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SHAKERS , an See also:American celibate and communistic See also:sect, officially called " The See also:United Society of Believers in See also:Christ's Second Appearing " or " The Millennial See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church."' The See also:early See also:Quakers were sometimes called Shakers, and the name, or its variant, Shaking Quakers, was applied in the early 18th See also:century to a See also:Manchester offshoot of the See also:English Quakers, who, led by See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James and See also:Ann Wardley, accepted the See also:peculiar doctrines of the See also:French Prophets, or See also:Camisards, of Vivarais and See also:Dauphine.= The Wardleys were succeeded by the real founder of Shakerism, Ann See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee (1736-1784), the daughter of a Manchester blacksmith. Although a believer in See also:celibacy, she had at her parents' urging married one See also:Abraham See also:Stanley (Standley, or Standerin); had See also:borne him four See also:children, who died in See also:infancy; had joined the Wardleys in 1758; and had influenced their followers to preach more publicly the imminent second coming and to attack See also:sin more boldly and unconventionally. She was frequently imprisoned for breaking the See also:Sabbath by dancing and shouting, and for See also:blasphemy; had many " miraculous " escapes, from See also:death; and once, according to her See also:story, being examined by four See also:clergy-men of the Established Church, spoke to them for four See also:hours in seventy-two See also:tongues. While in See also:prison in Manchester for fourteen days, she said she had a See also:revelation that " a See also:complete See also:cross against the lusts of See also:generation, added to a full and explicit See also:confession, before witnesses, of all the sins committed under its See also:influence, was the only possible remedy and means of salvation." After this, probably in 770, she was chosen by the society as " See also:Mother in spiritual things " and called herself " Ann, the Word." In 1774 a revelation bade her take a select See also:band to See also:America. Accompanied by her See also:husband, who soon afterward deserted her; her See also:brother, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Lee (1740-1784); See also:Nancy Lee, her niece; James Whittaker (1751-1787), who had been brought up by Mother Ann and was probably related to her; See also:John Hocknell (1723-1799), who provided the funds for the trip; his son, See also:Richard; and James Shepherd and See also:Mary Partington, Mother Ann arrived on the 6th of See also:August 1774 in New See also:York See also:City. Here they stayed for nearly two years. In 1776 Hocknell bought See also:land at Niskayuna, in the township of See also:Watervliet, near See also:Albany, and the Shakers settled there. A spiritualistic revival in the neighbouring See also:town of New See also:Lebanon sent many penitents to Watervliet, who accepted Mother Ann's teachings and organized in 1787 (before any formal organization in Watervliet) the New Lebanon Society, the first Shaker Society, at New Lebanon (since 1861 called Mt. Lebanon), See also:Columbia See also:county, New York. The Society at Watervliet, organized immediately afterwards, and the New Lebanon Society formed a bishopric. The Watervliet members, as non-resistants and non-jurors, had got into trouble during the See also:War of See also:Independence; in 178o the See also:Board of Elders were imprisoned, but all except Mother Ann were speedily set See also:free, and she was released in 1781.
In 1781-1783 the Mother with chosen elders visited her followers in New York, See also:Massachusetts and See also:Connecticut. She died in Watervliet on the 8th of See also:September 1784. James Whittaker was See also:head of the Believers for three years. On his death he was succeeded by See also:Joseph Meacham (1742-1796), who had been a Baptist See also:minister in See also:Enfield, Connecticut, and had, second only to Mother Ann, the spiritual See also:gift of revelation. Under his See also:rule and that of See also:Lucy See also:Wright (1760-1821), who shared the headship with him during his lifetime and then for twenty-five years ruled alone, the organization of the Shakers and, particularly, a rigid See also:communism, began. By 1793 See also:property had been made a " See also:con-
'Some of its leaders prefer the name " Alethians," as they consider themselves children of the truth; but they do not repudiate the commonly applied name Shakers.
2 The Wardleys' followers, when " See also:wrestling in soul to be freed from the See also:power of sin and a worldly See also:life," writhed and trembled so that they won the name Shakers; their trances and visions, their
lumping and dancing, were like those of many other sects, such as the See also:Low Countries dancers of the 14th and 15th centuries, the French Convulsionnaires of 1720-.1770, or the Welsh Methodist Jumpers.secrated whole " in the different communities, but a " non-communal See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order " also had been established, in which sympathizers with the principles of the Believers lived in families. The Shakers never forbade See also:marriage, but refused to recognize it as a See also:Christian institution since the second coming in the See also:person of Mother Ann, and considered it less perfect than the celibate See also:state. Shaker communities in this See also:period were established in 1790 at See also:Hancock, See also:West See also:Pittsfield, See also:Mass.; in 1791 at Harvard, Mass.; in 1792 at See also:East See also:Canterbury (or Shaker See also:Village), New See also:Hampshire; and in 1793 at See also:Shirley, Mass.; at Enfield (or Shaker Station), Connecticut; at Tyringham, Mass., where the Society was afterwards abandoned, its members joining the communities in Hancock and Enfield; at See also:Gloucester (since 1890, Sabbath-See also:day See also:Lake), See also:Maine; and at See also:Alfred, Maine, where, more than anywhere else among the Shakers, spiritualistic healing of the sick was practised. In See also:Kentucky and See also:Ohio Shakerism entered after the Kentucky revival of r800-1801,3 and in 1805-1807 Shaker See also:societies were founded at See also:South See also:Union, See also:Logan county, and Pleasant See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill, See also:Mercer county, Kentucky. In 1811 a community settled at Busro on the See also:Wabash in See also:Indiana; but it was soon abandoned and its members went to Ohio and to Kentucky. In Ohio later communities were formed at Watervliet, See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton county, and at Whitewater, See also:Dayton county. In 1828 the communal property at Sodus See also:Bay, New York, was sold and the community removed to Groveland, or Sonyea; their land here was sold to the state and the few remaining members went to Watervliet. A See also:short-lived community at See also:Canaan, N.Y., was merged in the See also:Mount Lebanon (New York) and Enfield (Connecticut) communities. The numerical strength of the sect decreased rapidly, probably from 4000 to loon in 1887-1908; and there has been little effort made to plant new communities. The Mt. Lebanon Society in 1894 established a See also:colony at Narcoossee, See also:Florida; the See also:attempt of the Union Village Society in 1898 to plant a See also:settlement at See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White See also:Oak, See also:Camden county, See also:Georgia, was unsuccessful. In 1910 the Union Village Society went into the hands of a See also:receiver.
The period of spiritual manifestations among the Believers lasted from 1837 to 1847; first, children told of visits to cities in the spirit See also:realm and gave messages from Mother Ann; in 1838 the gift of tongues was manifested and sacred places were set aside in each community, with names like See also:Holy Mount; but in 1847 the See also:spirits, after warning, See also:left the Believers. The See also:theology of the See also:denomination is based on the See also:idea of the See also:dualism of See also:God: the creation of male and See also:female " in our See also:image " showing the bi-sexuality of the Creator; in Jesus, See also:born of a woman, the son of a Jewish See also:carpenter, were the male manifestation of Christ and the first Christian Church ; and in Mother Ann, daughter of an English blacksmith, were the female manifestation of Christ and the second Christian Church—she was the See also:- BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)
Bride ready for the Bridegroom, and in her the promises of the Second Coming were fulfilled. See also:Adam's sin was in sexual impurity; marriage is done away with in the See also:body of the Believers in the Second See also:Appearance, who must See also:pattern after the See also:Kingdom in which there is no marriage or giving in marriage. The four virtues are virgin purity; Christian communism; confession of sin, without which none can become Believers; and separation from the See also:world. .The Shakers do not believe in the divinity or deity of Jesus, or in the resurrection of the body. Their insistence on the bi-sexuality of God and their reverence for Mother Ann have made them See also:advocates of See also:sex equality. Their spiritual See also:directors are elders and " eldresses," and their temporal guides are deacons and deaconesses in equal See also:numbers. The prescribed See also:uniform See also:costume with woman's neckerchief and cap, and the See also:custom of men wearing their See also:hair See also:long on the See also:neck and cut in a straight See also:bang on the forehead, still persist; but the See also:women See also:wear different See also:colours. The communism of the Believers was an economic success, and their cleanliness, honesty and frugality received the highest praise. They made See also:leather in New York for several years, but in selling herbs and See also:garden seeds, in making " See also:apple-See also:sauce " (at
a A prominent See also:part in this revival had been taken by Richard McNemar, a Presbyterian, who had broken with his Church because of his Arminian tendencies and had established the quasi-See also:independent Turtle See also:Creek Church. McNemar was won by Shaker missionaries in 1805, and many of his parishioners joined him to See also:form the Union Village Community on the site of the old Turtle Creek, 4 m. W. of Lebanon, See also:Warren county, Ohio. McNemar was a favourite of Lucy Wright, who gave him the spiritual name Eleazer Right, which he changed to Eleazer Wright; he wrote The Kentucky Revival (See also:Cincinnati, 1807), probably the earliest See also:defence of Shakerism, and a poem, entitled A Concise See also:Answer to the See also:General Inquiry Who or What are the Shakers (1808).
Shirley), in See also:weaving See also:linen (at Alfred), and in See also:knitting underwear they did better See also:work.
See John P. MacLean, A Bibliography of Shaker Literature. with an See also:Introductory Study of the Writings and Publications Pertaining to Ohio Believers (See also:Columbus, Ohio, 1905), and his See also:Sketch of the Life and the Labors of Richard McNemar (See also:Franklin, Ohio, 1905); See also:Charles Edson See also:- ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
- ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
- ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
- ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
- ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
- ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
- ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
- ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)
Robinson, A Concise See also:History of the United Society of Believers, called Shakers (East Canterbury, N.H., 1893); See also:Anna White and Leila S. See also:- TAYLOR
- TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
- TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
- TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
- TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
- TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
- TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
- TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
- TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
- TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
- TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
- TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
- TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
- TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
- TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)
Taylor, Shakerism, Its Meaning and See also:Message (Columbus, Ohio, 1905) ; See also:Frederick W. See also:Evans, Shakers: Compendium of the Origin, History, Principles, Rules and Regulations, Governments and Doctrines of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing (Albany, 1858; and often elsewhere under other titles); M. See also:Catherine See also:- ALLEN, BOG OF
- ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
- ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
- ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
- ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
- ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
- ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)
Allen, A Century of Communism (Pittsfield, 1902) ; and the See also:works of Nordhoff, Noyes, Hinds, &c., on American communism.
End of Article: SHAKERS
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