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XJX . 26 seams of See also:lignite which occur on the See also:island of Andoen in the Vesteraalen. They contain remains of See also:plants and have been correlated with the See also:Lower Oolite of See also:Great See also:Britain. No See also:Tertiary beds have been found, but See also:Pleistocene deposits of various kinds are met with. The evidences of See also:ice See also:action during the Glacial See also:Period are conspicuous over the whole See also:country and are similar to those in other glaciated regicns. But the most remarkable features produced in See also:recent See also:geological times are the terraces which appear as if ruled on the sides of the valleys and fjords. They are partly platforms cut in the solid See also:rock and partly accumulations of See also:gravel and See also:sand like a See also:modern See also:beach, and they were evidently formed by the action of waves. Some of them contain marine shells of living See also:species and See also:mark the former position of the See also:sea-level; but others are of more doubtful origin and may indicate the shores of lakes formed by the damming See also:emery m.uer m of the lower See also:part of the fjords by means of glaciers, as in the See also:case of the Parallel Roads of Glen See also:Roy. They occur at various levels,. and have been observed as high as 3000 ft. above the sea. No volcanic rocks of modern date are known in See also:Norway, but great intrusions of igneous rock took See also:place in See also:early geological times. Amongst them may be mentioned the See also:gabbro of the Jotunfjeld, and the elaeolite syenites and associated rocks of the See also:Christiania region. The latter See also:form the subject of a valuable See also:series of See also:memoirs by See also:Brogger, who shows that they have all been derived from a single magma, and that the differentiation of this magma led to the See also:production of several different types of rock. (P. LA.) See also:Meteorology.—The most powerful See also:influence on the See also:climate of Norway is that of the warm See also:drift across the See also:Atlantic Ocean from the S.W. The highest mean See also:annual temperature in Norway Tempers-is found on the S. and W. coasts, where it ranges from 44.5° to 45.5° F., and the lowest is found at Karasjok and are. Kautokeino, lying at elevations of 430 and 866 ft. respectively in Finmarken, near the See also:Russian frontier. Here the mean temperature is 26.4°, while at Vardo, on the See also:north See also:coast, it is 33°. At Roros (2067 ft.) at the See also:head of the Glommen valley, and at Fjeldberg (3268 ft.) in the upper Hallingdal, the mean annual temperature is 31 °. The longest See also:winter is found in the interior of Finmarken, 243 days with a mean temperature below 32° being recorded at II See also:Quaternary ®rirtiary Cretaceous 1ENJuradsic See also:Silurian d Cambro.SIIurIan _ Poet.Silurian,See also:Granite,8yenitaetc. - Dalarne See also:Porphyry ^ Gabbro,Norite, See also:Diorite. etc. Archaean d Granite ' 1011111111111 Kautokeino, contrasted with 205 at Vardo. In the S. uplands (as at Fjeldberg) there is an See also:average of 200 such days, and at Christiania about 120. On the S.W. coast there is no See also:day of which the mean temperature falls below 32°; the most See also:westerly insular stations, however, such as Utsire and Skudeness off Bukken See also:Fjord, See also:record See also:frost during some part of 6o days. The lowest winter average temperature is found in a centre of See also:cold in the N. which extends over See also:Swedish and Russian territory as well as See also:Norwegian. The Norwegian station of Karasjok, within it, records 4° during See also:December, See also:January and See also:February, and in this See also:area there have also been observed the extreme minima of temperature in the country, e.g. 6o•5° below zero at Karasjok. The contrast with the S.W. coast may be continued. Here at some of the island stations, the coldest See also:month, February, has an average about 35°, and the lowest temperature recorded at Ona near Christiansund is 10.5°. It may be noted here that in several cases the lower-lying inland stations in the See also:south show a distinctly lower winter temperature than the higher in the immediate vicinity. Thus the average for Roros (2067 ft.), 13°, contrasts with 11° for Tonset; at Listad in See also:Gudbrandsdal (909 ft.) it is 16.5°, but at See also:Jerkin in the Dovre Fjeld (316o ft.) it is 17.5° The summer is hottest in S.E. Norway (Christiania, See also:July, 62.5 ). On the other See also:hand, the lowest summer average in the interior of Finmarken is not less than 53.5° in July; but at Vardo it is only 48° in See also:August, usually the warmest month on this coast. In the lofty inland tracts of the S.E. the July temperature ranges, from 59° in the valleys, to as See also:low as 49° at the high station of Jerkin. The interior having a warm summer and a cold winter, and the coast a cool summer and a mild winter, the annual range of temperature is remarkably greater inland than on the coast. An important result of the warm Atlantic drift is that the fjords are not penetrated by the cold See also:water from the lower depths of the See also:outer ocean, and in consequence are always ice-See also:free, except in winters of exceptional severity in the innermost parts of fjords, and along shallow stretches of coast. The See also:sun is above the See also:horizon at the North Cape continuously from the 12th of May to the 29th of July, and at See also:Bodo, not far from the See also:Arctic circle, from the 3rd of See also:June to the 7th of July. Even at See also:Trondhjem there is practically full daylight from the 23rd of May to the loth of July. Even in the extreme S. of Norway there is no darkness from the end of See also:April to the See also:middle of August. In winter, on the other hand, the sun does not rise above the horizon at the North Cape from the 18th of See also:November, to the 23rd of January, and at Bodo from the 15th to the 27th of December. There is only a See also:twilight at midday. In the extreme S. the sun is above the horizon for 62 See also:hours at See also:mid-winter. The prevailing winter winds are from the See also:land seaward, while the meads. See also:system is reversed in summer. The winds in Norway may therefore be roughly classified according to localityFinmarken has over three cloudy days to one clear day; in the interior of the country clear and cloudy days are about equally divided. See also:Fog is most frequent on the W. and N.W. coasts in summer; on the S.E. coast in winter. In winter a frosty fog often occurs about the heads of the fjords during severe cold or with a See also:breeze from the land. See also:Flora.—The forests of Norway consist chiefly of conifers. The See also:principal See also:forest regions are the S.E. and S. Here, in the Trondhjem See also:district, and in Nordland there are extensive forests of See also:pine and See also:fir. In the coastal and fjord region of the W. the pine is the only coniferous forest See also:tree, and forests are of insignificant extent. In S. Norway the highest limit of conifers is from 2500 to 3000 ft. above sea-level; in the inland parts of the Trondhjem region it is from i600 to 2000 ft. (though on the coast only from 600 to 1200); farther N. it falls to 700 ft. about 70° N. The See also:birch See also:belt reaches 3000 to 3500 ft. Next follow various species of willows, and the See also:dwarf birch (belula nana), and last of all, before the See also:snow-See also:line, the See also:lichen belt, in which the See also:reindeer See also:moss (cladonia rangiferina) is always conspicuous. A few trees of the See also:willow belt sometimes extend See also:close up to the snow-line. In the S. and less elevated districts the lowest See also:zone of forests includes the ash, See also:elm, See also:lime, See also:oak, See also:beech and See also:black See also:alder; but the beech is rare, flourishing only in the See also:Laurvik district. The snow See also:ranunculus and the Alpine heather are abundant. The Dovre Fjeld is noted as the district in which the Arctic flora. may be studied in greatest variety and within comparatively narrow limits. On the coastal See also:banks the marine flora is very finely See also:developed. See also:Fauna.—The great forests are still the haunt of the See also:bear, the See also:lynx, and the See also:wolf. Bears are found chiefly in the uplands N. of Trondhjem, in the See also:Telemark and the W. See also:highlands, but the cutting of forests has limited their range. The wolves decreased very suddenly in S. Norway about the middle of the 19th See also:century, probably owing to disease, but are still abundant in Finmarken, and the worst enemy of the herds of tame reindeer. The See also:elk occurs in the eastern forests, and northward to Namdal and the Vefsen district. The red See also:deer is confined chiefly to the W. coast districts; its principal haunt is the island of Hitteren, off the Trondhjem Fjord. On the high fjelds are found the See also:wild reindeer, See also:glutton, See also:lemming and the See also:fox (which is of wide See also:distribution). The wild reindeer has decreased, though large tame herds are kept in some parts, especially in the N. The lemming is noted for its curious periodic migrations; at such times vast See also:numbers of these small animals spread over the country from their upland homes, even See also:swimming lakes and fjords in their journeys. They are pursued by beasts and birds of See also:prey, and even the reindeer kill them for the See also:sake of the See also:vegetable See also:matter they contain. See also:Hares are very See also:common all over Norway up to the snow-line. The See also:beaver still occurs in the See also:Christiansand district. See also:Game birds are fairly abundant in most districts. The most notable are the two sorts of rype, the skov or dal type (willow See also:grouse, lagopus albus) and the fjeld rype (lagopus alpina). Black Avifauna. grouse are widely distributed; See also:hazel grouse are found mainly in the pine forests of the E. and N., as are capercailzie. See also:Woodcock and See also:snipe are fairly common. The See also:partridge is an immigrant from See also:Sweden, and occurs principally in the E. and S.E. A severe winter occasionally almost exterminates it. A very large proportion of the Norwegian avifauna consists of geese and ducks, various birds of prey, See also:golden See also:plover, &c. These birds, at the autumn See also:migration, leave by three well-defined routes—one from Finmarken into See also:Finland, one by the Christiania valley, and one by the W. coast, where they congregate in large numbers on the lowlands of Ja3deren. The See also:Lapland See also:bunting and snow bunting (plectrophanes laponica and nivalis), the snowy See also:owl (mgetea scandiaca) and rough-legged See also:buzzard (archibuteo lagopus) and sea-birds are exceedingly numerous. In some localities such birds as the See also:puffin and kittiwake form great colonies (fugleberge, See also:bird cliffs). The common See also:seal is very frequent; and arctic See also:seals and occasion-ally the See also:walrus visit the See also:northern coasts; among these the See also:harp seal (phoca groenlandica) is believed to be particularly de- structive Marine to the See also:fisheries. These last are of great import- ance; a large number of the best See also:food-fisheries occur fauna. along the coasts, including See also:cod, See also:herring, See also:mackerel, See also:coal-See also:fish, &c. The basking See also:shark was formerly of some economic importance; the See also:Japanese shark, a strictly See also:local variety, also occurs in the See also:neighbour-See also:hood of Vardo. Various small species of whales visit the coast; among these the lesser See also:rorqual may be mentioned, as an See also:antique method of See also:hunting it with See also:bow and arrows is still practised in the neighbourhood of See also:Bergen. In the fjords many invertebrates as well as fish are found. Of fresh-water fish the salmonidae are by far the most important. Next to these, See also:perch, See also:pike, See also:gwyniad and See also:eel are most common. As regards See also:insect See also:life, Norway may be divided into three areas, the S. being richer than the W., while the N. is distinct from either in the number of peculiarly arctic See also:insects. See also:Sport.—Norway is much frequented by See also:British anglers. Moderate See also:rod-fishing for See also:trout is to be obtained in many parts. But most of the owners of water rights have a full appreciation of the value of See also:good fishing to sportsmen, especially when netting rights are given up for the sake of rod-fishing. The same applies to good See also:shooting. Foreigners may not shoot without a See also:licence, the cost of which is too kroner (5 : 11 : o) whether on See also:crown lands or on private properties, whose owners always possess the shooting rights. The "midnight sun." thus: South-See also:east Coast See also:West Coast. North. (See also:Skagerrack). Winter . . N.E. S. S.W. Summer . . S.W. to W. N. N. The force of the See also:wind is greater in winter on the coast; inland, on the contrary, the winter is normally See also:calm; and at all seasons, on the average, the periods of calm are longer inland than on the coast. The average annual number of stormy days, however, ranges from ten to twenty on the S. coast, from See also:forty-five to sixty-two on the coast of Finmarken, and sixty to seventy at Ona; whereas in the interior of Finmarken the average number is four, while in the S. inland districts stormy days are rare. December and January are the stormiest months. Hailstones are rare and seldom destructive. Thunderstorms are not frequent. They reach a maximum average of ten annually in the Christiania district. The number of days on which See also:rain or snow falls is greatest on the coast from Jmderen to Vardo, least in the S.E. districts and the interior of Finmarken. At the North Cape, in Lofoten, and along the W. coast between the Stad and Sogne Fjord, precipitation occurs on about 200 days in the See also:year, although by contrast in the inner part of Sogne Fjord there is precipitation only on 121 days. On Dovie Fjeld and the S.E. coast the average is about 100 days. Snowfall occurs least frequently in the S. (e.g. at Mandal, 25 snowy days out of 116 on which precipitation occurs), increasing to 50 at Christiania, or Dovre Fjeld, and about the mouth of Trondhjem Fjord, to 90 at Vardo, and to 100 at the North Cape. From Vardo to the Dovre Fjeld and in the upland tracts, snow occurs at least as frequently as rain. Snowfall has been recorded in all months on the coast as far S. as Lofoten. The amount of precipitation is greatest on the coast, where, at certain points on the mainland between Bukken Fjord and See also:Nordfjord, an annual average of 83 in. is reached or even exceeded. On the outer islands there is a slight decrease; inland the decrease is rapid and great. In Dovre Fjeld a minimum of 12 in. is found. In the extreme S. of the country the average is 39 in., N. of Trondhjem Fjord 53 in. are recorded, and there is a well-marked maximum of 59 in. at Svolvaer in Lofoten, N. of which there is a diminution along the coast to 26 in. at the North Cape. In the northern interior a minimum of 16 in. is recorded. Strongly marked local See also:variations are observed. The amount of cloudiness is on the whole great. The coast of See also:Population.-The See also:resident population of Norway in 1900 was 2,221,477. The Table shows the area and population of each of the administrative divisions (amt, commonly translated " See also:county "). Norway is, as a whole, the most thinly populated Am ter. Population Area in 1900. sq. m. See also:Southern- 136,167 1,600 Smaalenene . . . Akershus 116,896 2,054 Christiania (See also:city) . 229,I01 6.5 Buskerud 112,743 5,789 Jarlsberg and Laurvik . 101,003 896 Bratsberg . . 98,298 5,863 Nedenes 75,925 3,608.5 See also:Lister and Mandal . 78,259 2,804 South-eastern (inland)- I26,703 Io,618 Hedemarken . . Christians 116,28o 9,790 Western- 125,658 3,530'5 See also:Stavanger . . South Bergenhus . 132,687 6,024.5 Bergen (city) . . 72,179 5'5 North Bergenhus 88,214 7,13o See also:Romsdal 136,519 5,786 South Trondhjem 134,718 7,182 Northern- 83,449 8,788.5 North Trondhjem Nordland 150,637 14,513 See also:Tromso . . . 72,966 10,131 Finmarken I 33,387 18,291 of the See also:political divisions of See also:Europe. It may be noted for the sake of comparison that the See also:density of population in the most sparsely populated See also:English county, See also:Westmorland, is about equalled by that in Smaalenene amt (85 per sq. m.), and considerably exceeded in Jarlsberg and Laurvik amt (112.7 per sq. m.), but is not nearly approached in any other Norwegian county. The two counties named are small and See also:lie almost wholly within the coastal See also:strip along the Skagerrack, which, with the coast-lands about Stavanger, See also:Haugesund, Bergen and Trondhjem, the outer Lofoten Islands and the land about See also:Lake Mjosen, are the most thickly populated portions of the country, the density exceeding 50 persons per sq. m. A vast area practically uninhabited, See also:save in the N. by nomadic Lapps, reaches from the northmost point of the Norwegian frontier as far S. as the middle of Hedemarken, excepting a markedly more populous belt across the Trondhjem depression. Thus of the counties, Finmarken is the least thickly populated (1.8 per sq. m.). In such highland regions as See also:Jotunheim and Hardanger Vidda habitations are hardly less scanty than in the N. About two-thirds of the population, then, dwell by the coast and fjords, and about one-See also:quarter in the inland lowlands, leaving a very small upland population. The rural and See also:urban populations form respectively about 76 and 24% of the whole. Of the See also:chief towns of Norway, Christiania, the See also:capital, had a population in 1900 of 229,101, Bergen of 72,179, Trondhjem of 38,156, Stavanger of 30,541, See also:Drammen of 23,093. The towns with populations between 15,000 and ro,000 are Christiansand, See also:Fredrikstad, Christiansund, See also:Fredrikshald, See also:Aalesund, See also:Skien, See also:Arendal and Laurvik. All these are ports. The population of Norway in 18o1 was returned as 883,038. A rapid increase obtained from 1815 to 1835, a lesser increase thereafter till 1865, and a very slight increase till 1890. The second See also:half of the 19th century, down to 1890, was the period of heaviest See also:emigration from Norway. The vast See also:majority of Norwegian emigrants go to the See also:United States of See also:America. But emigration slackened in the last See also:decade of the 19th century, during which period the See also:movement from rural districts to towns, which had decreased from about the middle of the century, revived. The number of Norwegians abroad may be taken at 350,000. The Lapps, commonly called Finns by the Norwegians, and confined especially to Finmarken (which is named from them), are estimated at 1% of the population. There are also a few Finns (about half the number of Lapps), whom the Norwegians See also:call See also:Keane'', a name of early origin. The excessof births over deaths, about as 1.4 to I, is much above the See also:European average; the See also:death-See also:rate is also unusually low. The number of marriages is rather low, and the average See also:age of See also:marriage is high. The percentage of See also:illegitimacy has shown some increase, but is not so high as in Sweden or See also:Denmark. The percentage of See also:longevity is high. The preponderance of See also:females over See also:males (about 1073 to 1000) is partly accounted for by the number of males who emigrate. The higher mortality of males is traced in part to the dangers of a seafaring life. Down to the middle of the 19th century See also:drunkenness was a strongly-marked characteristic of Norwegians. A. strict licensing system was then introduced with success. Local boards were given a wide See also:control over the issue of licences, and in 187r companies (samlag) were introduced to monopolize and control the See also:retail See also:trade in See also:spirits. Their profits do not, as in the See also:Gothenburg system, go to the municipal funds, but are applied directly to See also:objects of public utility. In 1894 a See also:general See also:referendum resulted in the entire See also:prohibition of the See also:sale of spirits in some towns for five years. The control of retail trade in See also:beer and See also:wine by the samlag has been introduced to some extent.
In Norway a strongly individual See also:national See also:character is to be expected, combined with conservatism of See also:ancient customs and practices. The one finds no better See also:illustration than the individuality of modern Norwegian See also:music and See also:painting. The other is still strong. Such customs as the See also:lighting of the mid-summer fires and the attendant celebrations still survive. See also:Peculiar local costumes are still met with, such as those associated with weddings. In the coastwise See also:shipping trade and the fisheries of the north, high-prowed square-sailed boats are frequently employed which are the See also:direct descendants of the vessels of the early vikings. Some examples of the ancient farmstead, composed of a See also:group of wooden buildings each of a single chamber, are preserved, and See also:medieval ornamental woodwork is met with.. See also:Wood is the principal See also:building material except in some larger towns where See also:brick and See also: Where this is not the case, fires have See also:left few, if any, ancient domestic buildings, but the preservation of ancient See also:models in wooden houses makes Norwegian towns peculiarly picturesque. Norway retains a few highly interesting examples of ecclesiastical See also:architecture. There are the peculiar small wooden churches (stavekirke) dating from the rrth to the 14th century, with high-pitched See also:roofs rising in tiers so as to give the building some-thing of the form of a See also:pyramid. The roofs are beautifully shingled in wood. The See also:wall timbers are See also:vertical. To protect them from the See also:weather, the roofs overhang deeply, and the lowest sometimes covers a species of See also:external See also:colonnade. The See also:carving is often very See also:rich. The most famous of these churches is that of Borgund near La:rdalsoren; another See also:fine example is at Hitterdal on the See also:Kongsberg-Telemark road. On the other hand there are a few Romanesque and See also:Gothic stone churches. In some of these the influence of English architecture is clear, as in the See also:metropolitan See also:cathedral of Trondhjem and the See also:nave of Stavanger cathedral. St See also:Mary's See also: There are ruins of a cathedral at See also:Hamar, and a few monastic remains, as at Utstein, north of Stavanger, and on the island of Selje off Statland. Remains of pure Early English See also:work are occasionally found, as at Ogne in Jxderen, but the later Gothic styles were not developed in Norway. Tourist See also:Traffic and Communications.-During the later decades of the 19th century Norway was rapidly opened up to British, See also:American and See also:German visitors. Passenger communications from Routes. Great Britain are maintained chiefly between See also:Hull and Stavanger, Bergen, Aalesund, Christiansund and Trondhjem; Hull, Christiansand and Christiania; See also:Newcastle and Stavanger, Bergen and the North; See also:London and Christiania, &c., and there are also passenger services from See also:Grimsby, See also:Grangemouth and other ports. See also:Yachting cruises to the great fjords and the North Cape are also provided. A daily service of See also:mail steamers See also:works between Christiania and all ports to Bergen; thence the summer service is hardly less frequent to Trondhjem. From each large See also:port small steamers serve the fjords and inner See also:waters in the vicinity, and there are also steamers on several of the larger lakes. The See also:season lasts from June to the middle of See also:September. The voyage to the North Cape is taken See also:Ronda. by many in See also:order to see the " midnight sun " in June and July. Among the land-routes connecting the great fjords of the west the following may be mentioned. (I) The road from Sand on Sandsfjord (a See also:branch of Bukken Fjord), which follows the Sand See also:river up to the See also:foot of Lake Suldal, near the head of which is Naes. From here a finely engineered road runs up the See also:Bratlandsdal, crosses the Horrebrkke and descends past Seljestad to See also:Odde at the head of a branch of Hardanger Fjord. (2) From Eide on another branch of the same fjord a road runs to Vossevangen (which is connected by See also:rail with Bergen) and continues N. to Stalheim, where it descends through the Naerodal to Gudvangen on a branch of Sogne Fjord. (3) From Vadheim on this fjord a road runs N. to Sandene and Utvik on Nordfjord. Routes N. from this fjord are (4) that from Faleide by Grodaas on Lake Hornindal to Hellesylt on Sunelv Fjord and Oje on Norangs Fjord, and (5) that from the same station or from Visns, by way of Lake Stryn, to Grotlid, and Merok on Geiranger Fjord. All these routes pass through magnificent scenery. For the same See also:reason there should also be mentioned (6) the road through the Telemark, which branches from the Bratlandsdal road at Breifond, mounts the Haukelidsieter and descends to Dalen, from which the Bandaks See also:canal route gives See also:access to Skien on the S.E. coast, the road continuing from Dalen E. to Kongsberg; also those See also:running E. from the great fjords—from Laerdalsoren on Sogne Fjord, branching (7) through Hallingdal, and (8) through Valdres; (9) the road from Grotlid to Otta in Gudbrandsdal, running N. of the Jotunheim; (so) the road from Veblungsrt s on a branch of See also:Molde Fjord, running through the Romsdal and over to Domaas; (51) the N. road across Dovre Fjeld from Domaas to St6ren on the railway to Trondhjem. Beyond the districts thus indicated, the See also:Saetersdal, a southern valley, is visited by many, and in the far N. the Lofoten Islands and some of the fjords, as Lyngen and See also:Alten, are very fine. The mountains of Jotunheim have attracted several well-known mountaineers. The See also:main roads of Norway, the construction of which has demanded the highest See also:engineering skill, were not brought into existence until the last half of the 19th century. A Highways See also:Act of 1851 placed the roads under the immediate control of local authorities, but See also:government rants are made for the construction not only of main roads, but iii many cases of See also:cross-roads also. In a country where See also:railways are few, posting is of See also:prime importance, and in Norway the system is well developed and regulated. Along all main roads there are posting stations (skydsstationer, pronounced shilssstashoner), hotels, inns or farms, whose owners are See also:bound to have horses always in readiness; at some stations on less frequented roads See also:time is allowed for them to be procured. Posting stations are under strict control and the See also:tariff is fixed. The vehicles are the stolkjcerre (pronounced approximately stolcharer) for two passengers, and the kariol or carriole for one. A similar posting system obtains by See also:rowing-boats on lakes and fjords. The first railway, that between Christiania and Eidsvold, was constructed by agreement between British capitalists and the Railways. Norwegian government, and opened in 1854. The See also:total length of railways is only about 1600 m., Norway having the lowest railway mileage in proportion to area of any European See also:state, though in proportion to population the length of lines is comparatively great. Almost the whole are state lines. Railways are most fully developed in the S.E., both N. and S. of Christiania. The principal See also:trunk line connects Christiania with Trondhjem by way of Hamar and the Osterdal, Roros and Stdren. Four lines cross the frontier into Sweden—from Christiania by Kongsvinger (Kongsvinger railway) and by Fredrikshald (Smaalenenes railway), from Trondhjem by Storlien (Meraker railway), and from See also:Narvik on Ofoten Fjord, the most northerly line ir the See also:world. Among other important lines may be mentioned that serving Lillehammer, Otta, &c., in Gudbrandsdal, that running S.W. from Christiania to Dram-men, Skien and Laurvik; the Saetersdal line N. from See also:Christian-sand; the Jideren line from Stavanger to Egersund and Flekkefjord; the Bergen-Vossevangen line; and the branch from See also:Hell on the Meraker railway northward to Levanger. These local lines form links in important schemes for trunk lines. Norwegian railways are divided between the See also:standard See also:gauge and one of 3 ft. 6 in.; on the N. line a See also:change of gauge is made at Hamar. Some of the large lakes form important channels for inland See also:Cana/s. See also:navigation; the See also:rivers, however, are not navigable for any considerable distance. A canal from Fredrikshald See also:Fives access N. to Skellerud, and the Bandaks canal connects Dalen rn the Telemark with Skien. The See also:post-See also:office is well administered, and both See also:telegraph and See also:telephone systems are exceptionally extensive. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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