1 See also:mill =10oo archins (kilometre).

Pharoagh = 10 See also:

mills. Another pharoagh = 2 See also:hours'-See also:journey. Archin . . . See also:Bulgaria . . 0.758 metre (masons). o•68o metre (tailors). Archine, or Ar- Russia . 28 inches, or 0.7112 metre. chinne Ardeb . See also:Egypt 5.447 bushels (Customs). 5 bushels (old measure). Are . =100 sq. metres = 119.6 sq. yds.

See also:

Area . . See also:Spain I metric are. Arpent . See also:France . . r Legal arpent was equal to 100 sq. See also:Canada perches = 51.07 metric See also:ares. 1 In See also:Quebec =180 See also:French feet. Arroba . See also:Portugal . . 14.68 to 15 kilogrammes. Spain . . See also:Mayor = 3.55 gallons,or T cantara.

Artaba . See also:

Persia 1.809 bushel. Menor=2.76 gallons (liquids). Aune See also:Belgium . . 1 metre. Formerly 1.312 yard. France . 1.885 metre (1812). See also:Jersey . . 4 feet. Barilo . See also:Rome .

. 12.834 gallons. See also:

Bat, or Tical See also:Siam . 234 grains. Batman . Persia 61 lb ay.; varies locally. See also:Turkey . . = Io ocks. See also:Behar . See also:Arabia . . 439'45 lb ay., nearly. Berri Turkey . . 1.084 mile (old measure).

Boisseau . . Belgium . . 15 litres. Boutylka Russia . 1.353 pint (See also:

wine See also:bottle). See also:Braga Portugal . 2.22 metres. Braccio Spain 0.67o metre (commercial). Rome . . Braccio-d'ara =29.528 inches. Brasse France . . 5.328 feet.

Braza . . See also:

Argentina . 5.682 feet. Bu, or tsubo . See also:Japan . . 3.0306 square metres. Bushel . . . U. States 2150.42 cubic inches, about Canada . . r 0.96944 imperial bushel. bushel = 8 gallons = 32 quarts = 64 pints.

Bunder . See also:

Netherlands. 2.471 acres (old hectare). See also:Cabot Jersey . . 10 pots, or 4 gallons, I quart 3 gills imperial measure. Candy . Bombay . . 56o lb ay. Madras . . 493.7 lb ay. Cantar . . .

Turkey . . 124.7 lb ay. (old weight). Cantara See also:

piccolo See also:Italy . . . 74.771 lb ay. Capicha . Persia . o•58 gallon. Catty See also:China . . 11 lb ay. See Tacl. N.

See also:

Borneo . 11 lb ay. Siam . . . 2.675 lb ay., or 61° hap. Madras . 1.322 acre. • U. States Canada . =T2.3 public See also:works. =12.5 = 12.4 See also:statistics. =12.6 architects.

= 12.7 common. = 13.1 tribunal of See also:

mathematics. =13.2 Board of See also:Revenue. =14.1 Customs. t kilogramme. 11 lb ay. (Treaty). 121 sq. feet (Treaty). 72,600 sq. feet (Treaty). 5 tolas, or 900 grains. 71. in. (linear) ; 121 in. (See also:building).

1815 sq. feet (Treaty). 1.66 lb ay. of water at 62 ° F., as a measure of capacity. 144 oz. ay. of water. t quart. 1.809 gallon. 1.136 metre. o•66 metre. 18 to 21 inches. 18 inches. 18 inches. 18 inches approximately. 27 inches.

1.16 litre (dry) ; 0.504 litre liquid. Daktylon (Royal) See also:

Greece . . 1 centimetre. Daribah . . Egypt 43.58 bushels (Customs). Decagramme = To grms. = 5.64 drams ay. Decalitre = IO litres =2.2 gallons. Decametre =10.936 yards. De9Iatina Russia =2400 square sagenes=2.7 acres. Decigramme = u grm. =1.54 grain.

Decilitre =116 litre =p.1'76 pint. Decimetre =3.937 inches =o•1 metre. Decimetre, cubic =10oo c.c. =61.024 cub. in. Decimetre, square . = too sq. centm. =15.5 sq. in. Denaro . . . Rome . . 18.17 grains (old weight. Deunam Turkey .

1 metric are. 27 inches usually. 21.3 inches See also:

Nile measure. 27 inches (old measure of See also:pike). 1.761 dram ay. (Customs). 3.0884 grammes (See also:Cairo). Djerib . . . Turkey . T hectare. Doha, or Dola Russia 0.686 grain.

96 See also:

doll =1 zolotnick. Drachma . . Netherlands. 3.906 grammes. Turkey . . 154.324 grains. Drachme (Royal) Greece . . 1 gramme (See also:gold weight). See also:Constantinople =57.871 grains. See Ock. • See also:Austria . . 12.448 gallons.

^ Netherlands . 1 metre. (Old ell = 27.08 inches). • Jersey . . 4 feet. • N. Borneo . 1 yard. ^ See also:

Switzerland . 0.6561 yard. Egypt . . Usually 25 inches.

See also:

Moldavia . 1 hectare, 43 ares, 22 centiares. • Argentina . 3.773 bushels. Portugal . . 55.364 litres. Spain . . 1.526 bushel. See also:Peru 11 bushel. 1.615 acre, but varies locally. See also:Germany . t hectolitre. Egypt .

1.038 acre (Masri). Also I•I27 acre locally. 1.266 acre (old). China . 5.83 grains (See also:

silver weight). See also:Denmark . 0.9564 bushel. Denmark 1.0297 foot. See also:Norway . . 0.3137 metre. Rome . . o•8 pint.

• U. States 12 inches. Canada . . French foot =12.8 inches. See also:

Amsterdam See also:South See also:Africa 11.147 in.] old measure. Old Rhenish 12.356 in.J Almude . . . Portugal . Anoman (Ammo- See also:Ceylon mam, Amomam) Ara . . Italy . Archin, or Ar- Turkey . t shin Cawnie Cental . Centigramme Centilitre .

Centimetre . Centimetre, cubic (c.c.) . Centimetre, square . Centner . . . Austria Denmark . Switzerland . Chain Canada . See also:

Cyprus . Chang . China Siam . Chapah .

. N. Borneo . Chee. See Tahil. Chek . . . Hong See also:

Kong . Chenica . . Persia Ch'ien . China Ch'ih China 100 lb ay. (As in Great Britain.) = r1a grin. =0'154 grain.

=rn litre =0.07 gill. = 0.394 inch =See also:

lib m. =o•o6T cubic inch, or I c.c. =0.155 square inch. 5o kilogrammes =110.231 lb. ay. 50 kilogrammes =110.231 lb. ay. 50 kilogrammes =110.231 lb. 66 feet. 0.33 See also:pie. 10 chili = u ft. 9 inches (Treaty). 2.675 lb.

It lb ay. 141 inches. 0.289 gallon. 581 grains (silver weight). Varies throughout China from 11 to 15.8 inches. For Customs purposes the Treaty ch'ih =- 14'1 inches, and 5 ch'ih =1 pu. Ch'ih . See also:

Peking . Chupak . Collothun Coss . Covado . Covid, or Cubit Chilogramme See also:Chin or Catty Ching .

Ch'See also:

ing . Chittack. Ch'ok Chao . Chupah Covido Covido (Great) Cuartillo . . See also:Shanghai • Italy . • China China China See also:Bengal Corea China See also:Singapore Malacca . Straits See also:Settle- ments Persia . Bengal Portugal . Madras . Bombay . Siam . Arabia Spain .

Dirhem . Diraa, or Draa, Egypt or Pic Turkey Egypt . Dram. See Oke. See also:

Ducat . . . See also:Vienna . 53.873 grains. Duim . Netherlands. T centimetre. Eimer El .

Ell . See also:

Ella . See also:Elie . Endaseh, or Hindazi Faltche Fanega Fass . . Feddan Fen . Fjerdingkar. Fod . . Foglietto Foot . [COMMERCIAL 3.821 bushels. 16o litres. I decigramme. t decilitre.

9 quarts. 53331 lb ay. 12.8 litres. 78.96 inches (Treaty). to inches. 8.281 lb = 3.75652 kilogrammes. too kyats =3.652 lb ay. 0.650 metre. 30 hectolitres. 5831 grains (silver weight). 229'83 sq. metres. about 2 mile =36o pu. Varies with length of ch'ih.

A small weight 0.583 grain. 11 oz. 16Hang =I chin =t1Ib ay. 0'7477 lb ay. 1.0127 lb ay. 1.014 lb. I.012 lb ay. point, or 0.089 inch. 0.1 inch. t archine=28o liniias. t litre = too mystra. 4 quarts. =1.7598 pint t litre. 0.90282 lb ay.

Apoth. livre= 11.5204 oz. troy. Kilogramme. 0.4895 kilogramme. New loth =1 decagramme. Old loth, nearly 1 oz. ay. 15.625 grammes. 270.1 grains. Postal loth, 2572 grains. 1.245 quart. 2.64 gallons. t decilitre. 582 grains.

931 lb ay. 2.04 lb ay. 3 See also:

mask =cubit =192 inches. 0.2448 kilogramme (old weight). 0'4645 lb ay. 4331.37 grains =24 karato. = 8 oncas =229.5 grammes. 3550.54 grains. 82.286 lb ay., Government. 721 lb (old See also:bazaar). 74.67 lb ay., factory. 28 lb nearly, Bombay.

25 lb nearly, Madras. 37 to 44 lb, Juggerat. Local maunds vary on either See also:

side of 8o lb. 1,000,000 metres. 39.37 inches. 39.370113 inches — ° m. =1000 c.d.=3J•3I5 cubic `set. = too square decimetres =10.764 square feet. t metre. 1.691 bushel. =140 millimetre. 0.925 mile.

1 kilometre. 100o archins (new mil). 4.68o See also:

miles. Nautical mile = 1852 metres. 4.714 miles. 1.296 mile. 1.949 kilometre. =ia gramme=o•o15 grain. =See also:mob litre. =0'03937 inch -=Iezz m. 71 grains. 45'72 centimetres.

12 kilogramme = 1.172 oka ra~aa kwan. 0.631 acre. 492 Fot . . See also:

Sweden . 11.689 in. to fot = 1 stong. I ref =10 stanger. I mil=36o ref. Founte, or Funt Russia . 0.90282 lb ay. or Livre Foute, or Pied Russia . I See also:English foot. Frasco Fuss .

Gallon Gantang Garnetz . . Russia . 0.3607 See also:

peck. See also:Gin. See Kati. Gisla . . . See also:Zanzibar . . Measure of 36o lb ay. of See also:rice. Go . . . . Japan .

180.39 cubic centimetres. Grain . Russia . o.96o grain (apothecaries). Gramme (gr.) . =15.4323564 grains ay. troy. =0.2572 drachm, or 0.7716 See also:

scruple. = 0.03215 oz. troy. Gramme (Royal) Greece t millimetre. Gramo . . . Spain . . t gramme.

Grano . . . Rome . . 0.757 grain. Grao . . . Portugal . . 0.768 grain; also measure o. 18 in. Grein . Netherlands . =0.065 gramme.

Guz, or Gudge . India: Bengal 36 inches. „ Bombay 27 inches. , Madras . 33 inches, Government Survey. Persia . . The guz, gueza or zer varies from 24 to 44 inches. A guz of 40.95 inches (Guz, Azerbailan)is common. Government standard guz=362 inches. There is a guz for See also:

retail trade of 25 inches. Arabia . 25 inches to 37 inches (Bassorah).

See also:

Hat'h, or Moo- Bengal . . 18 inches. lum, or Cubit Bombay . . 18 inches, or cu}sit. Hectare = too ares, or 2.471 acres. Hectogramme . . too grm. =3.51 oz. ay. Hectolitre . . . too litres =2.7 bushels. Hectometre . . .

=109.36 yards. Hiyaka-me Japan 5797.198 grains. Hiyak-See also:

kin . . Japan . 1321 lb ay. Hoon. See Tahil. Hu . China 122 gallons, n.arly. Immi Switzerland 1.5 litre. Joch . Austria-Hun- 1.422 acre. See also:gary Kaima Sweden 0.576 gallon, Kan Netherlands t litre.

Hong Kong 12 lb ay. Kanne or Kanna Germany t litre, or fo merly 1.762 pint. Sweden . . 0.576 pint. Kantar, or Can- Egypt . . 99'0492 lb ay. = too roils (Cuss taro toms). 45 kilogrammes of See also:

cotton. 44.5 kilogrammes other produce. See also:Karwar . . Persia . . too batman.

Kassabah Egypt . . 3.8824 yards (Customs). Kati, Catty or 1 China, Straits Gin Settlements } 13 lb ay. Keila, or Pishi Zanzibar . . Measure of 6 lb ay. of rice. See also:

Ken . . Japan 5.965 ft., 1.81 metre. Kerat Turkey 11 inch measure (old). 3.09 grains weight (old) Kette, or Chain Germany 14.994 ellen, or 10.936 yards. Keu Siam . 40 inches. Khat (New) Turkey t centimetre.

See also:

Kite . . . Cyprus 8 gallons. Killow . . Turkey 0.97 bushel. Kilogramme =1000 grm. =2.2046223 lb ay. Kilometre . . =0.6214 mile. Kin Japan, China o•601 kilogramme =1.325 lb. Klafter Austria . . =2.0740 yards.

Switzerland 1.9685 yard. Koddi Arabia . . 1.67 gallon. Koilon (Royal) . Greece . . t hectolitre. Old koilon = 33.16 litra. Koku . Japan =39.7033 See also:

galls. = 4.9629 bushels. Kon . . Corea 11 lb ay.

Korn-tonde . . Norway . 138.97 litres. . . Argentina 21 litres. . . Vienna . . 12 zolls=1.037 foot. Switzerland 31 fuss = 1 metre. See Stab. . U. States .

( 231 cubic inches =8.3389 lb ay. Canada . j( of water at t. 39.8° Fahr. At 62° Fahr. =0.8325 See also:

imp. gallon. Straits Settle- 32 gallons. ments N. Borneo 144 oz. ay. weight of water as measure of capacity. Korn-tonde . Korn-See also:top Maal Korrel . Kotyle (Royal) . Kouza Koyan Krina Kung Kup .

Kwan or Kuwan Kyat Lak't Last . Leang Lekha Li Liang . Libbra See also:

Libra Libra (Castilian) Libra, or Arratel See also:Line or Ligne . Liniia Litra (Royal) Litre . . . Litre (metric) Litro. . Livre (lb) Livre-poids . Loth . . Maass Maatze . See also:Mace Mahud Maik . Marc, or See also:Mark . Marco .

Maund . Metro See also:

Metz. . . Micron (g) Miglio . Mille Mil, or Mill . Mile . Mile (postal) Milha . Mille . Milligramme Millilitre. Millimetre Miscal Mkono Mna . . Momme . See also:Morgen .

Megametre (as- tronomy) Metre (m.) U. States Great Britain Metre. cubic Metre, square Spain Italy . Austria Rome Netherlands . Turkey . Denmark France. . Germany Austria . Portugal . France Persia See also:

East Africa Greece . Japan Denmark. Norway . See also:Prussia . Sweden .

Norway . Netherlands . Greece . Cyprus Straits Setts . Bulgaria . China Siam . Japan See also:

Burma Bulgaria . Netherlands . China . Bulgaria . China . China Italy .

Argentina Spain, See also:

Mexico Portugal. Paris . Russia Greece Cyprus Spain Italy . Russia Belgium France . Germany Switzerland Vienna . . Austria . Switzerland . Netherlands . China . N. Borneo Arabia Burmah France Sweden Vienna Portugal . Spain India Quart .

See also:

Quarto Quintal . Quintal (metric) Quintale . . Pu . . Puddee Pulgada . Pund. . See also:Ratel . . . Rattel, or Rottle Pouce Poud, or Pcod Pound . . . Ri . Sagene See also:Scheffel Rode . Roede Rotl, or Rottolo Schepel .

Schopperi Se . Seer Rottol . Rubbio Sheng Shih . Shoo Skaal-pund . Seidel Sen . See also:

Ser . Shaku Skeppe . 1 Skjeppe . Stab . Stadron (Royal) Stere (metric) . Stero . Streepe .

Stremma Strich . Striche Stunde Mou . . China Commonly 806.65 sq. yds. Varies locally. Shanghai =6600 sq. ft. (Municipal Council). By Cus- toms Treaty =920.417 sq. yds., based on ch'ih of 14.1 inches. Mud . . Netherlands . I hectolitre. Myriagramme = to kilogrammes =22.046 lb ay. Noma .

East Africa . 72 keilas. Nm . . Siam . . . i 2 inch. 1 decigram me. Legal ock (1881) = See also:

loo drachmas. New batman = to ocks, and kantar = to batmans ock =, kilogramme. 0.29 litre. 1.730 litre. 1.28 litre for liquids). 1.282 kilogramme (old).

2t lb. ay. =400 drams (Cyprus). 2.751 lb ay. (Customs). 2.8o5 lb (See also:

Alexandria). 2.8o lb =1.282 kilogramme. 1.33 litre. 1.1518 pint. weight). Onca Portugal . . 28.688 grammes. Once .

France . . 30.59 grammes (old). Oncia . Rome . . 436.165 grains. Onze . Netherlands . I hectogramme. to orzen=See also:

pond. See also:Ounce _ IT. States . Av. ounce =4.37.5 grains. Packen Russia Palame (Royal) Greece See also:Palm .

. . See also:

Holland Palmo . Portugal . Spain . See also:Para . . . . N. Borneo Parah . . Ceylon Parasang. See Persakh. Parmak. See Archin.

Passeree . . Bengal Pe . Portugal. Pecheus (Royal) Greece Pecul . . . China See also:

Perche . . France Canada Persia Pharoagh. See Archin. Pic . . . . Cyprus . . 2 feet.

Picul . . Japan Straits Settle- 133s ay. ments, Hong Kong See also:

North Borneo A measure of 18o lb weight of water. Picki Greece . . 0.648 metre. China . . 25 gallons (dry measure). Pie . Rome . . 11.73 inches. Pie de See also:Burgos Spain . . 11.13 inches.

Pied . . Belgium . . 11.81 inches = to pounces. Canada . . 12.79 inches. Pied de Roi . Paris . 0.3248 metre. Pike . . Turkey . . See See also:

Dir'aa. Pint U.

States . 0.8325 imperial pint. Pinte France . 0.931 litre. Pipa Portugal . . 534 litres (See also:

Oporto). 420 litres (See also:Lisbon). 500 litres (officially). See also:Pipe See also:Gibraltar. 105 to 126 gallons. Pishi. See Keila.

Poide de Marc . France . 0.2448 kilo =8 onces. Polegada Portugal . . 27.77 millimetres. Pond Netherlands . 1 kilogramme. Apothecaries pond =375 grammes. Pot Denmark . 1.7 pint =4 paegle. Switzerland . 2.64 pints or 1.5 litre.

Belgium . . 1 y litre (dry). litre (liquid). Norway . . o.965 litre.France 1.o66 inch (old measure). Russia . . I inch. Russia . . 0.016122 ton =36 lb. U. States . Standard troy lb =576o grains. Avoir. lb = 7000 grains.

Russia . . 0.90282lb ay. (0.4095 kilogramme). Jersey . 7561 grains =16 oz. Jersey = I livre. China . . 70.5 inches =5 ch'ih. Madras . . 2.89 pints. too cubic inches= Government puddee. Spain . 0.927 inch.

Denmark . 1.1023 lb ay., or 500 grammes. Norway . . 0.1 981 kilogramme. Sweden . . 656o grains. Varies locally. 5500.5 grains (apoth.). U. States . See Bushel. Rome 2.024 bushels.

Portugal . 3.46 litres. Spain loo libras (Castilian) = T01 *4 lb. Portugal . 58.752 kilogrammes, or 129* lbay.. Argentina too libras, or Io1.27 lb ay. France . = too kilogrammes =1.968 cwt. Italy . 1 metric quintal. Persia 1.01 ¢ lb ay. Arabia 1.02 lb ay., nearly (dry measure).

17.219 lb ay. weight. Japan . . 2.440 miles (itinerary). 2.118 miles (natural). Denmark . 3.762 metres. Netherlands . i dekametre. Egypt . . 0.9905 lb ay. (Customs). 0.9805 lb ay. (Govt.).

Cairo. . . 2.206 lb great rottolo. 0.715 lb less rottolo. Alexandria 2.124 lb great rottolo. Rottolo See also:

mina = a oka. Turkey . 2.513 pints (old measure). Spain 1.012 quarter (dry measure). Russia . . 7 feet. Germany .

50 litres, formerly 14.56 metzen (Prussia). Netherlands . t decalitre. Germany . 2 litre, formerly See also:

cell gallon. Switzerland . 0.375 litre. japan . . 118.615 square yards (.9918 are). India Government seer =2i; lb ay. Bengal, 8o tolas weight of rice (heaped measure), about 60 cubic inches (struck measure). See also:Southern India =weight of 24 current rupees. Madras, 25 lb nearly.

Juggerat, weight of 40 local rupees. Bombay, old seer, about 28 lb. Ceylon . Measure of 1.86 pint. Persia 16 miscals, or 1136 grains weight (Sihr). See also:

Note.—In India the seer, like the maund, varies considerably; usually 40, seers go to a maund. Austria . . 0.6224 pint. Siam . . . 44.4 miles, nearly. India .

1 litre (Indian Law, 1871). Japan 0.30 metre, also 9.18273 square decimetres; also 18.039 cubic centimetres. China 1.813 pint. China 16o lb. Japan 1.804 litre. Sweden . 435.076 grammes, or 0.959 lb ay. Norway . 0.4981 kilogramme, or officially J kilogramme. Denmark 17.39 litres. Norway . . 17.37 litres.

Germany I metre, or 3.3 old fuss, but varied. Greece . . I kilometre. t cubic metre. Italy . . I metric stere. Holland . 1 millimetre. Greece . . I metric are. 238.1 square pecheus (Constantinople). Germany t millimetre.

Switzerland . 3J strich =I millimetre. Germany . Old itinerary measure, 2.3 to 3.4 miles. Obolos : . Greece Ock . . . Turkey Octavillo . Spain Oitavo . . Portugal. Oke . . .

Bulgaria . Cyprus Egypt . Greece . Turkey . (old 2.834 lb ay. Persakh, or Para-sang Pfund . Germany . = 16 unzen =32 loth old weight. POI to 1.23 lb ay. S Zoll. pf and (1872) = 500 grammes. Prussia . . Old zoll lb =1.1023 lb ay.

Switzerland . 500 grammes =16 unze. Apoth. pf. =375 grammes. Vienna . . Pfund =560.06 grammes. Zoll. pfund (1871) =500grammes. 1083.382 lb ay. r decimetre. t decimetre. 0.22 metre. 8.346 inches. 90 lb ay.

5.59 pints. 5 seers. metre (old). 1 metre =1.543 old pecheuse. 1331 lb ay. 22 square pieds de roi. In Quebec 18 French feet. Probably 3.88 miles =6000 guz. Stunde Switzerland . 4.8 kilometres. Stunder=5 stun- den, or 24 kilometres. Sultchek Turkey .

. Cubic measure (1881) whose sides equal a parmak (decimetre). Sung Corea . . 4 lb ay., nearly. 1331 lb ay. = 25 gallons. Also 1331 lb weight. 2 miles, nearly. About 31 miles = to li. 17 ,12 grains, or 72 tanks =30 pice. 0.866 gill=0.218 pint. 5.772 bushels =8 tchetveriks, or 2.099 hectolitres. Burmese measures of capacity depend on the teng or See also:

basket.

Officially a basket is 2218.2 cubic inches, but the teng varies locally : See also:

Akyab=23 lb of rice. See also:Bassein = 51 lb of rice. See also:Moulmein =48 lb of rice. See also:Rangoon = 48 to 5o lb of rice. 1.5 pint. 4.688 gallons. 18.0391 litres =3.9703 galls. = 1.98 pecks. 2.1315 yards. 18o grains. Legal weight of See also:rupee. 187.17 lb ay. of rice.

2240 lb ay., also a See also:

net ton of 20o0lb. 131.392 litres (liquid measure). 139.121 litreq (dry measure). loon kilogrammes. loon kilogrammes = 0.9842 ton. 793.15 kilogrammes. 29'526 cwt. 18 pints approximately. 128.2 kilogrammes. 1.41 inch (Treaty measure). 100.142 miles = 25 Ii, based on the ch'ih of 14.1 inches. 33 inches.

2.782 feet. 2.841 feet. 1.11 metre. t hectolitre. 2.7056 gallons= to schtoffs, or 12.3 litres. 12.8 litres. 1.75 inch. o•66288 mile. t metric are. 1.7 gallon. 15 litres. 312h lb ay. 8o inches. t gramme. t metric stere.

Yard . U. States . 36 inches. Mexico . . 838 centimetres. Zac Netherlands . t hectolitre. Zer (Persia). See Guz. Zoll . . . . Switzerland .

31 zoll =1 decimetre. Old zoll nearly one inch. (See also Pfund.) Zolotnik Russia . 65.83o6 grains, or 96 doli. (H. J. C.) WEIGHT-THROWING, - the athletic See also:

sport of hurling heavy weights either for distance or height. Lifting and throwing weights of different kinds have always been popular in Great Britain, especially See also:Scotland and See also:Ireland, and on the continent of Europe, particularly in Germany, Switzerland and Austria-See also:Hungary. No See also:form of throwing weights is included in the British athletic championship See also:programme, although " putting the shot " (q.v.) and " See also:hammer-throwing " (q.v.) are recognized championship events. In See also:America throwing the 56-lb weight for distance belongs to the championship programme. It was once a common event in Great Britain at all important athletic meetings, the ordinary slightly conical See also:half-hundredweight being used and thrown by the See also:ring attached to the top; the ring, however, was awkward to grip, and a triangular handle was afterwards substituted. In America the 56-lb weight is a See also:ball of See also:iron or See also:lead with a triangular or See also:pear-shaped handle.

The weight used to be thrown See also:

standing, but since 1888 it has been thrown from a 7-ft. circle with a raised edge, like that used for the hammer and shot in America. In throwing the See also:athlete stands slightly stooping, with his feet about 18 in. apart and grasping the handle with both hands opposite his thighs. The weight is swung See also:round and back past the right See also:leg as far as possible, then up, over and round the See also:head, as in the hammer-throw. One See also:complete See also:swing round the head is usually enough, as too much momentum is See also:apt to throw the athlete off his balance. The weight is then swung round together with the whole See also:body as rapidly as possible, as in hammer-throwing. The athlete works himself to the front of the circle just before the moment of delivery and begins the final heave with his back towards the direction in which he wishes to throw the weight. This heave is accomplished by completing the final spin of the body, giving the legs, back and arms a vigorous upward See also:movement at the same time, and following the weight through with the uplifted arms as it leaves the hands, but taking care not to overstep the circle. With one See also:hand a smoother swing can be made but much less See also:power applied. In throwing for height the athlete stands beside the high-jump uprights and casts the weight over the See also:cross-piece, making the swing and spin in a more See also:vertical direction with a heave upward at the moment of delivery. Throwing for height and with one hand were formerly events in the See also:American championship programme, but have been discontinued. The See also:record for throwing the 56-lb weight for height is 15 ft. 61 in., made by the American-Irishman J.

S. See also:

Mitchell. The record for distance, 38 ft. 8 in., was made in 1907 by the American-Irishman See also:John Flanagan. In throwing weights large and heavy men have an See also:advantage over small, See also:brute strength being the See also:chief requisite, while a heavy body makes a better fulcrum while revolving than a See also:light one. WEI-See also:HAI-WEI, a British See also:naval and coaling station, on the N.E. See also:coast of the Shan-tung See also:peninsula, China, about 40 M. E. of the treaty See also:port of Chi-fu and 115 M. from Port See also:Arthur. It was formerly a See also:Chinese naval station strongly fortified, but was captured by the See also:Japanese in See also:February 1895, and occupied by their troops until May 1898, pending the See also:payment of the See also:indemnity. Port Arthur having in the See also:spring of that See also:year been acquired by the Russian government under a See also:lease from China, a similar lease was granted of Wei-hai-wei to the British government, and on the withdrawal of the Japanese troops the British See also:fleet took See also:possession, the See also:flag being hoisted on the 24th of May 1898. No See also:period was fixed for the termination of the lease, but it was stipulated that it should continue so See also:long as Russia continued to hold Port Arthur. The lease of Port Arthur having been ceded to Japan in See also:September 1905, the British lease of Wei-haiwei was made to run for as long as Japan held Port Arthur. The See also:harbour is formed by an See also:island named Liu-kung-tao See also:running east and See also:west across the mouth of a small See also:bay, leaving an entrance at each end.

Towards the mainland the water shoals, and the best anchorage is under the See also:

lee of the island. The native See also:city is walled, and has a See also:population of about 2000. The chief port is named Port See also:Edward; it has See also:good anchorage with a See also:depth of 45 ft. of water. The leased area comprises, besides the harbour and island, a See also:belt of the mainland, to English miles wide, skirting the whole length of the bay. The coast line of the bay is some 10 m., and the area thus leased extends to 285 sq. m. Within this area Great Britain has exclusive See also:jurisdiction, and is represented by a See also:commissioner under the colonial office; and has, besides, the right to erect fortifications, station troops and take any other measures necessary for defensive purposes at any points on or near the coast in that See also:part of the peninsula east of 121° 40' E. Within that See also:zone, which covers 1505 sq. m., Chinese See also:administration is not interfered with, but no troops other than Chinese and British are allowed there. The territory consists of rugged hills rising to 1600 ft. and well-cultivated valleys. The hills also, as far as possible, See also:Tael . . Siam . . . Hong Kong .

China . . 9361 grains. 11 oz. ay. Silver weight, 11 oz. ay. Japan . . to momme. (No current See also:

coin of the tael.) Straits Settle- 11 oz. ay. = to chee = too hoon. ments See also:Tam . . Hong Kong Tan . . China Tang . Burma Tang-See also:sun . China Tank Bombay Tcharka .

Russia Tchetverte . Russia Teng Burma Tahil Thanan Siam . Thangsat Siam . To Japan Toise France Tola . . India Tomand Arabia Ton . . U. States Tonde . . Denmark Tonne, or Millier France . Germany Tonne (metric) . Tonnelada . . Portugal. Toros Greece Tou China Tovar Bulgaria .

T'sun China Tu China Vara Peru . Spain Argentina Portugal . Vat . . Holland Vedro . Russia Bulgaria . Verchok . . Russia Versta, or Verst. Russia Vierkanteroede . Holland Viertel . Denmark Switzerland Viss . . Rangoon Wa Siam . Wigtje Netherlands .

Wisse Netherlands . are terraced for cultivation and in some instances are planted with See also:

dwarf See also:pine and scrub See also:oak. It contains some 310 villages and a population of about 150,000. Chinese See also:war-vessels are at See also:liberty to use the anchorage, notwithstanding the lease; and Chinese jurisdiction may continue to be exercised within the walled city of Wei-hai-wei, so far as not inconsistent with military requirements. Wei-hai-wei was made the headquarters of a native Chinese See also:regiment in the pay of Great Britain, and organized and led by British See also:officers; but this regiment was disbanded in 1902. Wei-hai-wei is used by the China See also:squadron as a See also:sanatorium and exercising ground. Its excellent See also:climate attracts many visitors. Wei-hai-wei being a See also:free port no duties of any See also:kind are collected there. The import trade consists of See also:timber, See also:maize, See also:paper, crockery, See also:sugar, See also:tobacco, kerosene oil, &c. Gold has been found in the territory, and silver, See also:tin, lead and iron are said to exist. In each of the years 1903—1909 the See also:expenditure exceeded the revenue (about $70,000 in 1909—1910), deficits being made good by grants from the British See also:parliament.

End of Article: DRAWN W

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