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I271 I ix 1276 23 ii cs. 1276 12 vii, el. 1276 13 ix 1277 25 xi I281 22 ii 1285 2 iv 1288 15 ii 1294 5 vii 1294 24 xii 1303 22 x 1305 5 vi 1316 7 viii 1334 20 xii 1342 7 v, el. 1352 18 xii 1362 28 x 1370 30 xii 1378 8 iv [1378 20 ix 1394 28 ix 1389 2 Xi 1404 17 x 1406 2 xii 1409 26 vi 1410 17 V 1417 I I xi 1431 3 iii 1447 6 iii 1455 8 iv 1 1458 19 viii 1464 31 viii 11471 9 Viii 1 '484 24 viii '492 II viii 1503 22 ix 1503 I xi 1513 15 iii 1522 9 i 1523 19 xi 1534 13 x 1550 8 ii 1555 9 iv 1555 23 V 1559 25 xii '566 17 i, cs. 1572 26 v 1585 I v, cs. 1590 15 ix; el. 1590 5 xii 1591 29 x, el. 1592 30 i, el. 1605 I iv, el. Nicolaus II. See also:

Alexander II. S.

Gregorius VII. See also:

Victor III. Urbanus II. Paschalis II. See also:Gelasius II. See also:Calixtus II. See also:Honorius II. Innocentius II. Coelestinus II. See also:Lucius II. See also:Eugenius III. See also:Anastasius IV.

Hadrianus IV. Alexander III. Lucius III. Urbanus III. Gregorius VIII. Clemens III. Coelestinus III. Innocentius III. Honorius III. Gregorius IX. Coelestinus IV. Innocentius IV.

Alexander IV. Urbanus IV. Clemens IV. Gregorius X. Innocentius V. Hadrianus V. Joannes XXI. Nicolaus III. Martinus IV. Honorius IV. Nicolaus IV. t 4 iv, S. Coelestinus V.

(f 19 V, 1296) res. '3 xii, See also:

Bonifacius VIII. t II x, See also:Benedictus XI. f 7 vii, Clemens V. t 20 iv, Joannes XXII. t 4 xii, Benedictus XII. f 25 iv, Clemens VI. t 6 xii, Innocentius VI. f 12 ix, Urbanus V. t'9 xii, Gregorius XI. f 27 iii, Urbanus VI. t 15 x, Clemens VII. antipapa Aven. f 16 ix, See also:Benedict XIII. (amot 26 vii) 1417 f 23 v, Bonifacius IX. f ' x, Innocentius VII. f 6 xi, Gregorius XII. (t 1419) resignat. 4 vii, Alexander V. t 3 v, Joannes See also:XXIII. (f 22 xi, 1419) amot. 24 v, f 20 ii, t 23 ii, t 24 iii, t 6 viii, f 15 Viii, t 28 Vii, t 12 viii, t 25 Vii, f '8 viii, t'8 x, f 21 ii, t I xii, t 14 ix, f 25 ix, f 10 xi, f 23 iii, t 30 iv, f 18 viii, t 9 xii, f 1 v, j Ioiv, t 27 Viii, t 27 ix, t15x, t 3o xii, f 5 iii, Martinus V. Eugenius IV. Nicolaus V. Calixtus III. See also:Pius II. See also:Paulus II.

See also:

Sixtus IV. Innocentius VIII. Alexander VI. Pius III. See also:Julius II. See also:Leo X. Hadrianus VI. Clemens VII. Paulus III. Julius III. See also:Marcellus II. Paulus IV.

Pius IV. S. Pius V. Gregorius XIII. Sixtus V. Urbanus VII. Gregorius XIV. Innocentius IX. Clemens VIII. Leo XI. Date of See also:

Death. 1145 1153 1154 1159 '181 1185 I187 I187 1191 I198 I216 f 27 Vii, 'o61 t 21 iv, 1073 t 25 v, 1085 t 16 ix, I087 t 29 Vii, 1099 f 21 1, '118 t 29 i, 1119 t 13—14 X1i, I 124 f 14 ii, 1'30 24 1x, 1143 t 8 1144 n t 8 vii, t 3 xii, f I ix, f 30 viii, f 25 xi, 20 X, t 17 xii, f iii, f 81, t 16 vii, f 18 iii, 1227 t 21 Vi11, 1241 f 17–18 xi, 1241 t 13 xii, 1254 f 25 V, 1261 t 2 x, 1264 f 29 Xi, '268 I I I 1, 1276 122 Vi, 1276 f 17 viii, 1276 t 16 v, 1277 f 22 Viii, I280 t 28 iii, 1285 f 3 iV, 1287 1292 1534 1549 1555 1555 1559 1565 1572 1585 1590 1590 1591 1605 f 27 iv.

1605 1294 1303 1304 1314 1334 1342 1352 1362 1370 1378 1389 1394 14231 1404 1406 1415 1410 1415 1431 1447 1455 1458 1464 1471 1484 1492 1503 1503 1513 1521 1523 724 pontificates of this See also:

period are scarce. Mention, however, must be made of H. See also:Reuter's Geschichte See also:Alexanders III. and der Kirche seiner Zeit (3 vols., See also:Berlin, 1860–1864). Much See also:information on the policy of these popes will be found in the See also:works on the See also:great See also:person-ages of the See also:time: W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinburg (See also:Leipzig, 1879), and Konrad III. (Leipzig, 1883) ; H. See also:Prutz, Kaiser See also:Friedrich I. (3 vols., See also:Danzig, 1871–1874) ; P. See also:Scheffer-Boichorst, Kaiser Fried-. rzchs I. letzter Streit mit der Kurie (Berlin, 1866); Julius Ficker, Reinald von Dassel (See also:Cologne, 185o) ; Th. Toeche, Kaiser Heinrich VI. (Leipzig, 1867) ; J. Jastrow and G.

See also:

Winter, Deutsche Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der See also:Hohenstaufen (2 vols., Berlin, 1897–1901); F. von See also:Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen and ihrer Zeit (5th ed., 6 vols., Leipzig, '878); A. See also:Hausrath, See also:Arnold von See also:Brescia (Leipzig, 1891) ; Dietr. See also:Hirsch, Studien zur Geschichte See also:Konig Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich (Leipzig, 1892); O. Cartellieri, See also:Abt See also:Suger von See also:Saint-See also:Denis (Berlin, 1898); F. Vacandard, See also:Vie de S. See also:Bernard (2 vols., See also:Paris, 1895); J. Thiel, See also:Die politische Thatigkeit See also:des Abtes Bernhard von See also:Clairvaux (See also:Konigsberg, '885); A. See also:Luchaire, See also:Louis VII., Philippe-Auguste, Louis VIII. (vol. iii. pt. i. of See also:Lavisse's Histoire de See also:France) ; H. See also:Bohmer, Kirche and Staat in See also:England and in der Normandie im XL. and XII. Jahrhundert. (Leipzig, 1899); Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin See also:kings (See also:London, 1887) ; and P.

Scheffer-Boichorst, " See also:

Hat Papst See also:Hadrian IV. zu Gunsten des englischen Konigs ilber Irland verfiigt ? " in Mitteilungendes Instituts See also:fur astern. Geschichtsforschung (supplementary vol. iv., 1893). (c) From 1198 to 1261.—On the pontificate of See also:Innocent III. in See also:general, see F. von Hurter, Geschichte Papst Innocenz III. (3rd and 2nd ed., 4 vols., See also:Hamburg, 1841–1844) ; and A. Luchaire, Innocent III., See also:Rome et l'Italie (2nd ed., Paris, 1905), Innocent 1.11. la croisade des albigeois (Paris, 1905), Innocent III., la papaute et l'See also:empire (Paris, 1906), Innocent III., la question d'orient (Paris, 1906), and Innocent III., See also:les royautes vassales du Saint-See also:Siege (Paris, 1908). Cf. E. See also:Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben and See also:Otto IV. von Braunschweig (2 vols., Leipzig, '873–'878); W. See also:Norden, Das Papsttum and Byzanz (Berlin, 1903), a considerable See also:part of which is devoted to Innocent III.; E. Gerland, Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (Homburg, 1905) ; R. Davidsohn, Philipp II.

See also:

August von Frankreich and See also:Ingeborg (See also:Stuttgart, 1888) ; R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. and die deutsche Kirche wahrend des Thronstreites von 1198–1208 (See also:Strassburg, 1882) ; Else Gi`_tschow, Innocenz III. and England (See also:Munich, 1904) ; and many other detailed monographs. The pontificate of Honorius III. is dealt with by J. See also:Clausen in his Papst Honorius III. (See also:Bonn, 1895), and his registers have been published by P. Pressutti (3 vols., Rome, 1884 and 1888–1895). On See also:Gregory IX., see J. Felten, Papst Gregor IX. (See also:Freiburg i. Br., '886); P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX. e dei suoi tempi (3 vols., See also:Modena, 1872–1873) ; and J. See also:Marx, Die vita Gregorii IX.

(Berlin, 1889). The publication of the registers of this See also:

pope was begun by L. Auvray in the Bibliotheque des erodes de Rome it d'Athenes (Paris, 1890 et seq.). On Innocent IV., see E. Berger, St Louis et Innocent IV. (Paris, 1893) ; E. Winkelmann, Kaiser Friedrich II. (2 vols., Leipzig, 1889–1897) ; P. Aldinger, Die Neubesetzung der deutschen Bistumer unter Papst Innocenz IV. (Leipzig, 1901) ; and C. Rodenberg, Innocenz IV. and das Konigreich Sizilien (See also:Halle, 1892). The publication of the registers of Innocent IV. was under-taken by See also:Elie Berger (1881 et seq.), and those of Alexander IV. by J. de Loye, A.

Coulon and C. Bourel de la Ronciere (1895 et seq.). As the See also:

history of the later Hohenstaufens is intimately See also:bound up with that of the contemporary popes, mention must be made of F. W. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen (See also:Gottingen, 1871); A. See also:Karst, Geschichte Manfreds vom Ende ,Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Kronung (Berlin, 1897) ; and K. Hampe, Geschichte Konradins von Hohenstaufen (See also:Innsbruck, 1894). (d) From 1261 to 1305.—L. Dorez and J. See also:Guiraud, members of the See also:French school at Rome, began the publication of the registers of See also:Urban IV. (1892 et seq.); E. See also:Jordan, those of See also:Clement IV.

(1893 et seq.) ; and J. Guiraud and L. Cadier, those of Gregory X. (1892 et seq.). On Gregory X., see F. See also:

Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X. (Berlin, 1894). The pontificate of See also:John XXI. has been dealt with by R. Stapper, Papst Johannes XXI. (See also:Munster i. W., 1898), and that of See also:Nicholas III. by A. Demski, Papst Nikolaus III.

(Munster i. W., 1903), in vol. vi. of the Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, ed. by Knopfler, SchrOrs and Sdralek. The publication of the registers of Nicholas III. was undertaken by J. See also:

Gay (1898 et seq.). Much information on the policy of these popes will be found in the following: R. Sternfield, Ludwigs des Heiligen Kreuzzug nach See also:Tunis and die Politik Karls I. von Sizilien (Berlin, 1896); Ch. V. See also:Langlois, Le Regne de Philippe III. le Hardi (Paris, 188; L. Leclere, Les Rapports de la papaute et de la France sous Philippe III. (See also:Brussels, 1889) ; C. Minieri-Riccio, Alcuni fatti riguardanti Carlo I. d' Angib . . .

(See also:

Naples, 1874), and Il Regno di Carlo I. d'Angib, in the Archivio storico italiano (3rd See also:series, vols. xxii., xxiii., See also:xxiv., See also:xxv., See also:xxvi. ; 4th series, vols. ii., iii., iv., v., vii., 1875–1881) ; A. Busson, Die Idee des deutschen Erbreichs and die ersten Habsburger (See also:Vienna, 1878); G. del Giudice, La Famiglia di re Manfredi (Naples, 188o); and H. Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von See also:Habsburg zu Papst Gregor X. (Innsbruck, 1895). There is a See also:good See also:account of the policy of See also:Martin IV. in O. Cartellieri, See also:Peter von See also:Aragon and die sizilianischen Vesper (See also:Heidelberg, 1904). On Honorius IV., see introduction to the See also:complete edition of his registers by See also:Maurice Prou (1886–1888). E. Langlois has published the registers of Nicholas IV. (1886–1893), and Otto Schiff deals with his pontificate in his Studien iur Geschichte Papst Nikolaus IV. (1897).

On See also:

Celestine V., see H. Schulz, Peter von Murrhone (Papst Coelestin V.), Berlin, 1894. The publication of the registers of See also:Boniface VIII. was begun by G. Digard, M. Faucon and A. See also:Thomas (1884 et seq.). Of the vast literature on this pontificate we must content ourselves with citing: Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz' VIII. (Munster i. W., 1902); Ch. V. Langlois, " St. Louis, Philippe le See also:Bel, Les Derniers capetiens directs " (vol. iii., pt. ii. of Lavisse's Histoire de France) ; Ernest See also:Renan, Etudes sur la politique religieuse du regne de Philippe le Bel (1899) A.

Baudsillart, " Des Idees qu'on se faisait au XIVO siecle sur le See also:

droit d'intervention du souverain pontife en matiere politique," in the Revue d'histoire et de litterature religieuses (vol. iii., 1898); and R. See also:Holtzmann, Wilhelm von See also:Nogaret (Freiburg i. Br., 1898). The pontificate of Benedict XI. is dealt with by P. Funke in his Papst Benedikt XI. (Munster i. W., 1891). Cf. Ch. Grandjean, " Recherches sur I'See also:administration financiere du pape See also:Benoit XI," in the Melanges d'archeologie et d'histoire (vol. iii., 1883), published by the French School at Rome. Grandjean has published the registers of Benedict XI. (1883 et seq.).

Among works of a more general See also:

character that throw See also:light on the history of the papacy during the I2th and 13th centuries, the first See also:place must be given to Walter Norden's Das Papsttum and Byzanz. Die Trennung der beiden Meichte and das Problem ihrer Wiedervereinigung bis zum Untergange des byzantinischen Reichs (Berlin, 1903), which contains an account of the question of the See also:East in its relations with the papal policy, from the rise of the See also:schism down to the end of the See also:middle ages. See also See also:Felix Rocquain, La Papaute an moyen dge (Paris, 1881) and La Cow de Rome et l'esprit de ref See also:orme avant See also:Luther (3 vols., Paris, 1893 1897) ; J. B. Sagmuller, Die Thatigkeit and Stellung der Cardinale bis Papst Bonifaz VIII. (Freiburg i. Br., 1896) ; and A. Gottlob, Die papstlichen Kreuzzugssteuern des 13. Jahrhunderts (See also:Heiligenstadt, 1892) and Kreuzablass and Almosenablass (Stuttgart, 1906). (A. Lu.) Period III. 1305–1590.—See also:Baluze, Vitae paparum avenioniensium (1305–1394), 2 t.

(Paris, 1693) ; Raynaldus, Annales See also:

eccles. ab See also:anno 1198 [to 1565], annotated and added to by J. D. Mansi (15 vols., See also:Lucca, 1747–1756) ; Mansi, Concil. collectio; Theodericus of See also:Niem, De schismate, ed. Erler (1890); Christophe, Histoire de la papaute (1873); See also:Hefele, Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg i. B., 1855, seq.); Hoffer, Die avignonesischen Papste (1871); See also:Creighton, History of the Papacy (1882, seq.) ; L. Pastor, Geschichte der Papste (Freiburg i. B., 1886, se q., Eng. trans. by F. I. Antrobus, 1891, seq.) ; Pastor, Acta pontific. 9(1904) ; N. See also:Valois, La France et le See also:grand schisme, 4 t. (1896, seq.); See also:Haller, Papsttum and Kirchenreform (1903).

For the Papacy in connexion with the See also:

Renaissance, see E. Miintz, Les Arts (1892) ; Voigt, Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums (1893); J. Burkhardt, Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, 2 B. (ed. L. Geiger, (19077)). For the See also:palace at See also:Avignon, see Ehrle, Bibl. rom. pontif. i. To the authorities for the lives of individual popes attached to the See also:biographies under their several headings, and to the articles on the See also:councils of See also:BASEL, See also:CONSTANCE, See also:TRENT, may be added: CLEMENT V.—Boutaric, Philippe le Bel (1861); Konig, Papstl. Kammer unter Clemens V. u. Johann XXfl. (1894) ; Finke, Acta Aragonen. (1908).

JoHN XXII.—Bohmer, Regest. Ludwigs des Baiern (1839); Vatikanische Acten (1891); Riezler, Literarische Widersacher (1874); See also:

Muller, Kampf Ludwigs mit der See also:Curie (1879–188o) ; Coulon, Lettres secretes de See also:Jean XXII., relat. a la France, i. (1907); Mollat, Lettres commun. de Jean XXIL, i.–iv. (1907). CLEMENT VI.—Werunsky, Kaiser Karl IV., i. (1800), ii. (1882–1886); Papencordt, Cola di Rienzo (1841); Deprez, Lett. closes 1901 seq. INNOCENT VI.—Werunsky, Ital., Politik Innoc. VI. u. Karl IV. (1878); id., Karl IV. ii. (1882–1886), iii.

(1892); Cerasoli, Archivio napolit. 22–23; See also:

Kirsch, Kollectorien (1892); Daumet, Innocent VI. it See also:Blanche de See also:Bourbon (1899). URBAN V.—Magnan, Urbain V. (1863); Werunsky, Karl IV. iii. (1892); Prou, Relat. See also:pout. aver les rois de France (1888) ; Wurm, See also:Albornoz (1892) ; Kirsch, Riickkehr der Papste Urban V. and Gregor XI. nach Rom (1898); Letacheux, Lettres secretes (1903, seq.). GREGORY XI Mirot, Retour du St Siege d Rome (1899) ; Tommaseo, Lettere di S. Catering (186o) ; M. A. Mignaty, See also:Catherine de Sienne (1886). BONIFACE IX.—Vita, ap. See also:Muratori, Script. iii. 2; Cosmodromium, Gobelini Persona, ed.

See also:

Jansen (1900); Jansen, Bonifacius IX. u. die deutsche Kirche (1904). INNOCENT VII.—Gregory XII., schismatic popes, See also:council of Constance, &c. Monum. concil. gen. sacr. X V. (1857–1896) ; Alpartilz, Chronica, ed. Ehrle (1906); Pliemetfrieder, Literarische Polemik (1909). MARTIN V.—Vitae, ap. Muratori, iii. 2; Ottenthal, Bullenregister Martins V. u. Eugens IV. (1885). EUGENIUS IV.—Vita, ap.

Muratori, Script. iii. 2; Repert. germanic. i. (1897); Mintz, Les Arts (1878–1879); Valois, Pragmatique See also:

sanction (1907). NICHOLAS V.—Manetti, Vita See also:Nicolai V., ap. Muratori, Script. iii. 2; Vespasiano da Bisticci, Vite (1839); Georgius (1742); Miintz, Les Arts (1878–1879); Creighton, Papacy ii. (1882). See also:PAUL II.—See also:Ammanati, Epistolae et See also:commentarii (15o6); Gaspar Veronensis, Vita, ap. See also:Marini, Archiatri ii. and Muratori iii. 2 (new ed. by Zippel, 1903) ; Canensius, Vita, ed. Quirini (1740) ; Creighton, Papacy in. (1887); Miintz, Les Arts ii.

(1879). SIXTUS IV.—Infessura, Diario, ed. Tommasini (189o) ; Notajo di Nantiporto, Diarii, ap. Muratori, Script. iii. 2; Jacobus Volaterranus, Diarium, ap. Muratori, Script. xxiii.; Schmarzow, Melozzo da Forli (1886); Steinmann, Sixtinische Capelle i. (1901); Schlecht, See also:

Andrea Zamometic i. (1893). INNOCENT VIII.—Infessura, c '.p. cit. ; Burchardi, Diarium i.-ii. ed. cit. (also for Alexander VI.); Burchardi, Diarium, ed. Thuasne, i.

(1883). JuLlus II.—See also:

Brosch, Julius II. u. d. Kirchenstaat (1878) ; Geymuller, Entwurfe fur St Peter (1875-1880) ; Schulte, See also:Maximilian als Candidat fur den papstlichen Stuhl (1906). LEO X.—See also:Hergenrother, Reg. Leonis X. (1884-1891); See also:Jovius, Vita (1548); See also:Roscoe, Leone X., ed. See also:Bossi (1816) ; See also:Janssen, Gesch. d. deutschen Volks i. 18-11. 18 (1897); Schulte, See also:Fugger in Rom (1904); Kalkoff, Luthers romischer Prozess (1906). See also:ADRIAN VI.—See also:Burmann, Adrianus VI. (1727). CLEMENT VII.—Friedensburg, Nuntiaturberichte i.

(1892); Ehses, Documente zur Geschichte der Ehescheidung Heinrichs VIII. (1893) ; Ehses, Conc. See also:

trident. iv. (1904); Fraikin, Nonciatures de France i. (1906). PAUL I I I.—Friedensburg, Nuntiaturberichte ii. sqq. (1892-1908); Venetianische Depeschen vom Kaiserhof i. (1889); Ehses, Concil. trident. iv. (1904) ; Merkle, Concil. trident. diaria i.; See also:Maurenbrecher, Karl V. (1865) ; de Leva, Carlo V. iii.-v. (1867 seq.) ; Pastor, Reunionsbestrebungen Karls V. (1879); Janssen, Deutsche Geschichte iii. 18.

(1899). ULIUS III.—Massarelli, ap. See also:

Dollinger, Concil. v. Trient (1876); de Leva, Carlo V. V. (1890). MARCELLUS II.—Pollidorus, Vita (1744). PIUS IV.—Pallavicini, Concilio di Trento (1656); See also:Duruy, See also:Cardinal Carafa (1888); Susta, Curie and Concil. i.-ii. (1904-1909) ; Steinherz, Nuntiaturberichte i. and iii. (1897-1903). PIUS V.—Guglielmotti, See also:Marcantonio See also:Colonna (1862). GREGORY XIII.—Theiner, Annales ecclesiastici (1856) ; See also:Maffei, Annali (1746); Brosch, Kirchenstaat i.

(1880); Nuntiaturberichte, ed. See also:

Hansen, and Schellhass, i. (1892); Steinhuber, Collegium germanicum i. 2-ii. 2 (1907); Duhr, Jesuiten in Deutschland i. (1907); Astrain, Comp. de Jesus de Espana (3 vols., 1902). SIXTUS V.—Memorie autografe, ed. Cagnoni, Archivio d. See also:Soc. Rom. (1882); Nuntiaturberichte, ed. Gorresgesellschaft, i. seq.

(1895); Balzani, in See also:

Cambridge See also:Modern' History; See also:Hubner; Sixte-Quinte (1870). (L. DE P.) Periods IV., V., VI. 1590 onwards.—In addition to the general works already mentioned, see M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates (See also:Gotha, 1880—1882), utilizing Venetian archives; L. See also:Ranke, History of the Papacy in the 16th and 17th centuries (184o and frequently) ; A. R. Pennington, Epochs of the Papacy (London, 1881) ; F. Nippold, The Papacy in the Nineteenth See also:Century (New See also:York, 1900); B. Labanca, Il Papato (Torino, 1905), with See also:Italian bibliography; F. Nielsen, The History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1906), the scholarly and fascinating See also:work of a Danish Lutheran See also:bishop; A. See also:Galton, See also:Church and See also:State in France, 1300-1907 (London, 1907) ; E.

See also:

Bourgeois and E. Clermont, Rome et See also:Napoleon III. (Paris, 1907), exposing See also:secret negotiations; A. Debidour, L'Eglise catholique et fetal sous la troisieme republique (Paris, 1906-1909), valuable though strongly See also:anti-clerical; R. de Cesare, See also:Roma e lo stato del papa dal ritorno di Pio IX. (2 vols., Rome, 1907) ; in abridged See also:translation, The Last Days of Papal Rome (See also:Boston, 1909). (W. W.

End of Article: I271 I

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