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See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS IX . (1214-1270), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France, known as See also:Saint Louis, was See also:born on the 25th of See also:April 1214, and was baptized at See also:Poissy. His See also:father, Louis VIII., died in 1226, leaving the first minority since the See also:accession of the Capetians, but his See also:mother, See also:Queen See also:Blanche of See also:Castile, proved more than a match for the feudal See also:nobility. She secured her son's See also:coronation at See also:Reims on the 29th of See also:November 1226; and, mainly by the aid of the papal See also:legate, Romano See also:Bonaventura, See also:bishop of See also:Porto (d. 1243), and of See also:Thibaut IV., See also:count of See also:Champagne, was able to thwart the rebellious plans of See also:Pierre Mauclerc, See also:duke of See also:Brittany, and Philippe Hurepel, a natural son of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus. Mauclerc's opposition was not finally overcome, however, until 1234. Then in 1236 Thibaut, who had become king of See also:Navarre, turned against the queen, formed an See also:alliance with Brittany, marrying his daughter without royal consent to See also:Jean le Roux, Mauclerc's son, and attempted to make a new feudal See also:league. The final See also:triumph of the See also:regent was shown when the king's See also:army assembled at See also:Vincennes. His See also:summons met with such See also:general and prompt obedience as to See also:awe Thibaut into submission without striking a See also:blow. Thus the reign of Louis IX. began with royal prerogatives fully maintained; the See also:kingdom was well under See also:control, and Mauclerc and Thibaut were both obliged to go on crusade. But the See also:influence of the strong-willed queen-mother continued to make itself See also:felt to the See also:close of her See also:life. Louis IX. did not lack See also:independence of See also:character, but his confidence in his mother had been amply justified and he always acted in her presence like a See also:child. This confidence he withheld from his wife, See also:Margaret, daughter of See also:Raymond Bezenger, count of See also:Provence, whom he married at See also:Sens in May 1234. The reign was comparatively uneventful. A rising of the nobles of the See also:south-See also:west, stirred up by See also:Isabella, widow of King See also:John of See also:England, and her See also:husband, See also:Hugh de See also:Lusignan, count of the See also:Marche, upon the occasion of the investment of See also:Alphonse of See also:Poitiers with the fiefs See also:left him by Louis VIII. as a result of the Albigensian crusade, reached threatening dimensions in 1242, but the king's armies easily overran Count Hugh's territories, and defeated See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. of England, who had come to his aid, at See also:Saintes. Isabella and her husband were forced to submit, and Raymond VII., count of See also:Toulouse, yielded without resistance upon the See also:advent of two royal armies, and accepted the See also:peace of Lorris in See also:January 1243. This was the last rising of the nobles in Louis's reign.
At the end of 1244, during an illness, Louis took the See also:cross. He had already been much distressed by the See also:plight of John of Brienne, See also:emperor at See also:Constantinople, and bought from him the See also:crown of thorns, parts of the true cross, the See also:holy See also:lance, and the holy sponge. The Sainte Chapelle in See also:Paris still stands as a See also:monument to the value of these See also:relics to the saintly king. But the See also:quarrel between the papacy and the emperor See also:Frederick II., in which Louis maintained a watchful See also:neutrality— only interfering to prevent the See also:capture of See also:Innocent IV. at See also:Lyons—and the difficulties of preparation, delayed the embarkation until See also:August 1248. His defeat and capture at See also:Mansura, in See also:February 1250, the next four years spent in See also:Syria in captivity, in See also:diplomatic intrigues, and finally in raising the fortifications of Caesarea and See also:Joppa,—these events belong to the See also:history of the See also:crusades (q.v.). His return to France was urgently needed, as Blanche of Castile, whom he had left as regent, had died in November 1252, and upon the removal of her strong See also:hand feudal turbulence had begun to show itself.
This See also:period between his first and second crusades (1254–1269) is the real See also:age of Saint Louis in the history of France. He imposed peace between warring factions of his nobility by See also:mere moral force, backed up by something like an awakened publicopinion. His nobles often chafed under his unrelenting See also:justice but never dared See also:rebel. The most famous of his settlements was the treaty of Paris, See also:drawn up in May 1258 and ratified in See also:December 1259, by which the claims of Henry III. of England were adjusted. Henry renounced absolutely See also:Normandy, See also:Anjou, See also:Touraine, See also:Maine and See also:Poitou, and received, on See also:condition of recognizing Louis as See also:liege suzerain, all the fiefs and domains of the king of France in the dioceses of See also:Limoges, See also:Cahors and Perigueux, and the expectation of See also:Saintonge south of the See also:Charente, and See also:Agenais, if they should fall to the crown of France by the See also:death of Alphonse of Poitiers. In addition, Louis promised to provide Henry with sufficient See also:money to maintain 500 knights for two years. This treaty was very unpopular in France, since the king surrendered a large See also:part of France that Henry had not won; but Louis was satisfied that the See also:absolute See also:sovereignty over the See also:northern provinces more than equalled the loss in the south. Historians still disagree as to its See also:wisdom. Louis made a similar See also:compromise with the king of See also:Aragon in the treaty of See also:Corbeil, 1258, whereby he gave up the claims of See also:kings of France to See also:Roussillon and See also:Barcelona, which went back to the See also:conquest of See also:Charlemagne. The king of Aragon in his turn gave up his claims to part of Provence and See also:Languedoc, with the exception of See also:Narbonne. Louis's position was strikingly shown in 1264 when the See also:English barons submitted their See also:attempt to bind Henry III. by the Provisions of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford to his See also:arbitration. His reply in the " Dit " or See also:Mise of See also:Amiens was a See also:flat denial of all the claims of the barons and failed to avert the See also:civil See also:war. Louis was more successful in preventing feuds between his own nobles: between the See also:counts of Brittany and Champagne over the See also:succession to Navarre; the dauphin of See also:Vienne (Guigues VII.) and See also:Charles of Anjou; the count of See also:Burgundy and the count of Chalons; Henry of See also:Luxemburg and the duke of See also:Lorraine with the count of See also:Bar. Upon the whole he maintained peace with his neighbours, although both See also:Germany and England were torn with civil See also:wars. He reluctantly consented to See also:sanction the conquest of See also:Naples by his See also:brother, Charles, duke of Anjou, and it is possible that he yielded here in the belief that it was a step toward another crusade.
On the 24th of See also:March 1267, Louis called to Paris such of his knights as were not with Charles of Anjou in Naples. No one knew why he had called them; but when the king in full See also:assembly proclaimed his purpose of going on a second crusade, few ventured to refuse the cross. Three years of preparation followed; then on the 1st of See also:July 1270 they sailed from Aigues Mortes for See also:Tunis, whither the expedition seems to have been directed by the machinations of Charles of Anjou, who, it is claimed, persuaded his brother that the See also:key to See also:Egypt and to See also:Jerusalem was that part of See also:Africa which was his own most dangerous See also:neighbour. After seventeen days' voyage to See also:Carthage, one See also:month of the summer's See also:heat and See also:plague decimated the army, and when Charles of Anjou arrived he found that Louis himself had died of the plague on the 25th of August 1270.
Saint Louis stands in history as the ideal king of the See also:middle ages. An accomplished See also:knight, physically strong in spite of his ascetic practices, fearless in See also:battle, heroic in adversity, of imperious temperament, unyielding when sure of the justness of his cause, energetic and See also:firm, he was indeed " every See also:inch a king." See also:Joinville says that he was taller by a See also:head than any of his knights. His devotions would have worn out a less robust saint. He fasted much, loved sermons, regularly heard two masses a See also:day and all the offices, dressing at midnight for See also:matins in his See also:chapel, and surrounded even when he travelled by priests on horseback chanting the See also:hours. After his return from the first crusade, he wore only See also:grey woollens in See also:winter, dark silks in summer. He built hospitals, visited and tended the sick himself, gave charity to over a See also:hundred beggars daily.
Yet he safeguarded the royal dignity by bringing them in at the back See also:door of the See also:palace, and by a courtly display greater than ever before in France. His naturally See also:cold temperament was somewhat relieved by a sense of See also:humour, which however did not prevent his making presents of haircloth shirts to his See also:friends. He had no favourite, nor See also:prime See also:minister. Louis was canonized in 1297.
As a statesman Louis IX. has left no distinct monument. The famous " Etablissements of St Louis " has been shown in our own day to have been private compilation. It was a coutumier drawn up before 1273, including, as well as some royal decrees, the civil and feudal See also:law of Anjou, Maine and the See also:Orleanais. See also:Recent researches have also denied Louis the See also:credit of having aided the communes. He exploited them to the full. His standpoint in this respect was distinctly feudal. He treated his See also:clergy as he did his barons, enforcing the supremacy of royal justice, and strongly opposing the exactions of the See also:pope until the latter part of his reign, when he joined forces with him to extort as much as possible from the clergy. At the end of the reign most of the See also:sees and monasteries of France were in See also:debt to the Lombard bankers. Finally, the reign of Saint Louis saw the introduction of the pontifical See also:inquisition into France.
There are numerous portraits of St Louis, but they are unauthentic and contradictory. In 1903 M. Salomon See also:Reinach claimed to have found in the heads sculptured in the angles of the See also:arches of the chapel at St Germain portraits of St Louis, his See also:brothers and sisters, and Queen See also:Marguerite, or Blanche, made between 1235 and 1240. This conjectured portrait somewhat resembles the See also:modern type, which is based upon a statue of Charles V. once in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of the Celestins in Paris, and which Lenoir mistakenly identified as that of Louis IX. The king had eleven See also:children, six sons and five daughters, among them being his successor, Philip III., and See also:Robert, count of Clermont, the ancestor of Henry IV.
The best contemporary accounts of Louis IX. are the famous See also:Memoirs of the Sire Jean de Joinville (q.v.), published by N. de See also:Wailly for the See also:Soc. de l'Hist. de France, under the See also:title Histoire de Saint Louis (Paris, 1868), and again with See also:translation (1874) ; English translation by J. See also:Hutton (1868). See also See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of Nangis, Gesta Ludovici IX., edited by M. Bouquet in vol. xx. of the Recueil See also:des historiens des Gaules et de la France. Of modern See also:works may be mentioned C. V. See also:Langlois in E. See also:Lavisse's Histoire de France, tome iii., with references to literature; Frederick See also:Perry, Saint Louis, the Most See also:Christian King (New See also:York, 19o1); E. J. See also:Davis, The Invasion of Egypt by Louis IX. of France (1898); H. A. Wallon, Saint Louis et son temps (1875); A. Lecoy de la Marche, Saint Louis (See also:Tours, 1891); and E. Berger, Saint Louis et Innocent IV (Paris, 1893), and Histoire de Blanche de Castille (1895). See also The See also:Court of a Saint, by Winifred F. See also:Knox (1909). (J. T.
End of Article: LOUIS IX
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