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LEWISTON

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 526 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LEWISTON , a See also:

city of Androscoggin See also:county, See also:Maine, U.S.A., on the Androscoggin See also:river, opposite See also:Auburn, with which it is connected by four See also:steel See also:bridges, and about 36 m. N.E. of See also:Portland. Pop. (1900) 23,761, of whom 9316 were See also:foreign-See also:born; (1910 See also:census) 26,247. It is served by the Maine Central, the See also:Grand See also:Trunk, the Portland & See also:Rumford Falls and the Lewiston, See also:Augusta & See also:Waterville (electric) See also:railways. The surrounding See also:country is hilly and the river is picturesque; in the vicinity there are many lakes and ponds abounding in See also:salmon and See also:trout. The Maine See also:fish hatchery is on See also:Lake Auburn, 3 M. above the city. Lewiston is the seat of See also:Bates See also:College, a non-sectarian institution, which See also:grew out of the Maine See also:State See also:Seminary (chartered in 1855), and was chartered in 1864 under its See also:present name, adopted in See also:honour of See also:Benjamin E. Bates (d. 1877), a liberal benefactor. In 1908—1909 the college had 25 instructors and 440 students, and its library contained 34,000 volumes. The campus of the college is about 1 m. from the business portion of Lewiston and covers 5o acres; among the college buildings are an auditorium (1909) given by W.

See also:

Scott Libbey of Lewiston, and the Libbey See also:Forum for the use of the three See also:literary See also:societies and the two See also:Christian associations of the college. The literary societies give excellent training in forensics. The matriculation See also:pledge requires from male students See also:total See also:abstinence from intoxicants as a See also:condition of membership. There are no See also:secret See also:fraternities. From the beginning See also:women have been admitted on the same terms as men. The See also:Cobb Divinity School (See also:Free Baptist), which was founded at Parsonfield, Maine, in 1840 as a See also:department of Parsonfield Seminary, and was situated in 1842-1844 .at Dracut, See also:Massachusetts, in 1844-1854 at Whitestown, New See also:York, and in 18J4-1870 at New See also:Hampton, New See also:Hampshire, was removed to Lewiston in 1870 and became a department (known as Bates Theological Seminary until 1888) of Bates College, with which it was merged in 1908. Lewiston has a See also:fine' city See also:hall, a See also:Carnegie library and a public See also:park of fol. acres, with a See also:bronze soldiers' See also:monument by See also:Franklin See also:Simmons, who was born in 1839 at See also:Webster near Lewiston, and is known for his statues of See also:Roger See also:Williams, See also:William See also:King, See also:Francis H. Pierpont and U. S. See also:Grant in the See also:national Capitol, and for" Grief " and " See also:History "on the See also:Peace Monument at See also:Washington. In Lewiston are the Central Maine See also:General See also:Hospital (1888), the Sisters' Hospital (1888). under the See also:charge of the See also:French See also:Catholic Sisters of Charity, a See also:home for aged women, a See also:young women's home and the Hesley See also:Asylum for boys. The See also:Shrine See also:Building (See also:Kora See also:Temple), dedicated in loon, is the headquarters of the Shriners of the state.

The river at Lewiston breaks over a ledge of See also:

mica-schist and See also:gneiss, the natural fall of 40 ft. having been increased to more than 5o ft. by a strong See also:granite See also:dam; and 3 M. above the city at See also:Deer Rips a See also:cement dam furnishes 10,000 See also:horse-See also:power. The See also:water-power thus obtained is distributed by canals from the nearer dam and transmitted by See also:wire from the upper dam. The manufacture of See also:cotton goods is the See also:principal See also:industry, and in 1005 the product of the city's cotton See also:mills was valued at about one-third of that of the mills of the whole state. Among other See also:industries are the manufacture of woollen goods, shirts, dry-plates, carriages, spools and bobbins, and boots and shoes, and the See also:dyeing and See also:finishing of textiles. The total factory product in 1905 was valued at $8,527,649. The See also:municipality owns its water See also:works and electric See also:lighting plant. Lewiston was settled in 1770, incorporated as a township in 1795 and chartered as a city in 1861. It was the home of See also:Nelson Dingley (1832-1849), who from 1856 until his See also:death controlled the Lewiston See also:Journal. He was See also:governor of the state in 1874-1876, Republican representative in See also:Congress in 1881-1899, and the drafter of the Dingley See also:Tariff See also:Bill (1897). See also:LEWIS-WITH-See also:HARRIS, the most northerly See also:island of the See also:Outer See also:Hebrides, See also:Scotland. It is sometimes called the See also:Long Island and is 24 M. from the nearest point of the mainland, from which it is separated by the strait called The Minch. It is 6o m. long and has an extreme breadth of 3o m., its See also:average breadth being 15 m.

It is divided into two portions by a See also:

line roughly See also:drawn between See also:Loch Resort on the See also:west and Loch See also:Seaforth on the See also:east, of which the larger or more northerly portion, known as Lewis (pron. Lews), belongs to the county of See also:Ross and See also:Cromarty and the lesser, known as Harris, to See also:Inverness-See also:shire. The See also:area of the whole island is 492,800 acres, or 770 sq. m., of which 368,000 acres belong to Lewis. In 1891 the See also:population of Lewis was 27,045, of Harris 3681; in 1901 the population of Lewis was 28,357, of Harris 3803, or 32,16o for the island, of whom 17,175 were See also:females, 11,209 spoke Gaelic only, and 17,685 both Gaelic and See also:English. There is communication with certain ports of the Western See also:Highlands by steamer via See also:Stornoway every See also:week—oftener during the tourist and See also:special seasons—the steamers frequently calling at Loch Erisort, Loch Sealg, Ardvourlie, See also:Tarbert, Ardvey, Rodel and The Obe. The See also:coast is indented to a remarkable degree, the principal See also:sea-lochs in Harris being East and West Loch Tarbert; and in Lewis, Loch Sea forth, Loch Erisort and Broad See also:Bay (or Loch a Tuath) on the east coast and Loch Roag and Loch Resort on the west. The mainland is dotted with innumerable fresh-water lakes. The island is composed of gneiss rocks, excepting a patch of granite near Carloway, small bands of intrusive See also:basalt at Gress and in See also:Eye See also:Peninsula and some See also:Torridonian See also:sandstone at Stornoway, Tong, Vatskir and Carloway. Most of Harris is mountainous, there being more than See also:thirty peaks above r000 ft. high. Lewis is comparatively See also:flat, See also:save in the See also:south-east, where See also:Ben More 525 reaches 1874 ft., and in the south-west, where Mealaabhal (1885) is the highest point; but in this See also:division there are only eleven peaks exceeding r000 ft. in height. The See also:rivers are small and unimportant. The principal capes are the See also:Butt of Lewis, in the extreme See also:north, where the cliffs are nearly 150 ft. high and crowned with a lighthouse, the See also:light of which is visible for 19 m.; Tolsta See also:Head, Tiumpan Head and Cabag Head, on the east; Renish Point, in the extreme south; and, on the west, Toe Head and See also:Gallon Head.

The following inhabited islands in, the Inverness-shire division belong to the See also:

parish of Harris: off the S.W. coast, Bernera (pop. 524), Ensay, Killigray and Pabbay; off the W. coast, Scarp (16o), Soay and Tarrensay (72); off the E. coast, Scalpa (587) and Scotasay. Belonging to the county of Ross and Cromarty are See also:Great Bernera (58o) to the W. of Lewis, in the parish of Uig, and the Shiant Isles, about 21 M. S. of Stornoway, in the parish of Lochs, so named from the n See also:amber of its sea lochs and fresh-water lakes. The south-eastern See also:base of Broad Bay is furnished by the peninsula of Eye, attached to the See also:main See also:mass by so slender a See also:neck as seemingly to be on the point of becoming itself an island. Much of the See also:surface of both Lewis and Harris is composed of See also:peat and swamp; there are scanty fragments of an See also:ancient See also:forest. The rainfall for the See also:year averages 41.7 in., autumn and See also:winter being very wet. Owing to the See also:influence of the Gulf Stream, however, the temperature is fairly high, averaging for the year 46.6° F., for See also:January 39.5° F. and for See also:August 56.5° F. The economic conditions of the island correspond with its See also:physical conditions. The amount of cultivable See also:land is small and poor. See also:Sir See also:James See also:Matheson (1796-1878), who See also:purchased the island in 1844, is said to have spent nearly £350,000 in reclamation and improvements. See also:Barley and potatoes are the See also:chief crops.

A large number of See also:

black See also:cattle are reared'and some See also:sheep-farming is carried on in Harris. See also:Kelp-making, once important, has been See also:extinct for many years. Harris has obtained great reputation for tweeds. The See also:cloth has an aroma of heather and peat, and is made in the dwellings of the cotters, who use dyes of long-established excellence. The See also:fisheries are the principal mainstay of the See also:people. In spite of the very consider-able reductions in See also:rent effected by the Crofters' See also:Commission (appointed in 1886) and the sums expended by See also:government, most of the crofters still live in poor huts amid See also:dismal surroundings. The island affords See also:good sporting facilities. Many of the streams abound with salmon and trout; otters and See also:seals are plentiful, and deer and See also:hares See also:common; while See also:bird See also:life includes See also:grouse, See also:ptarmigan, See also:woodcock, See also:snipe, See also:heron, widgeon, See also:teal, See also:eider See also:duck, See also:swan and varieties of geese and gulls. There are many antiquarian remains, including See also:duns, megaliths, ruined towers and chapels and the like. At RODEL, in the extreme south of Harris, is a See also:church, all that is See also:left of an Augustinian monastery. The See also:foundation is See also:Norman and the superstructure See also:Early English. On the towers are curious carved figures and in the interior several tombs of the Macleods, the most remarkable being that of Alastair (See also:Alexander), son of William See also:Macleod of Dunvegan, dated 1528.

The monument, a full-length recumbent, effigy of a See also:

knight in See also:armour, lies at the base of a tablet in the shape of an See also:arch divided into compartments, in which are carved in bas-See also:relief, besides the armorial See also:bearings of the deceased and a rendering of Dunvegan See also:castle, several symbolical scenes, one of which exhibits Satan weighing in the See also:balance the good and evil deeds of Alastair Macleod, the good obviously preponderating. Stornoway, the chief See also:town (pop. 3852) is treated under a See also:separate heading. At CALLERMSH, 13 M. due W. of Stornoway, are several See also:stone circles, one of which is probably the most perfect example of so-called " Druidical " structures in the See also:British Isles. In this specimen the stones are huge, See also:moss-covered, undressed blocks of gneiss. Twelve of such monoliths constitute the circle, in the centre of which stands a See also:pillar 17 ft. high. From the circle there runs northwards an See also:avenue of stones, comprising on the right-See also:hand See also:side nine blocks and on the left-hand ten. There also See also:branch off from the circle, on the east and west, a single line of four stones and, on the south, a single line of five stones, From the extreme point of the south See also:file to the farther end of the avenue on the north is a distance of 127 yds. and the width from tip to tip of the east and west arms is 41 yds. Viewed from the north end of the avenue, the See also:design is that of a See also:cross. The most important See also:fishery centre on the west coast is Carloway, where there is the best example of a broch, or fort, in the Hebrides. Rory, the See also:blind harper who translated the See also:Psalms into Gaelic, was born in the See also:village. Tarbert, at the head of East Loch Tarbert, is a neat, clean village, in communication by See also:mail-See also:car with Stornoway.

At See also:

Coll, a few See also:miles N. by E. of Stornoway, is a See also:mussel See also:cave; and at Gress, 2 M. or so beyond in the same direction, there is a famous seals' cave, adorned with fine See also:stalactites. See also:Port of Ness, where there is a See also:harbour, is the head-quarters of the See also:ling fishery. Loch Seaforth gave the See also:title of See also:earl to a branch of the 1lackenzies, but in 1716 the 5th earl was attainted for Jacobitism and the title forfeited. In 1797 Francis Humberston See also:Mackenzie (1754-1815), chief of the See also:Clan Mackenzie, was created See also:Lord Seaforth and See also:Baron Mackenzie of Kintail, and made See also:colonel of the 2nd See also:battalion of the North British See also:Militia, afterwards the 3rd battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders. The and battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders was formerly the Ross-shire Buffs, which was raised in 1771.

End of Article: LEWISTON

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