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See also:SAINT ALBIN, See also:ALEXANDER See also:CHARLES OMER ROUSSELIN DE CORBEAU, See also:COMTE DE (1773-1847) , See also:French politician, was See also:born in See also:Paris, of a See also:noble Dauphinois See also:family, and was educated at the See also:College d'See also:Harcourt. He embraced the revolutionary ideas with See also:enthusiasm. As See also:civil See also:commissioner at See also:Troyes he was accused of terrorism by some, and by the revolutionary tribunal• of moderation. He was imprisoned for a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in 1794. On his See also:release the Citoyen Rousselin entered the See also:ministry of the interior, and under the See also:Directory he became secretary-See also:general, and then civil commissioner of the See also:Seine. Attached to the party of Bernadotte, he was looked on with suspicion by the imperial See also:police, and during the later years of the See also:empire spent his time in retirement at See also:Provence. During the See also:Hundred Days, however, he served under See also:Carnot at the ministry of the interior. Under the Restoration he defended Liberal principles 'in the Constitutionnel, of which he was the founder. Although See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe had been his friend since the days of the, Revolution, he accepted no See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office from the See also:monarchy of See also:July. He retired from the Constitutionnel in 1838, and died on the 15th of See also:June 1847. His See also:chief See also:works See also:deal with the soldiers of the Revolution. They are: See also:Vie de Lazare See also:Hoche (2 vols., 1798); See also:Notice historique sur le general See also:Marbot (1800); M. de Championnel (186o); and notices of others posthumously published by his son, See also:Hortensius de Saint Albin, as Documents relatifs a la Revolution Francaise .. . (1873).
ST ALDEGONDE, See also:PHILIPS See also:VAN MARNIX, HEER VAN (1538-1598), Dutch writer and statesman, was born at See also:Brussels, the son of See also:Jacob van Marnix, See also:baron of Pottes. He studied See also:theology under See also:Calvin and See also:Beza at See also:Geneva and, returning to the See also:Netherlands in 156o, threw himself energetically into the cause of the See also:Reformation, taking an active See also:part in the See also:compromise of the nobles in 1565 and the See also:assembly of St Trond. He made himself conspicuous by issuing a pamphlet in See also:justification of the See also:iconoclasts who devastated See also:Flanders in 1566, and on See also:Alva's arrival next See also:year had to See also:fly the See also:country. After spending some time in See also:Friesland and in the See also:Palatinate he was in 1570 taken into the service of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, See also:prince of See also:Orange, and in 1572 was sent as his representative to the first See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting of the States-general assembled at See also:Dordrecht. In 1573 he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards at Maaslandsluys, but was exchanged in the following year. He was sent as the representative of the insurgent provinces to Paris and See also:London, where he in vain attempted to secure the effective assistance of See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth. In 1578 he was at the See also:diet of See also:Worms, where he made an eloquent but fruitless See also:appeal for aid to the See also:German princes. Equally vain were his efforts in the same year to persuade the magistrates of See also:Ghent to cease persecuting the Catholics in the See also:city. He took a conspicuous part in arranging the See also:Union of See also:Utrecht, and in 1583 was chosen burgomaster of See also:Antwerp. In 1585 he surrendered the city, after a 13 months' See also:siege, to the Spaniards. Violently attacked by the See also:English and by his own countrymen for this See also:act, he retired from public affairs and, See also:save for a See also:mission to Paris in 1J9o, lived henceforth in See also:Leiden or on his See also:estate in See also:Zeeland, where he worked at a See also:translation of the See also:Bible. He died at Leiden on the 15th of See also:December 1598.
St Aldegonde, or Marnix (by which name he is very commonly known), is celebrated for his See also:share in the See also:great development of Dutch literature which followed the classical See also:period represented by such writers as the poet and historian Pieter See also:Hooft. Of his works the best known is the See also:Roman See also:Bee-hive (De roomsche byen-korf), published in 1569 during his See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile in Friesland, a See also:bitter See also:satire on the faith andpractices of the Roman See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. This was translated or adapted in French, German and English. As a poet, St Aldegonde is mainly known through his admirable metrical translation of the See also:Psalms (1580), and the celebrated Wilhelmus van Nassauwe, one of the two officially recognized See also:national anthems of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, is also ascribed to him. His See also:complete works, edited by See also:Lacroix and See also:Quinet, were published at Brussels in 7 vols. (1855-1859), and his religious and theological writings, edited by Van Turenenbergen, at Paris, in 3 vols. (1871-1891).
See E. Quinet, Marnix de St Aldegonde (Paris, 1854) ; Juste, Vie de Marnix (The See also:Hague, 1858) ; Fredericq, Marnix en zijne nederlandsche geschriften (Ghent, 1882) ; Tjalma, Philips van Marnix, See also:beer van Sint-Aldegonde (See also:Amsterdam, 1896).
ST ALDWYN, See also:MICHAEL See also:EDWARD See also:HICKS See also:BEACH, 1ST See also:VISCOUNT (1837— ), English statesman, son of See also:Sir Michael Hicks Beach, 8th See also:Bart., whom he succeeded in 1854, was born in London in 1837, and was educated at See also:Eton and See also:Christ Church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, where he graduated with a first class in the school of See also:law and See also:modern See also:history. In 1864 he was returned to See also:parliament as a Conservative for See also:East See also:Gloucestershire, the See also:county in which his estates of Williamstrip See also:Park were situated; and during 1868 he acted both as See also:parliamentary secretary to the Poor Law See also:Board and as under-secretary for the See also:Home See also:Department. In 1874 he was made chief secretary for See also:Ireland, and was included in the See also:Cabinet in 1877. From 1878 to 188o he was secretary of See also:state for the colonies. In 1885 he was elected for See also:West See also:Bristol, and the Conservative party having returned to See also:power, became See also:chancellor of the See also:exchequer and See also:leader of the See also:House of See also:Commons. After Mr See also:Gladstone's brief Home See also:Rule Ministry in 1886 he entered See also:Lord See also:Salisbury's next Cabinet again as Irish secretary, making way for Lord See also:Randolph See also:Churchill as leader of the House; but troubles with his eyesight compelled him to resign in 1887, and meanwhile Mr See also:Goschen replaced Lord Randolph as chancellor of the exchequer. From 1888 to 1892 Sir Michael Hicks Beach returned to active See also:work as See also:president of the Board of See also:Trade, and in 1895—Mr Goschen being transferred to the See also:Admiralty—he again became chancellor of the exchequer. In 1899 he lowered the fixed See also:charge for the National See also:Debt from twenty-five to twenty-three millions—a reduction imperatively required, apart from other reasons, by the difficulties found in redeeming See also:Consols at their then inflated See also:price. When compelled to find means for financing the See also:war in See also:South See also:Africa, he insisted on combining the raising of loans with the See also:imposition of fresh See also:taxation; and besides raising the income-tax each year, up to is. 3d. in 1902, he introduced taxes on See also:sugar and exported See also:coal (1901), and in 1902 proposed the reimposition of the See also:registration See also:duty on See also:corn and See also:flour which had been abolished in 1869 by Mr See also:Lowe. The See also:sale of his Netheravon estates in See also:Wiltshire to the War Office in 1898 occasioned some acrid See also:criticism concerning the valuation, for which, however, Sir Michael himself was not responsible. On Lord Salisbury's retirement in 1902 Sir Michael Hicks Beach also See also:left the See also:government. He accepted the chairmanship of the Royal See also:Commission on Ritualistic Practices in the Church, and he did valuable work as an arbitrator; and though when the fiscal controversy arose he became a member of the See also:Free-See also:food See also:League, his parliamentary See also:loyalty to Mr See also:Balfour did much to prevent the Unionist free-traders from precipitating a rupture. When Mr Balfour resigned in 1905 he was raised to the See also:peerage as Viscount St Aldwyn.
ST AMAND-See also:LES-EAUX, a See also:town of See also:northern See also:France, in the department of See also:Nord, at the junction of the Elnon with the Scarpe, 22 M. S.E. of See also:Lille by See also:rail. Pop. (1906), town, 10,195; See also:commune, 14,454. The town has a communal college and a school of See also:drawing, and carries on See also:iron-See also:founding and the manufacture of See also:porcelain, See also:hosiery, chains and nails, but is better known for its See also:mineral See also:waters and mud See also:baths. There are five springs; the See also:water (67° to 77° F.) contains sulphate of See also:lime and See also:sulphur, and deposits See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white gelatinous threads without See also:smell or See also:taste. The mud baths are of benefit to patients suffering from See also:rheumatism, See also:gout and certain affections of See also:liver and skin. Though from the See also:discovery of statues and coins in the mud it is evident that these must have been frequented during the Roman period, it was only at the See also:close of the 17th See also:century that they again became of more than See also:local celebrity. Of the See also:abbey there remain
an entrance See also:pavilion serving as town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall and the richly decorated See also:facade of the church, both dating from the 17th century.
St Amand owes its name to St Amand, See also:bishop of Tongres, who founded a monastery here in the 7th century. The abbey was laid See also:waste by the See also:Normans in 882 and by the See also:count of See also:Hainaut in 1340. The town was captured by See also:Mary of See also:Burgundy in 1477, by the count of Ligne, Charles V.'s See also:lieutenant, in 1521, and finally in 1667 by the French. In 1793 St Amand was the headquarters of General See also:Dumouriez in revolt against the Republican government.
ST-AMAND-MONT-ROND, a town of central France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the department of See also:Cher, 39 M. S. by E. of See also:Bourges on the railway to Montlucon. Pop. (1906), 7711. The town stands at the See also:foot of the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill of Mont-Rond on the right See also:bank of the Cher, at its confluence with the See also:Marmande and on the See also:canal of See also:Berry. A church of the period of transition from the Romanesque to See also:Gothic See also:style and several old houses are the more interesting buildings. The beautiful See also:chateau of Meillant, built from 1500 to 1510 by the See also:admiral Charles of See also:Amboise, is 52 m. from St Amand; and the abbey of Noirlac, a See also:fine type of Cistercian abbey with a 12th-century church, is 22 M. from the town.
The town See also:grew up See also:round a monastery founded by St Amand, a follower of St See also:Columban, in the 7th century. Its ruined stronghold, on the hill of Mont-Rond, was of importance in the See also:middle ages, and during the See also:Fronde, when it belonged to the great See also:Conde, was a centre of resistance to the royal troops, by whom it was taken after a siege of eleven months in 1652. It was for a time the See also:property of See also:Sully, who retired to it under the regency of See also:Marie de' See also:Medici.
SAINT-AMANT, MARC See also:ANTOINE DE See also:GERARD, SIEUR DE (1594-1661), French poet, was born near See also:Rouen in the year 1594. His See also:father was a See also:merchant who had, according to his son's See also:account, been a sailor and had commanded for 22 years une escadre de la reine Elizabeth—a vague statement that lacks See also:confirmation. The son obtained a patent of See also:nobility, and attached himself to different great noblemen—the duc de See also:Retz and the comte d'Harcourt among others. He saw military service and sojourned at different times in See also:Italy, in See also:England-a sojourn which provoked from him a violent poetical attack on the country, See also:Albion (1643)—in See also:Poland, where he held a See also:court See also:appointment for two years, and elsewhere. Saint-Amant's later years were spent in France; and he died at Paris on the 29th of Decemoe.1661.
Saint-Ainant has left a not inconsiderable See also:body of See also:poetry. His Albion and See also:Rome ridicule set the See also:fashion of the See also:burlesque poem, a See also:form in which he was excelled by his follower See also:Paul See also:Scarron. In his later years he devoted himself to serious subjects and produced an epic, Molise sauve (1653). His best work consists of Bacchanalian songs, his Debauche being one of the most remarkable convivial poems of its See also:kind.
The See also:standard edition is that in the Bibliotheque Elzevirienne, by M. C. L. Livet (2 vols. Paris, 1855).
End of Article: SAINT ALBIN, ALEXANDER CHARLES OMER ROUSSELIN DE CORBEAU, COMTE DE (1773-1847)
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