APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE . The Apocalyptic literature of Judaism and See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Thus the human See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

But as this See also:

• NORTHERN

The See also:

• FOURTH

13, 20, &c.), the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

To render such satisfaction was the task undertaken by apocalyptic, as well as to vindicate the righteousness of God alike in respect of the individual and of the nation. To justify their contention they sketched in outlinethe history of the world and mankind, the origin of evil and its course, and the final consummation of all things. Thus they presented in fact a theodicy, a rudimentary See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Moreover, the writer no doubt intended that his reader should take the accuracy of the prediction (?) already accomplished to be a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

The apocalyptic writer on the other hand despairs of the present, and directs his hopes absolutely to the future, to a new world See also:

• STANDING

The apocalyptic writer could obtain no See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

Hence to harmonize such difficulties with belief in God's righteousness, it had to take account of the role of such empires in the counsels of God, the rise, duration and downfall of each in turn, till finally the lordship of the world passed into the hands of Israel, or the final judgment arrived. These events belonged in the main to the past, but the writer represented them as still in the future, arranged under certain artificial categories of time definitely determined from the beginning in the counsels of God and revealed by Him to His servants the prophets. See also:

• DETERMINISM (Lat. determinare, to prescribe or limit)

9-17. Zech. xii.-xiv. Daniel. We cannot enter here into a discussion of the above passages and books.' All are probably pseudepigraphic except the passages from Ezekiel and Joel. Of the remaining passages and books Daniel belongs unquestionably to the Maccabean period, and the rest possibly to the same period. Isaiah xxxiii. was probably written about 163 B.C. (Duhm and See also:

• MARTI, JUAN JOSE (157o?-1604)

; lxxii.-xc. Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs. (Too B.C. to I B.C.) I Enoch i.-v.; See also:

• XXXVII

Dan. v. 6, 7. See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Apocalypse of See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Thus Ix. 1 runs: " In the See also:

• YEAR

1-15. In the former passage of Jubilees the subject-matter leads to this See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

2; Jubilees vii. 26-39, X. 1-15. The See also:

• HEBREW

The various elements of the book were written by different authors at different See also:

• DATES

T. Lev. x., xiv.-xvi.; T. Jud. xxii.-xxiii., &c., a large See also:

• INTEREST

38, iii. 13, iv. 9, &c.; " the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

55-64) from a See also:

• PALIMPSEST

(See also MosES, ASSUMPTION OF.) Apocalypse of Baruch—The See also:

• SYRIAC

In its fullest form this apocryph consists of sixteen chapters, but i.-ii. and xv.-xvi. are of different authorship from each other and from the main work iii.-xiv. The book was written originally in Hebrew. There are Latin, Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic (two), and Armenian versions. The Greek version is lost. This apocalypse is of very great importance, on account of its very full treatment of the theological questions rife in the latter half of the 1st century of the Christian era. The book, even if written by one author, was based on a variety of already existing works. It springs from the same school of thought as the Apocalypse of Baruch, and its See also:

• AFFINITIES

6) " Denique etiam Baruch prophetae librum in assertionis hujus testimonium vocant, quod ibi de septern mundis . vel caelis evidentius indicatur." This book survives in two forms in Slavonic and Greek. The former was translated by Bonwetsch in 1896, in the Nachrichten von der konigl. Ges. der Wiss. zu Gott. pp. 91-lol; the latter by James in 1897 in Anecdota, ii. 84-94f with an elaborate introduction (pp. li.-lxxi.). The Slavonic is only of secondary value, as it is merely an abbreviated form of the Greek. , Even the Greek cannot claim to be the original work, but only to • be a recension of it;. for, whereas Origen states that this apocalypse contained an account of the seven heavens, the existing Greek work describes only five, and the Slavonic: only two. As the original. work presupposes 2 Enoch and the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch and was known to Origen, it was written between A.D. 8o and aoo, and nearer the earlier date than the later, as it would otherwise be hard to understand how it came to circulate among Christians. The superscription shows points of connexion with the Rest of the Words of Baruch, but little See also:

• WEIGHT

Pseud. ii. 448-457, and a strong article by Kohler on the Jewish authorship of the book in the Jewish Encyclopedia, ii. 549-551. (See BARUCH.) Apocalypse of Abraham.—This book is found only in the Slavonic (edited by Bonwetsch, Studien zur Geschichte d. Theologie and Kirche, 1897), a translation from the Greek. It is of Jewish origin, but in part worked over by a Christian reviser. The first part treats of Abraham's See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

On the other hand, it is,probably identical with the apocryphal book 'A/3pa6µ mentioned in the See also:

• STICHOMETRY

It consisted, according to the Targ. Jon, on Num. xi. 26-29, mainly of prophecies on Magog's last attack on Israel. The Shepherd of See also:

• HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF

94, and the Const. A See also:

• POST

Zahn, Gesch. des N. T. Kanons, ii. 8or-81o, assigns this apocalypse to the 2nd century A.D. (See Schurer3. iii. 267-271.) Apocalypse of Zephaniah.—Apart from two of the lists this work is known to us in its original form only through a See also:

• CITATION (Lat. citare, to cite)

As See also:

• SCHURER, EMIL (1844–1910)

Oracles of Hystaspes.—See under N. T. Apocalypses, below., Testament of Job.— This book was first printed from one MS. by See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

Kohler (Kohut Memorial See also:

• VOLUME

With the exception of chaps. x.-xi., it is really a See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

But though Christianity was in spirit the descendant of ancient Jewish prophecy, it was no less truly the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

Testament of See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Apocalypse in Mark xiii.—According to the teaching of the Gospels the second advent was to take the world by surprise. Only one passage (Mark xiii. = Matt. xxiv. = Luke xxi.) conflicts with this view, and is therefore suspicious. This represents the second advent as heralded by a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

The apocalypse consists of three Acts: See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Rather under the influence of the great formative Christian conceptions he parted gradually with the eschatology he had inherited from Judaism, and entered on a progressive development, in the course of which the heterogeneous elements were for the most part silently dropped. Revelation.—Since this book is discussed separately we shall content ourselves here with indicating a few of the conclusions now generally. accepted. The apocalypse was written about A.D. 96. Its object, like other Jewish apocalypses, was to en-courage faith under persecution; its See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

818-819). It is mentioned in the Muratorian See also:

• CANON

15-18. For a full account see ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF. Testament of Abraham.—This work in two recensions was first published by James, Texts and Studies, ii. 2. Its editor is of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

2-3). According to Lactantius, it prophesied the overthrow of Rome and the advent of See also:

• ZEUS

See also:

• IRENAEUS

257-267, 437 f. 5 Ezra.—This book, which constitutes in the later MSS. the first two chapters to 4 Ezra, falls obviously into two parts. The first (i. 5-ii. 9) contains a strong attack on the Jews whom it regards as the people of God; the second (ii. 10-47) addresses itself to the Christians as God's people and promises them the heavenly kingdom. It is not improbable that these chapters are based on an earlier Jewish writing. In its present form it may have been written before A.D. 200, though James and other scholars assign it to the 3rd century. Its See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

Apokryphen, 331-336. 6 Ezra.—This work consists of chapters xv.-xvi. of 4 Ezra. It may have been written as an appendix to 4 Ezra, as it has no proper introduction. Its contents relate to the destruction of the world through See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

The date of the book is also quite uncertain, though several scholars have ascribed it to the 3rd century. Christian Sibyllines.—Critics are still at variance as to the extent of the Christian Sibyllines. It is practically agreed that vi.-viii. are of Christian origin. As for i.-ii., xi.-xiv. most writers are in favour of Christian authorship; but not so Geffcketi (ed. Sibyll., 1902), who strongly insists on the Jewish origin of large sections of these books. Apocalypses of Paul, Thomas and Stephen.—These are mentioned in the Gelasian See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

Since they have sinned in consequence of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

388. Where the author lived is uncertain. Dr See also:

• PERKINS, CHARLES CALLAHAN (1823-1886)
• PERKINS, JACOB (1766-1849)

It is a feeble imitation of the canonical apocalypse. Arabic Apocalypse of Peter contains a narrative of events from the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

109-126. Apocalypse of Sedrach.—This late apocalypse, which M. R. James assigns to the loth or 11th century, deals with the subjectof intercession for sinners and Sedrach's unwillingness to die. See James, Texts and Studies, ii. 3. 127-137. Apocalypse of Daniel. — See Vassiliev's Anecdota Graeco-Byzantina (See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

After narrating the See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)