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country), the value of boots and shoes was $181,023,946 (more than 55% of the total for the entire country), the value of paper and wood pulp was $49,813,133 (more than one-See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of that of the entire country), and the value of all factory products amounted to $2,025,998,437 (nearly one-seventh of the total for the entire country). Northmen very probably visited this region at the beginning of the 11th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. (See See also:

VINLAND (Old Norse, Vinland, i.e. Vineland or Wineland)

VINLAND). To Europeans who visited it in the 16th century it was included in Norumbega," and some of the See also:

early explorers searched here for the mythical See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of that name. See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

Title to the territory was claimed by the See also:

ENGLISH

English on the basis of its alleged exploration by the Cabots in 1498, and by the See also:

French on the basis of its exploration by Giovanni da Verrazano in 1524. It was made favourably known to the English by the explorations of See also:

Bartholomew See also:

GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW (d. 1607)

Gosnold in 1602, of See also:

Martin Pring in 1603 and of See also:

George See also:

WEYMOUTH

Weymouth in 1605, and was at this See also:

time called North See also:

Virginia. In 16o6 See also:

King See also:

James I. granted it to the See also:

Plymouth See also:

COMPANY

Company with a view to encouraging See also:

settlement, and in the next See also:

YEAR

year a See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony was planted at the mouth of the Sagadahoc (now Kennebec) river, but this was abandoned in r6o8; the efforts of the French to establish settlements along the Maine See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast were likewise unsuccessful.

In 1614—1616 See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

John See also:

Smith traversed the coast as far east as the mouth of the See also:

PENOBSCOT

Penobscot river and as far See also:

south as Cape See also:

Cod, gathered much See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information from the See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, wrote an attractive descrip-tion of the country, prepared a See also:

map of it, suggested its See also:

PRESENT

present name, New England, and made another unsuccessful See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to found a settlement. A new See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of 162o conveyed to the New England See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council, the successor of the Plymouth Company, all the territory in North America between latitudes 400 and 48° N. under the name of New England, and in the same year a permanent settlement was established at Plymouth by a See also:

BAND

band of Separatists, who, although they had expected to See also:

settle in Virginia, were prevailed upon by the captain of their See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel to See also:

LAND

land in New England. During its existence of fifteen years the New England Council made numerous grants of territory, and from three of these See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew three of the present states : Massachusetts, from a See also:

grant to the Massachusetts See also:

Bay Company in 1628; Maine, from the grant to See also:

Sir Ferdinando See also:

GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

Gorges and John See also:

Mason (the two most influential members of the council) in 1622; and New Hampshire, from the grant to John Mason in 1629. The Council attempted to establish a general See also:

government over its entire domain, but the See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of some of its members for supporting such a government with contributions from each member in return for an See also:

ALLOTMENT (from O. Fr. a and toter, to divide by lot)

allotment of land was a failure, and although See also:

Robert Gorges, the second son of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, was sent over as See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general in 1623, he accomplished nothing and returned in the next year in disgust. In 1635, when the Dutch were hemming in its domain on the See also:

west and the French on the north, the Council made a final allotment of its remaining territory among its members and surrendered its charter. Connecticut was founded in the same year by emigrants from Massachusetts without any other authority than that given by the See also:

MOTHER

mother colony. A See also:

SEPARATE

separate colony was founded at New Haven in 1638 by emigrants from England who had stayed for a time in See also:

Boston and other Massachusetts towns, but this was annexed to Connecticut in 1664 under the Connecticut charter of 1662. Rhode Island was founded in 1636 by exiles from Massachusetts who had no authority whatever from a See also:

SUPERIOR

superior government. Plymouth was a separate colony until its See also:

union with Massachusetts under the charter of 1691. New Hampshire was a See also:

PART

part of Massachusetts from 1641—1643 to 1679. Maine, having passed under the See also:

jurisdiction of Massachusetts in 1652, did not regain its See also:

independence until 1820. Vermont was settled largely by emigrants from New Hampshire, but New See also:

York claimed the territory and the dispute was not settled until the new state was erected in 1791.

Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven constituted in their early years a See also:

GROUP

group of neighbouring colonies, substantially See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent of the mother country, and possessing a unity of purpose and similar institutions but in need of mutual See also:

PROTECTION

protection from the Indians, the Dutch and the French, and also needing an arbiter to whom they might refer their own disputes, especially those See also:

RELATING

relating to boundaries and See also:

trade. To meet these needs they organized, under Articles of See also:

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation signed in 1643, the first form of colonial union in America; they called it The United Colonies of New England, but it is more commonly known as the New England Confederacy. The confederate authority was vested in a See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of eight commissioners, two from each colony chosen annually by its General See also:

Court. This board was to meet annually in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, two years of every five at Boston, one year of every five at See also:

HARTFORD

Hartford, one at New Haven, and one at Plymouth ; See also:

SPECIAL

special meetings also might be called by three magistrates of any of the four colonies. The commissioners See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose their See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president at each See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, but this officer had only the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of a See also:

MODERATOR (from Lat. moderare, to impose a modus, limit)

moderator. An agreement of six commissioners was necessary to pass any measure, but if there was an agreement of less than six the measure might be referred to the General Courts and become a See also:

law of the Confederacy if all of those courts approved. The most important powers of the Confederacy were those relating to See also:

defence, and in See also:

case of an invasion its entire force, consisting of See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo men from Massachusetts and 45 men from each of the other colonies (or some other proportion which the commissioners might name), was to See also:

march out if so requested by three magistrates of any of the contracting colonies. The expenses of every defensive See also:

war which the commissioners declared to be just were to be defrayed by the several colonies in proportion to their number of men and boys between the ages of sixteen and sixty. Other matters within the jurisdiction of the commissioners were such as related to disputes between two or more colonies and the return of escaped servants, prisoners and fugitives from See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice. As the commissioners had no means of enforcing their orders, their See also:

FUNCTION

function was chiefly advisory, but it was nevertheless of considerable importance on several occasions. Although the number of commissioners from each of the colonies was the same, those from Massachusetts exerted the dominant See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence. The commissioners met regularly until 1684—annually until New Haven submitted to Connecticut in 1664, and triennially from 1664 to 1684, when Massachusetts lost its first charter.

Upon the downfall of the Puritan See also:

COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth in the mother country (166o) numerous grievances were presented to King See also:

Charles II. against the Puritan governments of New England, among them Massachusetts' See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of its jurisdiction over the towns of Maine and New Hampshire, the persecution of the See also:

QUAKERS

Quakers, and the denial of the right of See also:

APPEAL

appeal to the See also:

CROWN

crown, and in 1664 a royal See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, consisting of See also:

Richard See also:

NICOLLS, RICHARD (1624–1672)

Nicolls, See also:

SAMUEL

Samuel Maverick, Robert Carr and George See also:

Cartwright, was sent over to settle disputes and secure some measure of imperial See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, but Massachusetts, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief offender, successfully baffled all attempts at interference, and the See also:

MISSION

mission was almost a See also:

COMPLETE

complete failure. The grievances of English merchants arising from the violation of the See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation See also:

LAWS

laws by the colonies continued, however, to receive the See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

home government. In 1676 the Lords of Trade and Plantations sent over See also:

EDWARD

Edward See also:

Randolph to investigate and gather information which would show the justice and expediency of imposing imperial control, and two years later Randolph was appointed See also:

COLLECTOR

Collector and Surveyor of Customs in New England. Randolph sent back many charges, especially against Massachusetts, with the effect that, in 1684, the charter of that colony was annulled by a See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree in See also:

CHANCERY

Chancery on a See also:

WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ of quo warranlo. This done, the home government set to See also:

WORK

work to organize the royal domain which should be known as New England, or the Dominion of New England, and its See also:

plan for this provided for the annulment of the charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut, and the inclusion in the Dominion of these colonies, and New Hampshire, Maine, New York and the Jerseys, thereby restoring to New England all the territory, with the exception of See also:

Pennsylvania, that was included in the grant to the New England Council in 162o. A temporary government was established at Boston in May 1686, with See also:

Joseph See also:

Dudley as president, and in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of the same year See also:

Edmund See also:

Andros arrived with a commission and instructions which were a copy of those to the governor of New York and made him governor of all New England except Rhode Island and Connecticut. Rhode Island offered no resistance to the writ against its charter and Andros extended his authority over it immediately after his arrival. Connecticut successfully baffled the royal servants for a time, but when threatened with a See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of its territory agreed not to resist the royal purpose, and on the last See also:

day of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1687 it passed under the general government of New England. Finally, a new commission to Andros, issued in See also:

APRIL

April 1688, extended his jurisdiction over New York and the Jerseys, and the whole region over which he was made governor by this See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument was named " Our Territory and Dominion of New England in America." But the English Revolution of 1688 inspired a revolt in New England by which Andros was deposed in April 1689. Under See also:

William and See also:

Mary no attempt was made to preserve the Dominion of New England, but Rhode Island and Connecticut were permitted to resume government under their old charters, Massachusetts received a new one, and New Hampshire again became a separate royal See also:

province. New England is prominent in See also:

AMERICAN

American colonial See also:

HISTORY

history as the " Land of the Puritans " and the home of the corporate colony. The chief See also:

MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive of its founders in coming to the New See also:

WORLD

World was the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a new See also:

Christian See also:

COMMON

common-See also:

WEALTH

wealth, but subordinate to this there was from the first an economic motive.

So long as the religious motive remained dominant, " See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue laws " were a prominent feature of the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, but by a slow transition the economic motive became the dominant one, and, as a consequence of this transition and of the corporate form of government, See also:

EUROPEAN

European institutionswere transformed into American institutions and new See also:

POLITICAL

political ideas were generated more rapidly in New England than in either the See also:

MIDDLE

Middle or the See also:

SOUTHERN

Southern colonies. Owing to its See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position, nearer to See also:

CANADA

Canada than any other group of colonies, New England had to stand the brunt of the fighting during the wars between the English and the French (aided by their See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies) in America, terminating with the See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of Canada by the English in 1759-1760, and a sense of common danger helped to create a certain, solidarity, which made easier the union of the colonies for common See also:

ACTION

action against the mother country at the time of the War of American Independence. After that war, New England was long the most essentially commercial and See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial group of states, and was a stronghold of Federalism; and in the See also:

period immediately before and during the War of 1812, when its commercial interests suffered terribly, first from the restrictive See also:

MEASURES

measures of the general government and then from warfare, New England was a centre of that opposition to the policy of the See also:

NATIONAL

National Administration (then Democratic), which culminated in the famous Hartford See also:

Convention of 1814-1815 (see HARTFORD). See the articles on the separate New England states and the authorities there given; among See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good general See also:

WORKS

works are J. G. See also:

Palfrey, History of New England (5 vols., Boston, 1858–189o) ; J. A. See also:

Doyle, The Puritan Colonies (2 vols., New York, 1889) ; B. B. James, The Colonization of New England (See also:

PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1904) ; H. L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (3 vols., New York, 1904-1907) ; John See also:

Fiske, The Beginnings of New England, or the Puritan See also:

THEOCRACY (Gr. Oeoeparia, the rule of God, from Oebr, god, and -Kparca, Kpare v, to rule)

Theocracy in its Relation to See also:

CIVIL

Civil and Religious See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty (Boston, 1896) ; S.

A. See also:

Drake, The Making of New England (New York, 1896) ; W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England (2 vols., Boston, 189o) ; and Edward See also:

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY (1780–1842)

Channing, History of the United States, vols. i. and ii. (New York, 1905, 1908).

End of Article: NEW ENGLAND

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