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See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS PHILIPPE I ., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the See also:French (1773-1850), was the eldest son of Louis See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Joseph, See also:duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans (known during the Revolution as Philippe Egalite) and of See also:Louise See also:Marie See also:Adelaide de See also:Bourbon, daughter of the duc de Penthievre, and was See also:born at the Palais Royal in See also:Paris on the 6th of See also:October 1773. On his See also:father's See also:side he was descended from the See also:brother of Louis XIV., on his See also:mother's from the See also:count of See also:Toulouse, "legitimated " son of Louis XIV. and Madame de See also:Montespan. The See also:legend that he was a supposititious See also:child, really the son of an See also:Italian See also:police See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable named Chiapponi, is dealt with elsewhere (see MARIA STELLA, countess of Newborough). The See also:god-parents of the duke of See also:Valois, as he was entitled till 1785, were Louis XVI. and See also:Queen Marie Antoinette; his governess was the famous Madame de Geniis, to whose See also:influence he doubtless owed many of the qualities which later distinguished him: his wide, if superficial knowledge, his orderliness, and perhaps his See also:parsimony. Known since 1785 as the duc de See also:Chartres, he was sixteen at the outbreak of the Revolution, into which—like his father—he threw himself with ardour. In 1990 he joined the Jacobin See also:Club, in which the moderate elements still predominated, and was assiduous in attendance at the debates of the See also:National See also:Assembly. He thus became a persona grata with the party in See also:power; he was already a See also:colonel of dragoons, and in 1792 he was given a command in the See also:army of the See also:North. As a See also:lieutenant-See also:general, at the See also:age of eighteen, he was See also:present at the cannonade of Valmy (See also:Sept. 20) and played a conspicuous See also:part in the victory of See also:Jemappes (Nov. 6).
The See also:republic had meanwhile been proclaimed, and the duc de Chartres, who like his father had taken the name of Egalite, posed as its zealous adherent. Fortunately for him, he was too See also:young to be elected See also:deputy to the See also:Convention, and while his father was voting for the See also:death of Louis XVI. he was serving under See also:Dumouriez in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. He shared in the disastrous See also:day of See also:Neerwinden (See also:March 18,1993); was an See also:accomplice of Dumouriez in the See also:plot to march on Paris and overthrow the republic, and on the 5th of See also:April escaped with him from the enraged soldiers into the See also:Austrian lines. He was destined not to return to See also:France for twenty years. He went first, with his See also:sister Madame Adelaide, to See also:Switzerland where he obtained a situation for a few months as See also:professor in the See also:college of See also:Reichenau under an assumed name,' mainly in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape from the fury of the emigres. The See also:execution of his father in See also:November 1793 had made him duke of Orleans, and he now became the centre of the intrigues of the Orleanist party. In 1795 he was at See also:Hamburg with Dumouriez, who still hoped to make him king. With characteristic caution Louis Philippe refused to commit himself by any overt pretensions, and announced his intention of going to See also:America; but in the See also:hope that something might happen in France to his See also:advantage, he postponed his departure, travelling instead through the Scandinavian countries as far north as See also:Lapland. But in 1796, the See also:Directory having offered to See also:release his mother and his two See also:brothers; who had been kept in See also:prison since the Terror, on See also:condition that he went to America, he set See also:sail for the See also:United States, and in October settled in See also:Philadelphia, where in See also:February 1797 he was joined by his brothers the duc de See also:Montpensier and the See also:comte de Beaujolais. Two years were spent by them in travels in New See also:England, the region of the See also:Great Lakes, and of the See also:Mississippi; then the See also:news of the coup d'etat of 18 See also:Brumaire decided them to return to See also:Europe. They returned in ',Soo, only to find See also:Napoleon See also:Bonaparte's power firmly established. Immediately on his arrival, in February "Soo, the duke of Orleans, at the See also:suggestion of Dumouriez, sought an interview with the comte d'See also:Artois, through whose instrumentality he was reconciled with the exiled king Louis XVIII., who bestowed upon his brothers the order of the See also:Saint Esprit. The duke, however, refused to join the army of See also:Conde and to fight against France, an attitude in which he persisted throughout, while maintaining his See also:loyalty to the king .2 He settled with his brothers at See also:Twickenham, near
'As M. Chabaud de la Tour. He was examined as to his fitness before being appointed. Gruyer, p. 165.
2 This at least was his own claim and the Orleanist view. The See also:matter became a question of See also:partisan controversy, the See also:legitimists asserting that he frequently offered to serve against France, but that
See also:London, where he lived till 1807—for the most part in studious retirement.
On the 18th of May 1807 the duc de Montpensier died at See also:Christchurch in See also:Hampshire, where he had been taken for See also:change of See also:air, of See also:consumption. The comte de Beaujolais was See also:ill of the same disease and in 1808 the duke took him to See also:Malta, where he died on the 29th of May. The duke now, in response to an invitation from King See also:Ferdinand IV., visited See also:Palermo where, on the 25th of November 1809 he married Princess Maria Amelia, the king's daughter. He remained in See also:Sicily until the news of Napoleon's See also:abdication recalled him to France. He was cordially received by Louis XVIII.; his military See also:rank was confirmed, he was named colonel-general of hussars, and such of the vast Orleans estates as had not been sold were restored to him by royal See also:ordinance. The See also:object may have been, as M. Debidour suggests, to See also:compromise him with the revolutionary parties and to bind him to the See also:throne; but it is more probable that it was no more than an expression of the See also:good will which the king had shown him ever since 1800. The immediate effect was to make him enormously See also:rich, his See also:wealth being increased by his natural aptitude for business until, after the death of his mother in 1821, his See also:fortune was reckoned at some £8,000,000.
Meanwhile, in the heated See also:atmosphere of the reaction, his sympathy with the Liberal opposition brought him again under suspicion. His attitude in the See also:House of Peers in the autumn of 1815 cost him a two years' See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile to Twickenham; he courted popularity by having his See also:children educated en See also:bourgeois at the public See also:schools; and the Palais Royal became the See also:rendezvous of all the leaders of that See also:middle-class See also:opinion by which he was ultimately to be raised to the throne.
His opportunity came with the revolution of 1830. During the three "See also:July days" the duke kept himself discreetly in the background, retiring first to Neuilly, then to Raincy. Meanwhile, See also:Thiers issued a See also:proclamation pointing out that a Republic would embroil France with all Europe, while the duke of Orleans, who was " a See also:prince devoted to the principles of the Revolution" and had " carried the tricolour under See also:fire " would be a " See also:citizen king " such as the See also:country desired. This view was that of the rump of the chamber still sitting at the Palais Bourbon, and a deputation headed by Thiers and See also:Laffitte waited upon the duke to invite him to See also:place himself at the See also:head of affairs. He returned with them to Paris on the 3oth, and was elected by the deputies lieutenant-general of the See also:realm. The next day, wrapped in a tricolour See also:scarf and preceded by a drummer, he went on See also:foot to the Hotel de Ville—the headquarters of the republican party—where he was publicly embraced by See also:Lafayette as a See also:symbol that the republicans acknowledged the impossibility of realizing their own ideals and were prepared to accept a See also:monarchy based on the popular will. Hitherto, in letters to See also:Charles X., he had protested the loyalty of his intentions,3 and the king now nominated him lieutenant-general and then, abdicating in favour of his See also:grandson the comte de See also:Chambord appointed him See also:regent. On the 7th of See also:August, however, the Chamber by a large See also:majority declared Charles X. deposed, and proclaimed Louis Philippe
"King of the French, by the See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace of God and the will of the See also:people."
The career of Louis Philippe as King of the French is dealt with elsewhere (see FRANCE: See also:History). Here it must suffice to See also:note something of his See also:personal attitude towards affairs and the general effects which this produced.
For the trappings of authority he cared little. To conciliate the revolutionary
his offers were contemptuously refused. A. Debidour in the See also:article " Louis-Philippe " in La Grande Encyclopedie supports the latter view; but see Gruyer, La Jeunesse, and E. See also:Daudet, " Une reconciliation de famille en 1800," in the Revue See also:des Deux Mondes, Sept. 15, 1905, p. 301. M. Daudet gives the See also:account of the interview See also:left by the comte d'Artois, and he also makes it clear that Louis Philippe, while protesting his loyalty to the head of his house, did not disguise his opinion that a Restoration would only be possible if the king accepted the essential changes made by the Revolution.
3 To say that these protestations were hypocritical is to assume too much. Personal ambition doubtless played a part ; but he must have soon realized that the French people had wearied of " legitimism " and that a regency in the circumstances was impossible.
unfortunately, strikingly displayed in the transactions connected with the See also:Spanish marriages, which led to the king's downfall, and ruined him in the eyes of all Europe " (Letters, pop. ed., iii. 122).
Louis Philippe had eight children. His eldest son, the popular Ferdinand Philippe, duke of Orleans (b. 181o), who had married Princess See also:Helena of See also:Mecklenburg, was killed in a See also:carriage See also:accident on the 13th of July 1842, leaving two sons, the comte de Paris and the duc de Chartres. The other children were Louise, See also:consort of See also:Leopold I., king of the Belgians; Marie, who married Prince See also:Alexander of See also:Wurttemberg and died in 1839; Louis Charles, duc de See also:Nemours; Clementine, married to the duke of See also:Coburg-Kohary; See also:Francois Ferdinand, prince de See also:Joinville; See also:Henri See also:Eugene, duc d'See also:Aumale (q.v.); See also:Antoine Philippe, duc de Montpensier, who married the Infanta, younger sister of Queen See also:Isabella of See also:Spain.
See also:passion for equality he was content to See also:veil his kingship for a while under a middle-class disguise. He erased the royal lilies from the panels of his carriages; and the Palais Royal, like the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White House at See also:Washington, stood open to all and sundry who cared to come and shake hands with the head of the See also:state. This pose served to keep the democrats of the See also:capital in a good See also:temper, and so leave him See also:free to consolidate the somewhat unstable See also:foundation of his throne and to persuade his See also:European See also:fellow-sovereigns to acknowledge in him not a revolutionary but a conservative force. But when once his position at See also:home and abroad had been established, it became increasingly clear that he possessed all the Bourbon tenaciousness of personal power. When a " party of Resistance " came into See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office with Casimir-See also:Perier in March 1831, the speech from the throne proclaimed that " France has desired that the monarchy should become national, it does not See also:desire that it should be powerless "; and the See also:migration of the royal See also:family to the Tuileries symbolized the right of the king not only to reign but to See also:rule. Republican and Socialist agitation, culminating in a See also:series of dangerous risings, strengthened the position of the king as defender of middle-class See also:interest; and since the middle classes constituted the pays legal which alone was represented in See also:Parliament, he came to regard his position as unassailable, especially after the suppression of the risings under See also:Blanqui and Barbes in 1839. Little by little his policy, always supported by a majority in a house of representatives elected by a corrupt and narrow See also:franchise, became more reactionary and purely dynastic. His position in France seeming to be unassailable, he sought to strengthen it in Europe by family alliances. The fact that his daughter Louise was the consort of Leopold I., king of the Belgians, had brought him into intimate and cordial relations with the See also:English See also:court, which did much to See also:cement the entente cordiale with Great See also:Britain. Broken in 184o during the affair of Mehemet See also:Ali (q.v.) the entente was patched up in 1841 by the Straits Convention and re-cemented by visits paid by Queen See also:Victoria and Prince See also:Albert to the See also:Chateau d'Eu in 1843 and 1845 and of Louis Philippe to See also:Windsor in 1844,- only to be irretrievably wrecked by the affair of the " Spanish marriages," a deliberate See also:attempt to revive the traditional Bourbon policy of French predominance in Spain. If in this matter Louis Philippe had seemed to See also:sacrifice the See also:international position of France to dynastic interests, his attempt to re-establish it by allying himself with the reactionary monarchies against the Liberals of Switzerland finally alienated from him the French Liberal opinion on which his authority was based. When, in February 1848, Paris See also:rose against him, he found that he was practically isolated in France.
Charles X., after abdicating, had made a dignified exit from France, marching to the See also:coast surrounded by the See also:cavalry, See also:infantry and See also:artillery of his Guard. Louis Philippe was less happily situated. Escaping with the queen from the Tuileries by a back entrance, he made his way with her in disguise to Hoflfleur, where the royal couple found See also:refuge in a gardener's cottage. They were ultimately smuggled out of the country by the See also:British See also:consul at See also:Havre as Mr and Mrs See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith,' arriving at See also:Newhaven " unprovided with anything but the clothes they wore." They settled at See also:Claremont, placed at their disposal by Queen Victoria, under the incognito of count and countess of Neuilly. Here on the 26th of August 185o, Louis Philippe died.
The See also:character of Louis Philippe is admirably traced by Queen Victoria in a memorandum of May 2, 1855, in which she compares him with Napoleon III. She speaks of his " vast know-ledge upon all and every subject," and " his great activity of mind." He was, unlike Napoleon, "thoroughly French in character, possessing all the liveliness and talkativeness of that people." But she also speaks of the " tricks and over-reachings " practised by him, " who in great as well as in small things took a See also:pleasure in being cleverer and more cunning than others, often when there was no advantage to be gained by it, and which was,
' There is a vivid account in Mr Featherstonhaugh to See also:Lord See also:Palmerston, Havre, March 3, 1848, in The Letters of Queen Victoria (pop. ed., ii. 156).
Louis Philippe himself published the See also:Journal du duc de Chartres, 1790–1791; Mon Journal, evenements de 1815 (2 vols., 1849) ; Discours, allocutions et reponses de S. M. Louis-Philippe, 183o-2846; and after his death was issued his Correspondance,memoire et discours inedits (Paris, 1863). (W. A.
End of Article: LOUIS PHILIPPE I
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