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HIDDENITE

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 451 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HIDDENITE , a See also:

green transparent variety of See also:spodumene, (q.v.) used as a See also:gem-See also:stone. It was discovered by See also:William E. Hidden (b 1853) about 1879 at Stonypoint, See also:Alexander See also:county, See also:North Carolina, and was at first taken for See also:diopside. In 1881 J. See also:Lawrence See also:Smith proved it to be spodumene, and named it. Hiddenite occurs in small slender See also:monoclinic crystals of prismatic See also:habit, often pitted on the See also:surface. A well-marked prismatic cleavage renders the See also:mineral rather difficult to cut. Its See also:colour passes from an See also:emerald green to a greenish-yellow, and is often uneve,nly distributed through the stone. The mineral is dichroic in a marked degree, and shows much " See also:fire " when properly cut. The See also:composition of the mineral is represented by the See also:formula LiAI(SiO3)2, the green colour being probably due to the presence of a small proportion of See also:chromium. The presence of lithia in this green mineral suggested the inappropriate name of lithia emerald, by which it is sometimes known. Hiddenite was originally found as loose crystals in the See also:soil, but was after-wards worked in a veinstone, where it occurred in association with See also:beryl,. See also:quartz, See also:garnet, See also:mica, See also:rutile, &c.

HIDE' (See also:

Lat. hida, A.-S. higid, hid or hiwisc, members of a See also:household), a measure of See also:land. The word was in See also:general use in See also:England in Anglo-Saxon and See also:early See also:English times, although its meaning seems to have varied somewhat from tithe to See also:time. Among its Latin equivalents are terra unius familiae, terra unius cassati and mansio; the first of these forms is used by See also:Bede, who, like all early writers, gives to it no definite See also:area. In its earliest See also:form the hide was the typical holding of the typical See also:family. Gradually, this typical holding came to be regarded as containing 120 " acres " (not 120 acres of 4840 sq. yds. each, but 120 times the amount of land which a ploughteam of eight oxen could plough in a single See also:day). This See also:definition appears to have been very general in England before the See also:Norman See also:Conquest, and in Domesday See also:Book 30, 40, 50 and 8o acres are repeatedly mentioned as fractions of a hide. Some historians, however, have thought that the hide only contained 30 acres or thereabouts. " The question about the hide," says See also:Professor See also:Maitland in Domes-day Book and Beyond, " is ` pre-judicial ' to all the See also:great questions of early English See also:history." The See also:main' See also:argument employed by J. M. See also:Kemble (The See also:Saxons in England) in favour of the " small' hide is that the number of hides stated to have existed in the various parts of England gives an acreage far in excess of the See also:total acreage of these parts, making due See also:allowance for pasture and for woodland, an allowance necessary because the hide was only that See also:part of the land which came under the plough, and each hide must have carried with it a certain amount of pasture. Two illustrations in support of Kemble's theory must suffice. Bede says the Isle of See also:Wight contained T200 hides.

Now T200 hides of Teo acres each gives a total acreage of 144,000 acres, while the total acreage of the See also:

island to-day is only 93,000 acres. Again a document called The Tribal Hidage puts the number of hides in the whole of England at nearly a See also:quarter of a million. This gives in acres a figure about equal to the total acreage of England at the See also:present time, but it leaves no See also:room for pasture and for the great proportion of land which was still woodland. On these grounds Kemble regarded the hide as containing 30 or 33, certainly not more than 40 acres, and thought that each See also:acre contained about 4000 sq. yds., i.e. that it was roughly equal to the See also:modern acre. Another argument brought forward is that 30 or 40 acres was enough land for the support of the See also:average family, in other words that it was the terra uniusfamiliae of Bede. Another Domesday student, R. W. Eyton, puts down the hide at 48 acres. But formidable arguments have been advanced against the " small " hide. There is no doubt that at the time of Domesday the hide was equated with 120 and not with 30 acres. Then, taking the word familia in its proper sense, a household with many de-pendent members, and making an allowance for See also:primitive methods of See also:agriculture, it is questionable whether 30 or 4o acres were sufficient for its support; and again if the See also:equation T hide =T20 acres is rejected there is no serious See also:evidence in favour of any other. A possible explanation is that, although in early Anglo-Saxon times the hide consisted of 30 acres or thereabouts, it had come before the time of Domesday to contain Teo acres.

But no trace of such See also:

change can be found; there is no break in the continuity of the land-charters which refer to hides and manses. Reviewing the whole question Professor Maitland accepts the view that the hide contained 120 acres. The difficulties are serious but they are not insuperable. Bede, See also:writing in a primitive See also:age and speaking for the most part of lands far away from See also:Northumbria, uses figures in a vague and general See also:fashion; then the hide of 120 acres does not mean 120 times 484o yds., it means much less; and lastly at the time of Domesday the hide was not a unit of measurement, it was a. unit for purposes of See also:taxation. On the other See also:hand, Mr. H. M. See also:Chadwick (Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions) says there is no evidence that the hide contained 120 acres before the loth See also:century. He suggests that possibly the See also:size of the hide in See also:Mercia may have been fixed at 40 acres, while in Wessex it was regarded as containing 120 acres. Dr See also:Stubbs (Const. Hist. i.) suggests that the confusion may have arisen because the word was used " to See also:express the whole See also:share of one See also:man in all the See also:fields of the See also:village." Thus it might refer to 30 acres, his share in one See also:field, or to 120 acres, his share in the four fields. He adds, however, that this explanation is not adequate for all cases.

But these See also:

differences about the size of the hide are not See also:peculiar to modern times. See also:Henry of See also:Huntingdon says, Hida Anglice vocatur terra unius aratri culturae sufficiens per annum, while the ' The See also:homonym " hide," meaning to conceal, is in O. Eng. hydan ; the word appears in various forms in Old See also:Teutonic See also:languages. The See also:root is probably seen in Gr. rcei'Osw to hide, or may be the same as in " hide," skin, O. Eng. hyd, which is also seen in Ger. Haut, Dutch huid; the root appears in tat. culls, Gr. Ktlros. The Indo-See also:European root ku-, weakened form of sku-, seen in " See also:sky," and meaning " to See also:cover," may be the ultimate source of both words. The See also:slang use of " to hide," to flog or See also:whip, means " to take the skin off, to flay." Dialogus de scaccario puts its size at Too acres, though this may, be the See also:long See also:hundred, or 12o. Perhaps, therefore, See also:Selden is wisest when he says, " hides were of an incertain quantity." Certainly he gives a very See also:good description of the early hide when he says (Titles of See also:Honour): "Now a hide of land regularly is and was (as I think) as much land as might be well manured with one plough, together with pasture, meadow and See also:wood competent for the See also:maintenance of that plough, and the servants of the family." The view that the size of the hide varied from See also:district to district is See also:borne out by Professor See also:Vinogradoff's more See also:recent researches. In his English Society in the See also:Eleventh Century he mentions that there was a hide of 48 acres in See also:Wiltshire and one of 40 acres in See also:Dorset. In addition some authorities distinguish between English hides and Welsh hides, and in See also:Sussex the hide often contained 8 virgates.

Some-times again in the rith century hides were not merely fiscal See also:

units; they were shares in the land itself. The fact that the hide was a unit of See also:assessment, has been established by Mr J. H. See also:Round in his Feudal England, and is regarded as throwing a most valuable See also:light upon the many problems which present themselves to the student of Domesday. The See also:process which converted the hide from a unit of measurement to a unit for assessment purposes is probably as follows. Being in general use to denote a large piece of land, and such pieces of land being roughly equal all over England, the hide was a useful unit on which to See also:levy taxation, a use which See also:dates doubtless from the time of the See also:Danegeld. For some time the two meanings were used See also:side by side, but before the Norman Conquest the hide, a unit for taxation, had quite supplanted the hide, a measure of land, and this was the See also:state of affairs when in To86 William I. ordered his great See also:inquest to be made. The formula used in Domesday varies from county to county, but a single See also:illustration may be given. Huntedun See also:Burg defendebat se ad geldum regis See also:pro quarta parte de Hyrstingestan hundred pro L. hidis. This does not mean that the See also:town of Huntingdon contained a certain, fixed number of square yards multiplied by 5o, but that for purposes of taxation Huntingdon was regarded as See also:worth 5o times a certain fiscal unit. This view of the nature of the hide was hinted at by R. W.

Eyton in A See also:

Key to Domesday and was accepted by Maitland. Its See also:proof rests primarily upon the prevalence of the five-hide unit. By collating various documents which formed part of the Domesday inquest Mr Round has brought together for certain parts of England, especially for See also:Cambridgeshire and See also:Bedfordshire, the holdings of the various lords in the different vills, and See also:vill after vill shows a total of 5 hides or lo hides or only a slight discrepancy therefrom. A similar result is shown for the hundreds where multiples of 5 are almost universal, and the total hidage for the county of See also:Worcester is very near the round figure of 1200. This arrangement is obviously artificial; it must have been imposed upon the counties or the hundreds by the central authority and then divided among the vills. Another proof is found in what is called" beneficial hidation." It is shown that in certain cases the number of hides in a hundred has been reduced since the time of See also:Edward the See also:Confessor, and that this reduction had been transferred pro rata to the yills in the hundred. Thus Mr Round concludes that the hide was fixed " independently of area or value." Some slight See also:criticism has been directed against the See also:idea of " artificial hidation," but the most that can be said against it is that its proof rests upon isolated cases, a reproach which further See also:research will doubtless remove. However, Professor Vinogradoff accepts the hide primarily as a fiscal unit " which corresponds only in a very rough way to the agrarian reality," and Maitland says the fiscal hide is " at its best a lame See also:compromise between a unit of area and a unit of value." What is the origin of the five-hide unit? Various conjectures have been hazarded, and the unit is undoubtedly older than the Danegeld. Rejecting the idea that it is of See also:Roman or of See also:British origin, and pointing to the serious difference in the rates at which the various counties were assessed, Mr Round thinks that it dates from the time when the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were See also:independent. Possibly it was the unit of assessment for military service, possibly it was the recognized endowment of a Saxon See also:thegn. In Anglo-Saxon times a man's See also:standing in society was dependent to a great extent upon the number of hides which he possessed; this statement is fully proved from the See also:laws.

Moreover, in the laws of the Wessex See also:

king, See also:Ine, the value of a man's See also:oath is expressed in hides, the oath for a king's thegn being probably worth 6o hides and that of a ceorl 5 hides. The usual See also:division of the hide was into virgates, a virgate being, after the Conquest at least, the normal holding of the villein with two oxen. Mr Round holds that in Domesday at all events the hide always consisted of four virgates; Mr F. Seebohm in The English Village Community, although thinking that the normal hide " consisted as a See also:rule of four virgates of 30 acres each," says that the Hundred Rolls for Huntingdon-See also:shire show that " the hide did not always contain the same number of virgates." The virgate, it may be noted, consisted of a See also:strip of land in each acre of the hide, and there is undoubtedly a strong See also:case in favour of the equation 1 hide=4 virgates. Mr Seebohm, propounding his theory that English institutions are rooted in those of See also:Rome, argues for some resemblance between the methods of taxation of land in Rome and in England; he See also:sees some connexion between the Roman centuria and the hide, and between the Roman See also:system of taxation called jugatio and the English hidage. Professor Vinogradoff (Villainage in England) summarizes the views of those who hold a contrary See also:opinion thus: " The curious fact that the normal holding, the hide, was equal all over England can be explained only by its origin; it came full-formed from See also:Germany and remained unchanged in spite of all diversities of See also:geographical and economical conditions." In the Danish parts of England, or rather in the district of the " Five Boroughs," the See also:carucate takes the See also:place of the hide as the unit of value, and six supplants five, six carucates being the unit of assessment. In See also:Leicestershire and in part of See also:Lancashire the hide is quite different from what it is elsewhere in England. According to Mr Round the Leicestershire hide consisted of 18 carucates; Mr W. H. See also:Stevenson (English See also:Historical See also:Review, vol. v.) argues that it contained only 12 and that it was a hundred and not a hide. Mr Seebohm thinks there was a solanda or See also:double hide of 24o acres in See also:Essex and other See also:southern counties, but Mr Round does not think that this word refers to a measure or unit of assessment at all. For See also:Kent, however, the word sullung or solin, is used in Domesday Book and in the charters instead of hide and carucate as elsewhere, and Vinogradoff thinks that this contained from 18o to zoo acres.

Under the Norman and early See also:

Plantagenet See also:kings a levy of two or more shillings on each hide of land was a usual and recognized method of raising See also:money, royal and some other estates, however, as is seen from Domesday, not being hidated and not paying the tax. This geld, or tax, received several names, one of the most general being hidage (Lat. hidagium). " Hidage,," says Vinogradoff, " is historically connected with the old English Danegeld system," and as Danegeld and then hidage it was levied long after its See also:original purpose was forgotten, and was during the r rth century " the most sweeping and the heaviest of all the taxes." Henry of Huntingdon says its usual See also:rate was 2s. on each hide of land, and this was evidently the rate at the time of the famous dispute between Henry II. and See also:Becket at See also:Woodstock in 1163, but it was not always kept at this figure, as in 1084 William I. had levied a tax of 6s. on each hide, an unusual See also:extortion. The feudal See also:aids were levied on the hide. Thus in 1109 Henry I. raised one at the rate of 3s. per hide for the See also:marriage of his daughter See also:Matilda with the See also:emperor Henry V., and in 1194, when money was collected for the See also:ransom of See also:Richard I., some of the taxation for this purpose seems to have been assessed according to the hidage given in Domesday' HIEL, See also:EMMANUEL (1834-1899), Belgian-Dutch poet and See also:prose writer, was See also:born at Dendermonde, in See also:Flanders, in May 1834. He acted in various functions, from teacher and See also:government See also:official to journalist and bookseller, busily writing all the time both for the See also:theatre and the magazines of North and See also:South See also:Netherlands. His last posts were those of librarian at the See also:Industrial Museum and professor of declamation at the See also:Conservatoire in See also:Brussels. Among his better-known poetic See also:works may be cited Looverkens (" Leaflets," 1857); Nieuwe Liedekens (" New Poesies," 1861); Gedichten (" Poems," 1863); Psalmen, Zangen, en Oratorios (" See also:Psalms, Songs, and Oratorios," 1869); De See also:Wind (1869), an inspiriting See also:cantata, which had a large measure of success and was crowned; De Liefde in 't See also:Leven (" Love in See also:Life," 1870); See also:Elie and Isa (two musical dramas, 1874); Liederen See also:Door Groote en Kleine Kinderen (" Songs for Big and Small Folk," 1879); Jakoba See also:van Beieren (" Jacquelein of See also:Bavaria," a poetic See also:drama, 1880); Mathilda van Denemarken (a lyrical drama, 1890). His collected poetical works were published in three volumes at Rousselaere in 1885. Hiel took an active and prominent part in the so-called " Flemish See also:movement " in See also:Belgium, and his name is constantly associated with those of See also:Jan van Beers, theWillems and See also:Peter See also:Benoit. The last wrote some of his compositions to Hiel's verses, notably to his oratorios See also:Lucifer (performed in See also:London at the Royal See also:Albert See also:Hall and elsewhere) and De Schelde (" The See also:Scheldt "); whilst the Dutch composer, Richard Hol (of See also:Utrecht), composed the See also:music to Hiel's " See also:Ode to See also:Liberty," and van Gheluwe to the poet's " Songs for Big and Small Folk " (second edition, much enlarged, 1879), which has greatly contributed to their popularity in See also:schools and among Belgian choral See also:societies. Hiel also translated several See also:foreign lyrics.

His rendering of See also:

Tennyson's Dora appeared at See also:Antwerp in 1871. For the See also:national festival of 188o at Brussels, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Belgian See also:independence, Hiel composed two cantatas, Belgenland (" The Land of the Belgians ") and Eer Belgenland (" Honour to Belgium "), which, set to music, were much appreciated. He died at Schaerbeek, near Brussels, on the 27th of See also:August 1899. Hiel's efforts to counteract Walloon influences and bring about a rapprochement between the Netherlanders in the north and the Teutonic racial sympathizers across the See also:Rhine made him very popular with both, and a See also:volume of his best poems was in 1874 the first in a collection of Dutch authors published at See also:Leipzig.

End of Article: HIDDENITE

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