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See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
HENRY IV . (1553-1610), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France, the son of See also:Antoine de See also:Bourbon, See also:duke of See also:Vendome, See also:head of the younger See also:branch of the Bourbons, descendant of See also:Robert of Clermont, See also:sixth son of St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis and of Jeanne d'See also:Albret, See also:queen of See also:Navarre, was See also:born at See also:Pau (Basses See also:Pyrenees) on the 14th of See also:December 1553. He was educated as a See also:Protestant, and in 1557 was sent to the See also:court at See also:Amiens. In 1561 he entered the See also:College de Navarre at See also:Paris, returning in 1565 to Warn. During the third See also:war of See also:religion in France (1568-1570) he was taken by his See also:mother to Gaspard de See also:Coligny, See also:leader of the Protestant forces since the See also:death of Louis I., See also:prince of See also:Conde, at See also:Jarnac, and distinguished himself at the See also:battle of Arnay-le-Duc in See also:Burgundy in 1569. On the 9th of See also:June 1572, Jeanne d'Albret died and Henry became king of Navarre, marrying See also:Margaret of See also:Valois, See also:sister of See also:Charles IX. of France, on the 18th of See also:August of that See also:year. He escaped the See also:massacre of St See also:Bartholomew on the 24th of August by a feigned See also:abjuration. On the 2nd of See also:February 1576, after several vain attempts, he escaped from the court, joined the combined forces of Protestants and of opponents of the king, and obtained by the treaty of See also:Beaulieu (1576) the See also:government of See also:Guienne. In 1597 he secured the treaty of See also:Bergerac, which foreshadowed the See also:edict of See also:Nantes. As a result of quarrels with his unworthy wife, and the unwelcome intervention of Henry III., he undertook the seventh war of religion, known as the " war of the lovers " (See also:des amoureux), seized See also:Cahors on the 5th of May 1580, and signed the treaty of Fleix on the 26th of See also:November 1580. On the loth of June 1584 the death of See also:Monsieur, the duke of See also:Anjou, See also:brother of King Henry III., made Henry of Navarre See also:heir presumptive to the See also:throne of France. Excluded from it by the treaty of See also:Nemours (1585) he began the " war of the three Henrys " by a See also:campaign in Guienne (1586) and defeated See also:Anne, duc de Joyeuse, at Contras on the 20th of See also:October 1587. Then Henry III., driven from Paris by the See also:League on See also:account of his See also:murder of the duke of See also:Guise at See also:Blois (1588), sought the aid of the king of Navarre to win back his See also:capital, recognizing him as his heir. The assassination of Henry III. on the 1st of August 1589 See also:left Henry king of France; but he had to struggle for ten more years against the League and against See also:Spain before he won his See also:kingdom. The See also:main events in that See also:long struggle were the victory of Arques over Charles, duke of See also:Mayenne, on the 28th of See also:September 1589; of Ivry, on the 14th of See also:March 1590; the See also:siege of Paris (1590); of See also:Rouen (1592) ; the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting of the Estates of the League (1593), which the See also:Satire Menippee turned to ridicule; and finally the See also:conversion of Henry IV. to Catholicism in See also:July 1593—an See also:act of See also:political See also:wisdom, since it brought about the collapse of all opposition. Paris gave in to him on the 22nd of March 1594 and See also:province by province yielded to arms or negotiations; while the victory of See also:Fontaine-Francaise (1595) and the See also:capture of Amiens forced See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II. of Spain to sign the See also:peace of Vervins on the 2nd of May 1598. On the 13th of See also:April of that year Henry IV. had promulgated the Edict of Nantes.
Then Henry set to See also:work to pacify and restore prosperity to his kingdom. Convinced by the experience of the See also:wars that France needed an energetic central See also:power, he pushed at times his royal prerogatives to excess, raising taxes in spite of the Estates, interfering in the See also:administration of the towns, reforming their constitutions, and holding himself See also:free to reject the See also:advice of the notables if he consulted them. Aided by his faithful friend Maximilien de See also:Bethune, See also:baron de See also:Rosny and duc de See also:Sully (q.v.), he reformed the finances, repressed abuses, suppressed useless offices, extinguished the formidable See also:debt and realized a reserve of eighteen millions. To alleviate the See also:distress of the See also:people, he undertook to develop both See also:agriculture and See also:industry: planting colonies of Dutch and Flemish settlers to drain the marshes of See also:Saintonge, issuing prohibitive See also:measures against the importation of See also:foreign goods (1597), introducing the See also:silk industry, encouraging the manufacture of See also:cloth, of See also:glass-See also:ware, of tapestries (Gobelins), and under the direction of Sully—named See also:grand-voyer de France—improving and increasing the routes for See also:commerce. A See also:complete See also:system of canals was planned, that of See also:Briare partly dug. New See also:capitulations were concluded with the See also:sultan Ahmed I. (1604) and See also:treaties of commerce with See also:England (1606), with
Spain and See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland. Attempts were made in 1604 and 1608 to colonize See also:Canada (see See also:CHAMPLAIN, See also:SAMUEL DE). The See also:army was reorganized, its pay raised and assured, a school of cadets formed to See also:supply it with See also:officers, See also:artillery constituted and strongholds on the frontier fortified. While lacking the See also:artistic tastes of the Valois, Henry beautified Paris, See also:building the See also:great See also:gallery of the Louvre, See also:finishing the Tuileries, building the See also:Pont Neuf, the Hotel-de-Ville and the See also:Place Royale.
The foreign policy of Henry IV. was directed against the Habsburgs. Without declaring war, he did all possible harm to them by alliances and See also:diplomacy. In See also:Italy he gained the grand duke of See also:Tuscany—marrying his niece See also:Marie de' See also:Medici in 1600—the duke of See also:Mantua, the See also:republic of See also:Venice and See also:Pope See also:Paul V. The duke of See also:Savoy, who had held back from the treaty of Vervins in 1598, signed the treaty of See also:Lyons in 1601; in ex-See also:change for the marquisate of See also:Saluzzo, -France acquired See also:Bresse, Bugey, Valromey and the bailliage of See also:Gex. In the See also:Low Countries, Henry sent subsidies to the Dutch in their struggle against Spain. He concluded alliances with the Protestant princes in See also:Germany, with the duke of See also:Lorraine, the Swiss cantons (treaty of See also:Soleure, 1602) and with See also:Sweden.
The opening on the 25th of March 1609 of the question of the See also:succession of See also:John See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the See also:Good, duke of See also:Cleves, of See also:Julich and of See also:Berg, led Henry, in spite of his own hesitations and those of his See also:German See also:allies, to declare war on the See also:emperor See also:Rudolph II. But he was assassinated by See also:Ravaillac (q.v.) on the 14th of May 1610, upon the See also:eve of his great enterprise, leaving his poliey to be followed up later by See also:Richelieu. Sully in his Economies royales attributes to his See also:master the " great See also:design " of constituting, after having defeated See also:Austria, a vast See also:European See also:confederation of fifteen states—a " See also:Christian Republic "—directed by a See also:general See also:council of sixty deputies reappointed every three years. But this " design " has been attributed rather to the See also:imagination of Sully himself than to the more See also:practical policy of the king.
No figure in France has been more popular than that of " Henry the Great." He was affable to the point of familiarity, See also:quick-witted like a true Gascon, good-hearted, indulgent, yet skilled in See also:reading the See also:character of those around him, and he could at times show himself severe and unyielding. His courage amounted almost to recklessness. He was a better soldier than strategist. Although at bottom authoritative he surrounded himself with admirable advisers (Sully, Sillery, Villeroy, See also:Jeannin) and profited from their co-operation His love affairs, undoubtedly too numerous (notably with Gabrielle d'See also:Estrees and Henriette d'See also:Entragues), if they injure his See also:personal reputation, had no See also:bad effect on his policy as king, in which he was guided only by an exalted ideal of his royal See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, and by a sympathy for the See also:common people, his reputation for which has perhaps been exaggerated somewhat in popular tradition by the circumstances of his reign.
Henry IV. had no See also:children by his first wife, Margaret of Valois. By Marie de' Medici he had Louis, later Louis XIII.; Gaston, duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans; See also:Elizabeth, who married Philip IV. of Spain; Christine, duchess of Savoy; and Henrietta, wife of Charles I. of England. Among his bastards the most famous were the children of Gabrielle d'Estrees—See also:Caesar, duke of Vendome, See also:Alexander of Vendome, and See also:Catherine Henriette, duchess of See also:Elbeuf.
Several portraits of Henry are preserved at Paris, in the Bibliotheque Nationale (cf. Bouchot, Portraits au See also:crayon, p. 189), at the Louvre (by Probusl bust by See also:Barthelemy See also:Prieur) at See also:Versailles, See also:Geneva (Henry at the See also:age of fifteen), at Hamptdh. Court, at See also:Munich and at See also:Florence.
The See also:works dealing with Henry IV. and his reign are too numerous to be enumerated here. For See also:sources, see the Recueil des lettres missives de See also:Henri IV, published from 1839 to 1853 by B. de Xivrey, in the Collection de documents inedits relatifs a l'histoire de France, and the various researches of Galitzin, Bautiot, Halphen, Dussieux and others. Besides their historic See also:interest, the letters written personally by Henry, whether love notes or letters of See also:state, reveal a charming writer. Mention should be made of Auguste Poirson's Histoire du regne de Henri IV (2nd ed., 4 vols., Paris, 1862—1867) and of J. H. Mariejol's See also:volume (vi.) in the Histoire de France, edited by Ernest See also:Lavisse (Paris, 1905), where main sources and literature
are given with each See also:chapter. A Revue Henri IV has been founded at Paris (1905). Finally, a complete survey of the sources for the See also:period 1494—1610 is given by Henri See also:Hauser In vol. vii. of Sources de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1906) .in continuation of A. See also:Molinier's collection of the sources for See also:French See also:history during the See also:middle ages.
End of Article: HENRY IV
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