Online Encyclopedia

English sovereigns found it necessary to curtail, and even prohibit, certain popular pastimes, on the ground that they seduced the people from the practice of archery. Thus See also:

EDWARD

Edward III. prohibited See also:

WEIGHT

weight-putting by See also:

STATUTE

statute. Nevertheless a variety of this exercise, "casting of the See also:

barre," continued to be a popular pastime, and was afterwards one of the favourite sports of Henry VIII., who attained great proficiency at it. The prowess of the same monarch at throwing the See also:

HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer is a See also:

MATTER

matter of See also:

HISTORY

history, and his reign seems to have been at a See also:

time of general athletic revival. We even find his secretary, See also:

Richard See also:

Pace, advising the sons of noblemen to practise their sports and " leave study and learning to the See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of meaner people," and See also:

Sir See also:

William See also:

FOREST

Forest, in his Poesye of Princeelye Practice, thus admonishes his high-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born readers: " In featis of maistries bestowe some See also:

DILIGENCE

diligence. Too See also:

RYDE

ryde, runne, lepe, or See also:

CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste by violence See also:

Stone, barre or plummett, or such other thinge, It not ref useth any See also:

prince or kynge." Mr Montague Shearman, to whose See also:

VOLUME

volume on Athletics in the See also:

BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

Badminton See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series the reader is referred, notes that Sir See also:

Thomas See also:

ELYOT, SIR THOMAS (c. 1490-1546)

Elyot, who wrote at about the same See also:

period. deprecated too much study and flogging for schoolboys, saying: " A discrete See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master may with as much or more ease both to himself and his scholler See also:

lead him to See also:

PLAY

play at See also:

TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

tennis or shoote." Elyot recommends the perusal of See also:

Galen's De sanitate tuenda, and suggests as suitable athletic exercises within doors " deambulations, labouryng with poyses made of ledde, lifting and throwing the heavy stone or barre, playing at tennis," and dwells upon " rennyng " as a "good exercise and laudable solace." It is probable that the disciples of the " new learning," who had become prominent in Sir Thomas's time, endeavoured to combat the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of athletic exercises, their point of view being exemplified by the dictum of See also:

Roger See also:

ASCHAM, ROGER (c. 1515-1568)

Ascham, who, in his Toxophilus, declares that " running, leaping and quoiting be too vile for scholars." In the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the great See also:

FOOTBALL

football match played annually at See also:

Chester was abolished in favour of a series of See also:

FOOT

foot-races, which took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the presence of the See also:

mayor.

A See also:

list of the See also:

COMMON

common sports of that time is contained in some verses by Randel Holme, a See also:

MINSTREL

minstrel of the See also:

North See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and makes mention of throwing the sledge, See also:

JUMPING

jumping, " wrastling," See also:

STOOL

stool-ball (See also:

cricket), running, pitching the See also:

bar, See also:

SHOOTING

shooting, playing loggets, " nine holes or ten pins." " football by the shinnes," leap-See also:

FROG

frog, See also:

morris, shove-See also:

GROAT (adapted from the Dutch groot, great, thick; cf. Ger. Groschen; the Med. Lat. grossus gives Ital. grosso, Fr. gros, as names for the coin)

groat, leaping the See also:

BONFIRE (in Early English " bone-fire," Scottish " bane-fire ")

bonfire, See also:

STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

stow-ball (See also:

GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf), and many other outdoor and indoor sports, some of them now obsolete. See also:

SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare and the other Elizabethan poets abound in allusions to See also:

SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport, which formed an important feature in school See also:

LIFE

life and at every See also:

FAIR

fair. The See also:

Stuart kings were warm encouragers of sport, the Basilikon Doron of See also:

James I., written for his son, containing a recommendation to the young prince to practise " running, leaping, wrestling, fencing, dancing, and playing at the caitch, or tennise, archerie, palle-malle, and such like other fair and pleasant See also:

field games." An extraordinary variety of sports has been popular in Great Britain with high and See also:

low for the past five centuries, no other country comparing with it in this respect. Nor have See also:

Ireland and See also:

Scotland lagged behind England in athletic prowess. Indeed, so far as history and See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend record, Ireland boasts of by far the most See also:

ancient organized sports known, the Tailtin Games, or Lugnasad, traditionally established by Lugaid of the See also:

Long See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm, one of the gods of Dia and See also:

Ana, in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of his See also:

foster-See also:

MOTHER

mother Tailti, some three thousand years ago. For many centuries these games, and others like them, were kept up in Ireland, and though the almost See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

WARS

wars which harried the country finally destroyed their organization, yet the Irish have always been,and still are, a very important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in See also:

BRITISH

British athletics, as well as in See also:

AMERICA

America and the'colonies. The Scottish people have, like the Irish, ever delighted in feats of strength and skill, especially the Celtic highlanders, the See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of whose country and mode of life have, however, prevented organized athletics from attaining the same prominence as in England. Nevertheless, the celebrated Highland games held at See also:

BRAEMAR

Braemar, See also:

BRIDGE

Bridge of See also:

Allan, Luss, Aboyne and other places have served to bring into prominence many athletes of the first class, although the records, on See also:

account of the roughness of the grounds, have not generally vied with those made farther See also:

south. The Briton does not lose his love of sport upon leaving his native See also:

SOIL

soil, and the development of athletics in the See also:

UNITED

United States and the British colonies has kept step with that of the mother-See also:

LAND

land. Upon the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

EUROPE

Europe sports have occupied a more or less prominent place in the life of the nations, but their development has been but an See also:

ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo of that in Great Britain. A great advance, however, has been made since the institution of the See also:

MODERN

modern Olympic games. About the See also:

YEAR

year 1812 the Royal Military See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College at See also:

SANDHURST

Sandhurst inaugurated See also:

REGULAR

regular athletic sports, but the example was not followed until about 184o, when See also:

RUGBY

Rugby, See also:

ETON

Eton, See also:

HARROW

Harrow, Shrews-See also:

bury and the Royal Military See also:

Academy at See also:

WOOLWICH

Woolwich came to the front, the " Crick Run " at Rugby having been started in 1837.

At the two great English See also:

UNIVERSITIES

universities there were no organized sports of any kind until 1850, when See also:

Exeter College, See also:

Oxford, held a See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting; this example has been followed, one after the other, by the other colleges of both institutions. The first contest between Oxford and See also:

Cambridge occurred at Oxford in 1864, the See also:

PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme consisting of eight events, of which four were won by each See also:

side. The same year saw the first contest of the See also:

CIVIL

Civil Servants, still an See also:

ANNUAL

annual event. In 1866 the See also:

AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

Amateur Athletic Club was formed in See also:

LONDON

London for " gentlemen amateurs," most of its members being old university men. Its first championship meeting, held in that year, was the beginning of a series afterwards continued to the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

day by the Amateur Athletic Association, founded in 188o, which has See also:

jurisdiction over British athletic sports. The most important individual English athletic organization is the London Athletic Club, which antedated the Amateur Athletic Club, and whose meetings have always been the most important events except the championships. In America a revival of See also:

INTEREST

interest in athletic sports took place about the year 187o. Ten years later was formed the See also:

NATIONAL

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America, which, in 1888, became the Amateur Athletic See also:

Union. This See also:

BODY

body controls athletics throughout the United States, and is allied with the See also:

CANADIAN

Canadian Amateur Athletic Association. It is supreme in matters of amateur status, records and licensing of meetings, and has See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the following branches of sport: See also:

BASKET

basket-ball, See also:

BILLIARDS

billiards, See also:

BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing, fencing (in connexion with the Amateur Fencers' See also:

LEAGUE

League of America), gymnastics, See also:

hand-ball (See also:

FIVES

fives), running, jumping, walking, weight-putting (hammer, shot, See also:

DISCUS (Gr. &oEor, disk)

discus, weights), See also:

HURDLE (O. Eng. hyrdel, cognate with such Teutonic forms as Ger. Hilrde, Dutch horde, Eng. " hoarding "; in pre-Teutonic languages the word appears in Gr. Kvprla, wickerwork, e(pT77, Lat. cratis, basket, cf. " crate," " grate ")

hurdle-racing, See also:

LACROSSE

lacrosse, See also:

pole-vaulting, See also:

SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming, tugs-of-war and wrestling. The Amateur Athletic Union has eight sectional See also:

groups, and is allied with the Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (founded 1876) and the Western Intercollegiate Association. The first See also:

AMERICAN

American intercollegiate athletic meeting took place at See also:

SARATOGA, BATTLES OF

Saratoga in 1873, only three universities competing, though the next year there were eight and in 1875 thirteen.

Professional athletes in America are confined almost entirely to See also:

BASE

base-ball, boxing, bicycling, wrestling and See also:

PHYSICAL

physical training. The Canadian athletic championships are held independently of the American. Annual championship meetings are also held in South See also:

Africa, New See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and the different states of See also:

AUSTRALIA

Australia. For the Australasian championships New Zealand joins with Australia. The organization of university sports in America differs from that at Oxford and Cambridge, where there is no See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official control on the part of the university authorities, and where a See also:

man is eligible to represent his college or university while in See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence. In nearly all American universities and colleges athletic and other sports are under the general control of See also:

FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty committees, to which the undergraduate athletic committees are subordinate, and which have the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to forbid the participation of any student who has not attained a certain See also:

standard of scholarship. For some years See also:

prior to 1906 no student of an American university was allowed to represent his university in any sport for longer than four years. Early in that year, however, many of the most important institutions, including Harvard, Yale, See also:

PRINCETON

Princeton and See also:

Pennsylvania, entered upon a new agreement, that only students who have been in residence one year should play in 'varsity teams in any See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of athletics and that no student should play longer than three years. This, together with many other reformatory changes, was directly due to a widespread outcry against the growing roughness of play exhibited in American football, basket-ball, See also:

HOCKEY (possibly derived from the " hooked " stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. hoquet, shepherd's crook)

hockey and other sports, the too evident See also:

DESIRE

desire to win at all hazards, the extraordinary luxury of the training equipment, and the enormous See also:

GATE

gate-receipts of many of the large institutions—the Yale Athletic Association held a surplus of about $1oo,000 (20,000) in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1905, after deducting immense amounts for expenses. The new See also:

RULE

rule against the participation of freshmen in 'varsity sports was to discourage the practice of offering material advantages of different kinds to promising athletes, generally those at preparatory See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, to induce them to become students at certain universities. At the present day athletic sports are usually understood to consist of those events recognized in the championship See also:

pro-grammes of the different countries. Those in the competitions between Oxford and Cambridge are the Too yards, 440 yards, 88o yards, 1-mile and 3-mile runs; 120 yards hurdle-race; high and long jumps; throwing the hammer; and putting the weight (shot).

To the above list the English A.A.A. adds the 4-mile and To-mile runs; the 2-mile and 7-mile walking races; the 2-mile See also:

STEEPLECHASE

steeplechase; and the pole-vault. The American intercollegiate programme is identical with that of the Oxford-Cambridge meeting, except that a 2-mile run takes the place of the 3-mile, and the pole-vault is added. The American A.A.U. programme includes the Too yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, 88o yards, 1-mile and 5-mile runs; 120 yards high-hurdle race; 220 yards low-hurdle race; high and broad (long) jumps; throwing the hammer; throwing 56-1b weight; putting 16-lb shot; throwing the discus; and pole-vault. Of these the running contests are called " track athletics," and the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest " field " events. See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

International athletic contests of any importance have, with the exception of the modern Olympic games, invariably taken place between Britons, Americans and Canadians, the See also:

CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

EUROPEAN

European countries having as yet produced few track or field athletes of the first class, although the interest in sports in general has greatly increased in Europe during the last ten years. In 1844 See also:

George See also:

Seward, an American professional runner, visited England and competed with success against the best athletes there; and in 1863 See also:

Louis See also:

Bennett, called "Deerfoot," a full-blooded See also:

SENECA

Seneca See also:

INDIAN

Indian, repeated Seward's triumphs,establishing running records up to 12 See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles. In 1878 the Canadian, C. C. Mclvor, See also:

CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion sprinter of America, went to England, but failed to See also:

BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat his British professional rivals. In 1881 L. E. See also:

MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers of New See also:

York and E.

E. See also:

MERRILL

Merrill of See also:

Boston competed successfully in England, Myers winning every See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-distance championship except the Too-yards, and Merrill all the walking championships See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the 7-miles. The same year W. C. See also:

Davies of England won the 5-mile championship of America, but, like several other British runners who have had success in America, he competed under the See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of an American club. In 1882 the famous English runner, W. G. George, ran against Myers in America in races of 1 mile, a mile and a mile, winning over the first two distances. In 1884 Myers again went to England and made new British records over 500, 600, 800 and T000 yards, and See also:

WORLD

world's records over z mile and 1200 yards. The next year he won both the British I-mile and 2-mile championships. The same year a team of Irish athletes, among them W. J.

M. See also:

Barry, won several Canadian championships. In 1888 a team of the Manhattan Athletic Club, New York, competed in England with fair success, and during the same See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season an Irish team from the Gaelic Athletic Association visited America without much success. In 1890 a team from the See also:

SALFORD

Salford Harriers was invited to America by the Manhattan Athletic Club, but the evidently commercial character of the enterprise caused its failure. One of the Harriers, E. W. See also:

Parry, won the American steeplechase championship. The next year saw another visit to Europe of the Manhattan athletes, who had fair success in England and won every event at See also:

Paris. In 1895 the London Athletic Club team competed in New York against the New York Athletic Club, but lost every one of the eleven events, several new records being established. During the previous summer (1894) occurred the first of the international matches between British and American universities which still retain their place as the most interesting athletic event. In that contest, which took place at See also:

Queen's Club, London, Oxford beat Yale by 52 to 31 events. The next summer Cambridge, as the champion English university, visited America and was beaten by Yale (3 to 8).

In 1899 both British universities competed at Queen's Club against the combined athletes of Harvard and Yale, who were beaten by the See also:

ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd event. The return match took place between the same universities at New York in the summer of 1901, the Americans winning 6 to 3 events. In 1904 Harvard and Yale beat Oxford and Cambridge at Queen's Club by the same See also:

SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score. Outside Great Britain and America the most important athletic events are undoubtedly the revived Olympic games. They were instituted by delegates from the different nations who met in Paris on the 16th of See also:

JUNE

June 1894, principally at the instigation of See also:

Baron See also:

PIERRE

Pierre de Coubertin, the result being the formation of an International Olympic Games See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee with Baron de Coubertin at its See also:

head, which resolved that games should be held every See also:

FOURTH

fourth year in a different country. The first modern See also:

OLYMPIAD

Olympiad took place at See also:

Athens, 6th to 12th See also:

APRIL

April 1896, in the ancient See also:

STADIUM

stadium, which was rebuilt through the liberality of a See also:

Greek See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant and seated about 45,000 people. The programme of events included the usual field and track sports, gymnastics, wrestling, pole-climbing, See also:

LAWN

lawn tennis, fencing, See also:

RIFLE

rifle and revolver shooting, weight-lifting, swimming, the See also:

MARATHON

Marathon race and See also:

BICYCLE (from prefix bi = twice, and Gr. KuKXOr, a circle, wheel)

bicycle racing. Among the contestants were representatives of nearly every European nation, besides Americans and Australians. Great Britain took little See also:

DIRECT

direct interest in the occasion and was inadequately represented, but the United States sent five men from Boston and four from Princeton University, who, though none of them held American championships, succeeded in winning every event for which they were entered. The Marathon race of 42 kilometres (26 miles), commemorative of the famous run of the Greek messenger to Athens with the See also:

NEWS

news of the victory of Marathon, was won by a Greek See also:

PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant. The second Olympiad was held in Paris in June 1900. Again Great Britain was poorly represented, but American athletes won eighteen of the twenty-four championship events.

The third Olympiad was held at St Louis in the summer of 1904 111 connexion with the See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana See also:

PURCHASE

Purchase Exposition, its success being due in great measure to James E. See also:

Sullivan, the physical director of the Exposition, and Caspar See also:

Whitney, the See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the American Olympic Games Committee. The games were much more numerous than at the previous Olympiads, including sports of all kinds, handicaps, inter-club competitions, and contests for See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines. In the track and field competitions the American athletes won every championship except weight-throwing (56 lb) and lifting the bar. The sports of the savages, among whom were American See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, Africans of several tribes, Moros, Patagonians, Syrians, Ainus and Filipinos, were disappointing; their efforts in throwing the See also:

JAVELIN

javelin, shooting with bow and arrow, weight-lifting, running and jumping, proving to be feeble compared with those of See also:

white races. The Americanized Indians made the best showing. The Greeks, however, were not altogether satisfied with the See also:

COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan character of the revival of these celebrated games of their ancestors, and resolved to give the revival a more definitely Hellenic See also:

STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp by intercalating an additional series, to take place at Athens, in the middle of the quadrennial period. Their See also:

ACTION

action was justified by the success which attended the first of this additional series at Athens in 1906. This success may have been partly due to the See also:

PERSONAL

personal interest taken in the games by the See also:

king and royal family of See also:

GREECE

Greece, and to the presence of King Edward VII., Queen Alexandra, and the prince and princess of See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales; but to whatever cause it should be assigned it was generally acknowledged that neither in See also:

France nor in America had the games acquired the same See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige as those held on the classical soil of Greece. In 1906 the governments of See also:

Germany, France and the United States made considerable grants of See also:

MONEY

money to defray the expenses of the competitors from those countries. These games aroused much more interest in England than the earlier ones in the series, but though upwards of fifty British competitors took part in the contests, they were by no means representative in all cases of the best British athletics. The American representatives were slightly less numerous, but they were more successful.

It was noteworthy that no British or Americans took part in the See also:

ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing races in the See also:

Bay of Phalerum, nor in the tennis, football or shooting competitions. The Marathon race, by far the most important event in the games, was won in 1906 by a British athlete, M. D. Sherring, a Canadian by See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth. The Americans won a See also:

TOTAL

total of 75 p-izes, the British 39, and the Swedes and Greeks each 28. The games of the 4th Olympiad (1908) were held in London in connexion with the Franco-British See also:

EXHIBITION

Exhibition of that year. An immense sensation was caused by the finish for the Marathon race from See also:

Windsor See also:

Castle to the stadium in the Exhibition grounds in London. The first competitor to arrive was the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian, Dorando Pietri, whose See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of physical collapse was such that, appearing to be on the point of See also:

DEATH

death, he had to be assisted over the last few yards of the course. He was there-fore disqualified, and J. See also:

HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, an American, was adjudged the winner; a See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize was presented to the Italian by Queen Alexandra. In the whole series of contests the United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom made 38 wins, the Americans 22, and the Swedes 7. In the Olympic games proper, British athletes, including two wins by colonials from See also:

CANADA

Canada and Africa, scored 25 successes, and the Americans 18.

In the track events 8 wins See also:

fell to the British, including two Colonials, and 6 to American athletes; but the latter gained See also:

COMPLETE

complete supremacy in the field events, of which they won 9, while British competitors secured only two of See also:

minor importance. For records, &c., see the annual Sporting and Athletic See also:

Theodore See also:

ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

Cook's volume, published in connexion with the Olympiad of 1908.

End of Article: ATHLETIC SPORTS

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
ATHLETE (Gr. aOX177'7r; Lat. athleta)

[next]
ATHLONE