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See also:JOAN OF ARC , more properly JEANNETON DARC, afterwards known in See also:France as JEANNE D'ARC1 (1411-1431), the " Maid of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans," was See also:born between 1410 and 1412, the daughter of Jacques Darc, See also:peasant proprietor, of Domremy, a small See also:village in the See also:Vosges, partly in See also:Champagne and partly in See also:Lorraine, and of his wife Isabeau, of the village of Vouthon, who from having made a See also:pilgrimage to See also:Rome had received the usual surname of Romee. Although her parents were in easy circumstances, Joan never learned to read or write, and received her See also:sole religious instruction from her See also:mother, who taught her to recite the See also:Pater Noster, See also:Ave Maria, and Credo. She sometimes guarded her See also:father's flocks, but at her trial in 1431 she strongly resented being referred to as a shepherd girl. In all See also:household See also:work she was specially proficient, her skill in the use of the See also:needle not being excelled (she said) by that of any matron even of See also:Rouen. In her childhood she was noted for her abounding See also:physical See also:energy; but her vivacity, so far from being tainted by any coarse or unfeminine trait, was the See also:direct outcome of an abnormally sensitive See also:nervous temperament. Towards her parents her conduct was uniformly exemplary, and the See also:charm of her unselfish kindness made her a favourite in the village. As she See also:grew to womanhood she became inclined to silence, and spent much of her See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in solitude and See also:prayer. She repelled all attempts of the See also:young men of her acquaintance to win her favour; and while active in the performance of her duties, and apparently finding her See also:life quite congenial, inwardly she was engrossed with thoughts reaching far beyond the circle of her daily concerns.
At this time, through the See also:alliance and support of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip of See also:Burgundy, the See also:English had extended their See also:conquest over the whole of France See also:north of the See also:Loire in addition to their See also:possession of See also:Guienne; and while the See also:infant HenryVl. of See also:England had in 1422 been proclaimed See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of France at his father's See also:grave at St See also:Denis, See also:Charles the dauphin (still uncrowned) was forced to See also:watch the slow dismemberment of his See also:kingdom. See also:Isabella, the dauphin's mother, had favoured See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry V. of England, the See also:husband of her daughter See also:Catherine; and under Charles VI. a visionary named See also:Marie d'See also:Avignon declared that France was being ruined by a woman and would be restored by an armed virgin from the See also:marches of Lorraine. To what extent this See also:idea worked in Joan's mind is doubtful. In See also:Geoffrey of See also:Monmouth's See also:tract, De prophetiis Merlini, there is a reference to an See also:ancient prophecy of the enchanter See also:Merlin concerning a virgin ex nemore canuto, and it appears that this nemus canutum had been identified in folk-See also:lore with the See also:oak See also:wood of Domremy. Joan's knowledge of the prophecy does not, however, appear till 1429; and already before that, from 1424, according to her See also:account at her trial, she
1 In the See also:act of ennoblement the name is spelt See also:Day, due probably to the See also:peculiar See also:pronunciation. It has been disputed whether the name was written originally d'Arc or Darc. It is beyond doubt that the father of Joan was not of See also:noble origin, but Bouteiller suggests that at that See also:period the See also:apostrophe did not indicate See also:nobility. Her mother, it may be noted, is called " de Vouthon."had become imbued with a sense of having a See also:mission to See also:free France from the English. She heard the voices of St See also:Michael, St Catherine and St See also:Margaret urging her on. In May 1428 she tried to obtain from See also:Robert de Baudricourt, See also:governor of Vaucouleurs, an introduction to the dauphin, saying that See also:God would send him aid, but she was rebuffed. When, however, in See also:September the English (under the See also:earl of See also:Salisbury) invested Orleans, the See also:key to the See also:south of France, she renewed her efforts with Baudricourt, her mission being to relieve Orleans and See also:crown the dauphin at See also:Reims. By persistent importunity, the effect of which was in-creased by the simplicity of her demeanour and her See also:calm assurance of success, she at last prevailed on the governor to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant her See also:request; and in See also:February 1429, accompanied by six men-at-arms, she set out on her perilous See also:journey to the See also:court of the dauphin at See also:Chinon. At first Charles refused to see her, but popular feeling in her favour induced his advisers to persuade him after three days to grant her an interview. She is said to have persuaded him of the divine See also:character of her See also:commission by discovering him though disguised in the See also:crowd of his courtiers, and by reassuring him regarding his See also:secret doubts as to his See also:legitimacy. And Charles was impressed by her knowledge of a secret prayer, which (he told See also:Dunois) could only be known to God and himself. Accordingly, after a commission of doctors had reported that they had found in her nothing of evil or contrary to the See also:Catholic faith, and a See also:council of matrons had reported on her chastity, she was permitted to set forth with an See also:army of 4000 or 5000 men designed for the See also:relief of Orleans. At the See also:head of the army she rode clothed in a coat of See also:mail, armed with an ancient See also:sword, said to be that with which Charles Martel had vanquished the See also:Saracens, the hiding-See also:place of which, under the See also:altar of the See also:parish See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of the village of Ste Catherine de Fierbois, the " voices " had revealed to her; she carried a See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:standard of her own See also:design embroidered with lilies, and having on the one See also:side the See also:image of God seated on the clouds and holding the See also:world in His See also:hand, and on the other a See also:representation of the See also:Annunciation. Joan succeeded in entering Orleans on the 29th of See also:April 1429, and through the vigorous and unremitting sallies of the See also:French the English gradually became so discouraged that on the 8th of May they raised the See also:siege. It is admitted that her extraordinary See also:pluck and sense of leadership were responsible for this result. In a single See also:week (See also:June 12 to 19), by the See also:capture of Jargeau and See also:Beaugency, followed by the See also:great victory of Patay, where See also:Talbot was taken prisoner, the English were driven beyond the Loire. With some difficulty the dauphin was then persuaded to set out towards Reims, which he entered with an army of 12,000 men on the 16th of See also:July, See also:Troyes having yielded on the.way. On the following day, holding the sacred banner, Joan stood beside Charles at his See also:coronation in the See also:cathedral.
The king then entered into negotiations with a view to detaching Burgundy from the English cause. Joan, at his importunity, remained with the army, but the king played her false when she attempted the capture of See also:Paris; and after a failure on the 8th of September, when Joan was wounded,2 his troops were disbanded. Joan went into See also:Normandy to assist the See also:duke of See also:Alencon, but in See also:December returned to the court, and on the 29th she and her See also:family were ennobled with the surname of du Lis. Unconsoled by such honours, she rode away from the court in See also:March, to assist in the See also:defence of See also:Compiegne against the duke of Burgundy; and on the 24th of May she led an unsuccessful sortie against the besiegers, when she was surrounded and taken prisoner. Charles, partly perhaps on account of his natural indolence, partly on account of the intrigues at the court, made no effort to effect her See also:ransom, and never showed any sign of See also:interest in her See also:fate. By means of negotiations instigated and prosecuted with great perseverance by the university of Paris and the See also:Inquisition, and through the persistent scheming of See also:Pierre See also:Cauchon, the See also:bishop of See also:Beauvais—a Burgundian See also:partisan, who, chased from his own see, hoped to obtain the archbishopric of Rouen—she was sold in See also:November by See also:John of See also:Luxemburg and Burgundy to the English, who on the 3rd of See also:January 1431, at the instance of the
2 The See also:Porte St Honore where Joan was wounded stood where the Comedie Francaise now stands.
university of Paris, delivered her over to the Inquisition for trial. J. J. Bourasse, Miracles de Madame Sainte Katherine de Fierbois After a public examination, begun on the 9th of January and
lasting six days, and another conducted in the See also:prison, she was, on the loth of March, publicly accused as a heretic and See also:witch, and, being in the end found guilty, she made her submission at the See also:scaffold on the 24th of May, and received See also:pardon. She was still, however, the prisoner of the English, and, having been induced by those who had her in See also:charge to resume her male clothes, she was on this account judged to have relapsed, was sentenced to See also:death, and burned at the stake on the streets of Rouen on the 3oth of May 1431. In 1436 an impostor appeared, professing to be Joan of Arc escaped from the flames, who succeeded in inducing many See also:people to believe in her statement, but afterwards confessed her imposture. The See also:sentence passed on Joan of Arc was revoked by the See also:pope on the 7th of July 1456, and since then it has been the See also:custom of Catholic writers to uphold the reality of her divine See also:inspiration.
During the latter See also:part of the 19th See also:century a popular cult of the Maid of Orleans sprang up in France, being greatly stimulated by the clerical party, which desired to advertise, in the See also:person of this See also:national heroine, the intimate See also:union between patriotism and the Catholic faith, and for this purpose ardently desired her enrolment among the See also:Saints. On the 27th of January 1894 See also:solemn approval was given by Pope See also:Leo XIII., and in February 1903 a formal proposal was entered for her See also:canonization. The Feast of the See also:Epiphany (See also:Jan. 6), 1904 was made the occasion for a public See also:declaration by Pope See also:Pius X. that she was entitled to the designation See also:- VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)
Venerable. On the 13th of December 1908 the See also:decree of See also:beatification was published in the See also:Consistory See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall of the Vatican.
As an See also:historical figure, it is impossible to dogmatize concerning the See also:personality of Joan of Arc. The See also:modern clerical view has to some extent provoked what appears, in Anatole France's learned account, ably presented as it is, to be a See also:retaliation, in regarding her as a clerical See also:tool in her own day. But her character was in any See also:case exceptional. She undoubtedly nerved the French at a See also:critical time, and inspired an army of laggards and pillagers with a fanatical See also:enthusiasm, comparable with that of See also:Cromwell's Puritans. Moreover, as regards her genuine military qualities we have the testimony of Dunois and d'Alencon; and See also:Captain Marin, in his Jeanne d'Arc, tacticien et strategiste (1891), takes a high view of her achievements. The nobility of her purpose and the genuineness of her belief in her mission, combined with her purity of character and See also:simple patriotism, stand clear. As to her " supranormal " faculties, a See also:matter concerning which belief largely depends on the point of view, it is to be remarked that See also:Quicherat, a freethinker wholly devoid of clerical influences, admits them (A See also:pelvis nouveaux, 185o), saying that the See also:evidence is as See also:good as for any facts in her See also:history. See also A. See also:Lang on " the voices '' in Prue. See also:Soc. Psychical See also:Research, vol. xi.
AuTHoRITIES.—For bibliography see Le Livre d' or de Jeanne d'Arc (1894), and A. See also:Molinier, See also:Sources de l'histoire de France (1904). Until the 19th century the history of Joan of Arc was almost entirely neglected ; See also:Voltaire's scurrilous See also:satire La Pucelle, while indicative of the attitude of his time, may be compared with the very See also:fair praises in the Encyclopedie. The first See also:attempt at a study of the sources was that of L'Averdy in 179o, published in the third See also:volume of Memoires of the See also:Academy of See also:Inscriptions, which served as the See also:base for all lives until J. Quicherat's great work, Le Proces de Jeanne d'Arc (1841-1849), a collection of the texts so full and so vivid that they reveal the character and life of the heroine with great distinctness. See also:Michelet's See also:sketch of her work in his Histoire de France, one of the best sections of the history, is hardly more vivid than these sources, upon which all the later See also:biographies (notably that of H. A. See also:Walton, 186o) are based. See also A. Marty, L'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc d'apres See also:des documents originaux, with introduction by M. Sepet (19o7) ; P. H. Dunand, Jeanne d'Arc et l'eglise (1908) ; and especially
See also:Andrew Lang, The Maid of France (1908). The See also:Vie de Jeanne d'Arc, by Anatole France (2 vols., 1908), is brilliant and erudite, but in some respects open to charges of inaccuracy and See also:prejudice in its handling of the sources (see the See also:criticism by Andrew Lang in The Times, Lit. Suppl., May 28, 1908). The attempt to establish the reality of the " revelations " and consequently to obtain the canonization of Joan of Arc led the Catholic party in France to publish lives (such as Sepet's, 1869) in support of their claims. Excellent See also:works See also:worth See also:special mention are: See also:Simeon Luce, Jeanne d'Arc a Domremy; L. See also:Jarry, L'Armee anglaise au siege d'Orleans (1892);
(1858, trans. by A. Lang); See also:Boucher de Molandon and A. de Beau-See also:corps, L'Armee anglaise vaincue See also:par Jeanne d'Arc (1892); R. P. Agroles, S.J., La Vraie Jeanne d'Arc. For the " false Pucelle " see A. Lang's See also:article in his See also:Valet's Tragedy (1903). Of the numerous dramas and poems of which Joan of Arc has been the subject, mention can only be made of See also:Die See also:Jung frau von Orleans of See also:Schiller, and of the Joan of Arc of See also:Southey. A See also:drama in See also:verse by Jules See also:Barbier was set to See also:music by C. See also:Gounod (1873). (J. T. S.*; H.
End of Article: JOAN OF ARC
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